9th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 19
EUROPE: MEDIEVAL AND MODERN
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. Renaissance means rebirth or reawakening.
2. Petrarch is called the father of Renaissance.
3. Followers of Martin Luther are ‘Protestants’.
4. The leader of the Counter Reformation movement was ‘Ignatius Loyola.
5. The Industrial Revolution started in 18th Century, in England.
II. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group.
6. What were the consequences of religious reformation?
Answer: The consequences or effects of religious reformation are as follows.
1. As a result of the religious reformation, the solidarity of Christian religion received a severe blow. Christianity was divided into three sects: Catholic Church, Orthodox Church and Protestant church.
2. Many of the European kings got liberated from the hold of the Church and the Pope.
3. Religious reformation led to rise of nationalism.
4. The confiscated wealth of the Church was utilized for the economic development.
5. Patriotic feelings became strong and the kings of Europe developed religious tolerance.
6. Due to this movement, the literary field saw progress. Local languages influenced the European minds.
7. The Catholic Church itself underwent reformation and this came to be known as “Counter Reformation”.
7. What were the reasons for geographical explorations?
Answer: The reasons for geographical explorations are as follows.
1. When the Turks conquered the city of Constantinople in 1453, it opened the trade gates between east and west. The greater share of the profits from importing spices from India went to the Turks. Due to this, the Europeans faced the inevitability of finding a new sea route to India.
2. Spain and Portugal were ambitious in competing with Arabs in sea trade.
3. Discovery of new countries opened the possibility of spreading
Christianity.
4. European curiosity was roused by the adventurous nature of sea voyage towards eastern countries.
5. Mariner’s compass and astrolabe equipment were helpful to sailors. Charts and maps were available to sailors.
6. Europeans believed that China was a fertile place to make profit.
8. Which are the water-colour paintings of Leonardo da Vinci?
Answer: The water-colour paintings of Leonardo da Vinci’ are ‘Last Supper’ and ‘Monalisa’.
9. Explain the development of literature in the period of Renaissance with an Example.
Answer: Italy was the motherland of great writers. France, England, Germany and Spain too contributed a lot to literature. The theme of literature of this period was worldly matters rather than religion. Many articles were written about the human body, voice and other subjects. Instead of Latin, many of the regional European languages came to be used in daily life.
10. Describe the effects of Industrial Revolution.
Answer: Effects of the industrial revolution: Due to the innumerable changes in industries, demand for machines grew. Many changes took place in the economic and social fields too. New factories were established. The cost of production came down and essential products were available at a low price. Cottage industries could not compete with the giant factories and, thus, they collapsed. The rich became richer and the poor remained poor. People had to migrate from villages to towns. A capitalist class emerged in society. Hostilities developed between the owners and the workers, and class conflict began.
Additional Questions and Answers.
1 . What were the important reasons for Renaissance?
Answer: The fall of Constantinople in the year 1453, end of slavery, development of Guttenberg’s printing machine in Germany and geographical explorations were the important reasons for Renaissance.
2. What were the Features of Renaissance?
Answer: The Features of Renaissance were as follows.
1. The vision of the people during the Renaissance movement was quite different from that of the people in the middle Ages. People’s opinions towards the world and man changed. This was called ‘humanism’. The humanists developed keen interest in great literature. Attempts were made to support actions related to human life.
2. The works written in English, Italian and German languages by the writers of Renaissance period became very popular.
3. There were changes in the economic and social life. Agriculture gave place to commercial and industrial activities. Fundamental changes took place in social relations also.
4. The main feature of Renaissance was the interest shown by people in great culture and their desire to cultivate it. This is called “Imitation of the best”.
5. The migration of Greek and Roman Scholars to Italy, led to the Renaissance there.
3. Name the important Scientists during the renaissance period.
Answer: The important Scientists during the renaissance period are Keppler, Galileo and Newton.
4. What are the effects of land exploration?
Answer: The effects of land exploration are as follows.
1. Competition began between the countries of Europe to build colonies in the newly explored lands. The contest was severe for gaining strength in trade in America, Africa and Asia. This helped them gain monopoly in trading in the countries they conquered.
2. Raw materials from the new colonies enriched the European countries.
3. Capitalism gained strength in European countries and led to the beginning of the Industrial revolution.
4. Christian missionaries travelled far and wide and propagated Christianity.
5. Colonialism and Imperialism led to hatredness between the local and the foreigners.
6. The African slaves were utilized for the economic development of North America, the slave trade came into existence.
5. What are the reasons for Religious reformation movement?
Answer: The reasons for Religious reformation movement are as follows.
1. Many members of the Christian clergies and the Popes indulged in materialistic pleasures and showed interest in politics.
2. Corruption in the name of ‘Letter of Pardon’ by Roman Catholic Church.
3. Clashes between Emperor and Roman Catholic Church.
4. Rise of scientific temperament.
5. The church opposed the translation of the Bible from Hebrew to other languages.
6. Feeling of Nationalism became stronger than the religion.
6. Describe Counter-reformation movement.
Answer: The Protestant group gained strength by spreading very rapidly. Alarmed by this development, the Catholics saw the necessity of self-reformation to protect their image. The arguments of Protestants were effective in attracting the attention of the people. This incident dealt a severe blow to the existence and survival of the Roman church. They had to do something to protect the interests of churches. Such a necessity gave birth to a movement called Counter-reformation. Stopping the advance of Protestants and repairing the damage to Roman churches were the objectives of this movement. Hence, an attempt was made to find a suitable solution to all the problems by making internal changes in the church.
7. What are the reasons for Industrial Revolution?
Answer: The reasons for Industrial Revolution are as follows.
1. Scientific inventions made possible by the influence of the Renaissance led to the production of machines.
2. With the establishment of colonies, the trae increased and also the demand for finished goods also increased.
3. Supply of enormous raw materials from the colonies at low cost.
4. The labour class which was depended on the industries emerged.
5. Increase in capital investment.
6. The political stability in England.
II. Activities:
1. Know about the scientists of Renaissance period from your teacher.
2. Collect the picture of machines developed during Industrial revolution.
IV. Projects:
1. Collect pictures of artists of the Renaissance period and their works.
2. List out the Renaissance scientists and their discoveries.
3. Discuss with your art teachers and collect the life histories of present-day artists.
4. Make a list of discoveries of the Indian scientists who lived before the time of European scientists.
