9th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER – 20
REVOLUTION AND RISE OF NATION STATES
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The 13 colonies established by England on the Atlantic coast was called “New English
colonies”.
2. The representatives of the 13 colonies met in 1774 at Philadelphia.
3. The first President of United States of America was George Washington.
4. The writer of ‘Spirit of Laws’ was Montesque.
5. The party ‘Young Italy’ was formed by Joseph Mazini.
6. The philosophy of ‘blood and steel’ was advocated by Otto-Von-Bismarck.
II. Answer the following questions.
7. Mention the reasons for American War of Independence.
Answer: The reasons for American War of Independence are as follows.
1 . The rise of nationalism among the people of the colonies.
2. The desire for independence among the colonies.
3. The effects of the 7 years’ war.
4. The naval regulations.
5. Influence of writers like Thomas Paine, John Adams, Samuel Adams, John Edward Coke and Benjamin Franklin.
6. The Quebec regulation, the Townshend taxes.
7. The Boston tea party.
8. Explain the significance of the American war of independence.
Answer: Along the Atlantic coast of North America, 13 colonies were established by England. These were called the “New English colonies”. France and England competed with each other to establish the colonies in North America. The American War of Independence (1775–1783) was a defining historical event that established the United States as the first independent, modern, democratic, and constitutional republic, breaking free from British colonial rule. The colonies had no option but to fight the British with the local arms. In this manner, on 19th April 1775 at Lexington, when a troop of the colonies attacked the British, the American war of independence began. The Philadelphia Conference appointed George Washington as its commander. With the help of the French army, George Washington defeated the British army in battle of Yorktown. British commander, Lord Cornwallis surrendered with his army. In the year 1783, as per the Paris agreement, Britain accepted that the 13 colonies were independent. Since the declaration of independence was made on 4th of July, it became a day of great significance to the Americans.
9. How were economic factors responsible for the French revolution?
Answer: The economic factors responsible for the French revolution are as follows.
1 . France was an agriculture-dominated nation. In spite of advances in agricultural practices, the yield from land was very low. The farmers were the most affected. As a result, there used to be revolts and riots for food.
2. Industries were under the control of trade unions. Due to internal strife and interference from authorities, the development of these unions was sluggish. Hence the industrial productivity was low.
10. What was the role of Garibaldi in Italy’s unification?
Answer: Garibaldi was a soldier and fighter. He Garibaldi joined the Young Italy army and assumed leadership of the revolution. After that he constituted an army called “Red Brigade” and with the help of Sardinia, fought with Austria. In 1860, he fought against the twin states of Sicily using his Red Brigade. By conquering the same, he hastened the national integration and pressed for democratic reforms.
11. Who was the architect of unification of Germany? Write a note on him.
Answer: The architect of the Unification of Germany was Otto-Von-Bismarck, he was the chief minister of the King of Prussia, Williams I. He built a powerful army. His next aim was to drive out Austria from German states association. He achieved his aim by associating with Austria. Later, Bismarck made an agreement with Italy according to which, in the event of war with Austria, he would seek their support. The well-formed German armies defeated Austria in the year 1866 and “North German States Association” was formed. Even after driving Austria from the German soil, the unification of Germany was not complete. 16 German states in the south attached to France were still out of this association. Bismarck realized that war was inevitable with France to achieve unification of Germany. Bismarck began war preparations. When Napoleon declared war on Prussia, southern German states defeated him. Due to this, he was able to merge the remaining states with the German states’ association.
Additional Questions:
1 . What are the Effects of American War of Independence to French revolution?
Answer: The Effects of American War of Independence to French revolution are,
1 . Many of the French who fought against the British in America returned to their motherland. They encouraged the rebels by giving them all support and played a pivotal role in the revolution.
2. Due to all these events, the French king had to call a session of ‘States Generals’, a legislators’ assembly that had not been called in the previous 175 years.
3. The members of the third class declared themselves as the National Assembly. They invited the members of the other two classes to join them.
4. The National Assembly made all the rules and passed orders. In the year 1789, 27th August, the Declaration of Human and Civilian Rights was adopted. The king’s rule was replaced by a democratic government.
2 . How were social factors responsible for the French revolution?
Answer: The social factors responsible for the French revolution are,
1 . In the French society, inequality prevailed in all spheres. It was unbearable and inhuman. The pain of this inequality turned into a burning rage in the hearts of the citizens and led to the French revolution.
2. The first two classes enjoyed all the facilities and were few in number. Exempted from paying any taxes, they led a luxurious life. The third class was deprived of all facilities. Intellectuals, agriculturists, labourers and professionals were there in this class. Their income was less but taxes were more. Their life was in a bad state. These people did not command respect in society. They had no political rights and had to tolerate insults. They did not have either religious or political rights or freedom. These were the people who were the unhappiest of all in France. They were waiting for an opportunity to overthrow the old system.
3. How were political factors responsible for the French revolution?
Answer: The King was an inexperienced king. He led a life of luxury and wasteful expenditure. He was not bothered about the routine administrative work. He had a queen named Marie Antoinette who was the princess of Austria. She was squandering money for her personal indulgences and festivals. She had no concern for the problems of the people. She was interfering in the administration of the nation. People hated her since she was a foreigner and had no love for the French people. The king could not control her. Eventually the situation went beyond control and led to revolution.
III. Activities:
1. Discuss in detail with your teacher about the philosophers of the French Revolution period.
2. Discuss in groups the factors responsible for Italy’s unification along with your teacher.
IV. Projects:
1. Collect the pictures of the thinkers during the French revolution and prepare an album.
2. Prepare a project showing the revolutionaries of Italy’s unification.
