9th Standard, Social/ Economics CHAPTER – 32
LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1) The famous book of Admsmith is The wealth of Nations.
2) Abolition of bonded labour act was passed in the year 1976.
3) When the marginal productivits of a labour is Zero is known as disguised unemployment.
4) Division of labour increases efficiency of Labour.
5) Abolition of child labour act was passed in the year 1986.
II. Discuss in groups and answer the following.
6) What is meant by division of labour?
Answer: Division of Labour means the allocation of different parts of the production process to different workers or to different groups of workers.
7) What is meant by child labour?
Answer: The children working below the age of 14 years to work is called child Labour.
8) Define unemployment.
Answer: An unemployed is one who is willing to work at the prevailing market rate, but still does not get the work.
9) Explain the advantages of division of labour.
Answer: The important advantages of the division of labour are,
- Efficiency of Labour: The basic advantage of division of Labour is that it increases the efficiency of Labour
- Quality of production: The increase in the efficiency of Labour leads not only to an increase in the quantity of output but also to an improvement in the quality of the produced goods and services.
- Profit: The increase in quantity and quality of output brings greater Profit.
- Average cost: Since Division of Labour increases the total output the average cost of producing a commodity falls, then consumers get goods at cheap rate.
- Research and Development: Division of Labour at a longer period helps in research and innovation which leads to produce variety of new products.
10) List the disadvantages of division of labour.
Answer: The important disadvantages of division of labour are,
- Monotony of work: Under division of Labour, a worker has to do the same job time and again for years together. Therefore; after some time, the worker feels bored.
- Lack of responsibility: If the quality of the product is not up to the expected level, none can be held responsible
- Increased dependence: When the production is divided up into a number of processes and each part is performed by different workers, it may lead to dependence among workers.
- Unemployment: Division of Labour leads to specialization. A worker instead of completing the whole article is specialized in making a small part of it. If he/she is removed from the job, he/she has to look for a job which is of the same type till then he will be unemployed.
- Class conflict:-Division of Labour facilitates large scale production which helps the producers to earn huge profits. The producers thus become rich by paying less wages to the workers. This divides the society into haves and have nots (rich and poor).
11) State the meaning of productive and reproductive labour.
Answer: Productive Labour is that which creates some utility or which has undergone for earning an income. Reproductive Labour is the work at domestic place, at house. It can also be called as Domestic Labour. It is unpaid work, performed by women in home. Child rearing and caring, cleaning, cooking etc. are the examples for Reproductive labour.
12) What are the types of unemployment?
Answer: The types of unemployment are as follows.
- Disguised unemployment
- Seasonal unemployment
- Industrial Unemployment
- Educational Unemployment
13) Identify the differences between disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment.
Disguised unemployment: It is a situation of unemployment with surplus manpower than actual requirement and in which the marginal productivity of some workers are zero. So even removal of them will not affect the volume of total production. It is also called under employment of Labour.
Seasonal unemployment: People engaged in such a type of work or activities may remain unemployed during the off season. This is called Seasonal unemployment.
14) How industrial unemployment is different from educational unemployment?
Industrial Unemployment: – If a person remain unemployed for a given period due to the changes in the industrial sector it is called as Industrial Unemployment. E.g.: People who migrate to urban areas in search of jobs fail to get jobs due to lack of special training and skill.
Educational Unemployment: -The condition of educated people not having job though they are interested and capable of doing it.
IV. Projects:
- Prepare a project on different types of unemployment and state its position in today’s India.
Answer: There are many types of unemployment and state its position in India. They are,
Disguised unemployment: It is a situation of unemployment with surplus manpower than actual requirement and in which the marginal productivity of some workers are zero. So even removal of them will not affect the volume of total production. It is also called under employment of Labour.
Seasonal unemployment: People engaged in such a type of work or activities may remain unemployed during the off season. This is called Seasonal unemployment.
Industrial Unemployment: – If a person remain unemployed for a given period due to the changes in the industrial sector it is called as Industrial Unemployment. E.g.: People who migrate to urban areas in search of jobs fail to get jobs due to lack of special training and skill.
Educational Unemployment: -The condition of educated people not having job though they are interested and capable of doing it.
Cyclical unemployment: Reason for this unemployment is economic downturns, when businesses lay off workers
Structural unemployment: This unemployment occurs when the skills of the workforce don’t match the skills required for jobs
Frictional unemployment: This unemployment occurs when people searching jobs, this is the time between jobs when someone is looking for a new job
- Write a report on gender dimensions laboring
Answer: The gender division of labour refers to the allocation of different jobs or types of work to women and men. A lack of employment opportunities outside the home combined with financial constraints forces women staying behind to work at home as a substitute for male migrants’ work, as ‘unpaid’ workers. Women constitute nearly 30% of the labour force in rural area and 20% in urban areas. The percentage of women labour force is low when it is compared to the male, but the share of women force in total labour force has been increasing gradually. Women are equally important, like men for the growth and development of a country. With economic progress, women are emerging as a force of empowering India. But it is unfortunate that the socio economic status of women labour in India is not increasing. In one way or the other women are exploited in the society.
The female participation in labour force has increased by 9.5% points in 2021-22 over the year 2017-18, this upward trend in female LFPR is the result of various influential factors.
Around 39.3% females of age group 15-59 years in rural areas were in labour force during 2021-22, registered an increase of 12.7% points from the year 2017-18. In urban areas, around 26.5% females were in labour force during 2021-22 as compared to 22.3% in 2017-18.
The main reason for men not being in labour force was continuation of their study. Around 71.7% men wanted to continue their study and it keeps them outside the labour force.
20.6% of total rural women were engaged in Agriculture work and major portion 14.2% women are working as helper and only 6.4% females are own employer. Only 1.4% of total rural women were engaged in “Services Sector.
Some more Questions:
- What are the features of Labour?
Answer: The features of Labour are,
1. Labour cannot be separated from the Labourer
2. Labour cannot be accumulated
3. Labour supply varies over time
4. Labour is less mobile
5. Labour differs in efficiency
6. Labour is an active factor.
2. What are the types of Labour?
Answer: Labour can be of many types. It can be categorized as-
1. Nature of work done: Physical and mental Labour
2. Skill:- Skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled Labour
3. Training: Professional and Administrative Labour
4. Income earned: Productive and reproductive Labour.
3. What is productive labour?
Answer: Productive Labour is that which creates some utility or which has undergone for earning an income.
According to Adam smith ‘productive Labour is only that Labour, which leads to the creation of material goods or assets’.
4. What is Reproductive Labour?
Answer: Reproductive Labour is the work at domestic place, at house. It can also be called as Domestic Labour.
5. What is Bonded Labour?
Answer: Bonded labour is one who is bound to work in the house of the land lord for a fixed amount up to a fixed period or till the repayment of the borrowed money.
6. What is Child Labour?
Answer: The children working below the age of 14 years to work is called child Labour.
7. What is an employment?
Answer: Employment is a situation where a person is engaged in the work at the prevailing wage rate in the market, to maintain his/her livelihood as it brings regular income either in private or public sector.
8. What is unemployment?
Answer: An unemployed is one who is willing to work at the prevailing market rate, but still does not get the work is called unemployment.
9. What is youth unemployment?
Answer: Unemployment among the people between the age group of 15-30 years is called youth unemployment.
