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8th Standard, English FL, PROSE – 3, BEFORE THE MATCH

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8th Standard, English FL, PROSE – 3

BEFORE THE MATCH

I. Comprehension

A. Answer the following questions in a sentence or two each:

1. Name the teams that are to play the cricket match in the lesson.

Answer: Young Men’s Union (YMU) and the Malgudi Cricket Club (MCC) are the teams that are to play the cricket match in the lesson.

2. Who were the prominent players in the MCC team?

Answer: Rajam, Mani and Swaminathan are the prominent players in the MCC (Malgudi Cricket Club).

3. Who was the “Tate” of the team? Why was he called so?

Answer: Swaminathan was the “Tate” of the team. Because he was the prominent fast bowler of the team. He named so after the famous England fast bowler ‘Maurice Tate’.

4. Why could Swami not attend the practice in the evenings?

Answer: Swami could not attend the practice in the evenings because every evening there is Drill Class, Scouting, some other compulsory period.

5. What was Swami’s excuse for exempting him from drill for a week?

Answer: Swami’s excuse to exempt him from the evening drill class for a week was that he was unwell and delirious, claiming he needed a medical certificate so he could attend his cricket practice instead.

6. What did Swami request the doctor to give him?

Answer: Swami requested the doctor to give him a medical certificate. He wanted this certificate to state that he was unwell or suffering from delirium so he could be excused from evening drill and scouting classes to practice for his cricket match.

B. Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow:

1. “There was only one who caused him the deepest anxiety day and night.’’

a. Who caused Rajam the deepest anxiety?

Answer: Swaminathan caused Rajam the deepest anxiety.

b. Why was this so?

Answer: Because Swami could not attend the practice in the evenings, there is Drill Class, Scouting, some other compulsory period.

2. “Just seven days before the match, Swaminathan realized that his evenings were more precious than ever.”

a. What is the match referred to here?

Answer: The Cricket match between Young Men’s Union (YMU) and the Malgudi Cricket Club (MCC) referred to here. 

b. Why were the evenings more precious than ever?

Answer: Because there is a seven days left for the practice for the match. Every evening is important to Swaminathan to practice and win the match.

3. “But contrary to the custom, he had not taken off his coat and cap.” 

a. Why did Swami not take off his coat and cap?

Answer: Swami did not take off his coat and cap because he wanted to avoid the drill class and rush to his cricket practice for the Malgudi Cricket Club (MCC) match.

b. What happened soon after?

Answer: Swami, asked why he was still dressed that way, and angrily ordered him to take them off. Swami then lied that he was unwell and had been told not to attend drill.

4. “Well, I could do it. But is there anything wrong with you?”

a. Who is speaking to Swami in these lines?

Answer: Doctor is speaking to Swami in these lines.

b. Was there anything really wrong with Swami? 

No. There is nothing wrong with Swami. He was completely healthy and only pretending to be sick for his match practice.

c. What is the real purpose of Swami’s visit?

Answer: The real purpose of Swami’s visit is to get a medical certificate to skip his evening classes. He needs free time to practice for an upcoming cricket match. 

5. “I can’t give you the certificate. But I shall talk to your Headmaster about you and request him to let you off after four-thirty.”

a. Why does the doctor refuse to give a certificate?

Answer: The doctor refuses to give Swami a medical certificate because Swami is in perfect health and issuing a false certificate would be illegal and unethical.

b. What does he offer to do instead?

Answer: The doctor offered Swami that he shall talk to his headmaster about him and request him to let Swami off after 4.30 PM instead of giving fake medical certificate.

c. Do you think the doctor was kind to Swami?

Answer: Yes, the doctor was kind to Swami, showing kindness through understanding Swami’s trick, offered Swami that he shall talk to his headmaster about him and request him to let Swami off after 4.30 PM

C. Answer the following questions in about six or eight sentences each:

1. How did Swami manage to get the permission of the drill master?

Answer: Swami managed to get permission from the drill master.

Swami did not take off his coat and cap because he wanted to avoid the drill class and rush to his cricket practice. Swami, asked why he was still dressed that way, and angrily ordered him to take them off. Swami then lied that he was unwell and had been told not to attend drill. This answer made drill master furious and master tell him to just get away.

2. What was Swami’s plan to get exemption from drill for a week?

Answer: Swami’s plan to get an exemption from the evening drill class for a week was to visit a doctor, pretend he was sick, and ask for an official medical certificate.

Swami planned to trick a doctor by claiming he suffered from “delirium” so he could get proof to show his school. He went to the doctor early in the morning and begged for a note to skip the drill so he could attend cricket practice instead.

3. How did the doctor promise to help Swami?

Answer: The doctor looked Swaminathan under the eye, examined his tongue, tapped his chest, and declared him to be in the pink of health, and told him he would do well to stick to his drill if he wanted to get rid of delirium. Swaminathan again explained to him how important it was for him to have his evenings free. But the doctor said: “It is all very well. But I should be prosecuted if I gave you any such certificate.”

The doctor caught on that Swami was lying and laughed at his misuse of the word delirium. Instead of writing a fake note, the kind doctor promised to talk to the headmaster directly. That is how the doctor promise to help Swami.

II. Speaking Activity

A. Imagine that the doctor meets Swami’s Headmaster and convinces him to let off Swami after 4:30 p.m.

B. Now form groups of four and think of dialogues for this situation. 

Try to give different endings.

C. Develop a script play, using the different parts in the story and enact it before the class.

Example: A paragraph outline:

Complete the following paragraphs with the help of the clues given below: 

1. There lived a king by name Krishna and queen Radha lived in a very big palace with hundreds of servants and soldiers. Both the King and the queen were fond of honey. They built a separate storeroom to store a few tins of honey. The king appointed twelve guards to keep watch round the clock. 

2. One of the guards wanted to eat some of the royal honey. So he made a secret entry to the Store house of honey and stole a few tins of honey. The queen came to know of the theft in the palace and demanded her beloved husband to punish the thief.

3. In the morning, the next day, the king summoned all the guards at once and ordered them to stand in a line. The king devised a plan to identify the guard who had stolen the honey. He told them in a polite tone that he noticed a pinch of honey on the beard of one of the guards. As soon as the king uttered these words, one of the guards lifted up his hand to wipe his beard. The king observed this act and he told the guard that he was the culprit. Thus the king was able to detect the thief without any investigation.

Key words: palace, soldiers, fond of, store house, to eat, demanded, summoned, devised, noticed, investigation, keep watch, honey, stole, thief, stand, detect, lifted up, observed, identify.

Linkers: who, and, so, as soon as, thus.

6th Standard, Social Science, Chapter 5 – RISE OF NEW RELIGIONS

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6th Standard, Social Science, Chapter 5

RISE OF NEW RELIGIONS

EXERCISE

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Gautama Buddha was born in Lumbini near Kapilavastu of Nepal.

2. Gautama Buddha preached his teaching in Pali language.

3. Jina means the one who has conquered attachment (Moha).

4. The 23rd Thirthankara of Jainism was Parshvanatha.

5. The section who wears white clothes belongs to Shwethambara section of Jainism.

II. Answer the following questions in one sentence.

1. Who were the parents of Gautama Buddha?

Answer: Gautama Buddha’s father Shudodhana and his mother was Mayadevi.

2. Where did the Buddha give his first sermon?

Answer: Buddha gave his first sermon to five disciples at Saranath near Varanasi of present Uttar Pradesh for the first time.

3. What is the meaning of ‘Dharma Chakra Pravartana’?

Answer: Buddha preached his thoughts to five disciples at Saranath near Varanasi of present Uttar Pradesh for the first time. This incident is identified as ‘Dharma Chakra Pravartana’.

4. What did Mahaveera preach?

Answer: Vardhamana Mahaveera taught non-violence to his disciples. He wanted them not to commit theft and amassing wealth and not to lie. He preached celibacy.

5. Name the important republics of ancient India.

Answer: Magadha, Kosala, Vatsa and Vajji are the important republics of ancient India.

III. Discuss.

1. What are the teachings of Buddha?

Answer: The aim of Buddha’s teachings was to attain Knowledge by practicing purity in life and thought. He called this as Dhamma. The world is full of Sorrow. Desire is the reason for Sorrow. Whoever wins over Desire attains Nirvana (liberation). He taught eightfold path to attain Nirvana which includes right view, right resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness and right concentration. This is called as Ashtanga Marga.

IV. Match the Following words in Column ‘A’ with their descriptions in Column ‘B’.

A                                                 B

1. Gautama Buddha                (a) Republic

2. Mahaveera                          (b) The sacred books of Buddhists

3. Vajji                                     (c) Religious centre of Jainism

4. Shravanabelagola               (d) The founder of Buddhism

5. Tripitaka                              (e) The founder of Jainism

Answer:

1. Gautama Buddha                (d) The founder of Buddhism

2. Mahaveera                          (e) The founder of Jainism

3. Vajji                                     (a) Republic

4. Shravanabelagola               (c) Religious centre of Jainism

5. Tripitaka                              (b) The sacred books of Buddhists

Additional Questions:

1. How did Siddartha became Buddha?

Answer: Siddartha sought guidance from many sages on the ways of removing sorrow. Still, he could not find an answer about the root of sorrow. Finally, he sat under a Peepal tree in Gaya of Bihar and meditated for many days. He became enlightened there and Siddartha became Buddha.

2. What is the rule made by Buddha for his disciples?

Answer: Buddha made it a rule that his disciples should not consume liquor, practice violence, engage in corruption and untruthfulness.

3. The teachings of Buddha was found in which language?

Answer: The teachings of Buddha were easy and popular as he preached them in Pali, the common people’s language.

4. Which are the three pitakas?

Answer: Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka are the three Pitakas. These sacred scriptured of the Buddhist are known as Tripitakas.

5. Who were the parents of Mahaveera?

Answer: Vardhamana’s father was Siddhartha was the head of a clan. Vardhamana’s mother was Trishala Devi.

6. Which is the name of the followers of Mahaveera?

Answer: The followers of Mahaveera are called as Jains.

7. Who are the Shwethambara and Digambara in Jains?

Answer: The followers of Parshvanatha, who wore white clothes, are Shwethambara. While, the followers of Mahaveera, who were not clothed are Digambara.

Activities:

 Know about the Jaina Basadis in your place.

 Collect pictures of Jaina Basadis and prepare an album with information.

6th Standard, Social Science, Chapter 4 – THE CULTURE OF THE VEDIC PERIOD

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6th Standard, Social Science, Chapter 4

THE CULTURE OF THE VEDIC PERIOD

EXERCISE

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. ‘Veda’ means knowledge.

2. The Vedas are in Sanskrit language.

3. The head of Aryan was called Rajan.

II. Answer the following questions in one sentence.

1. Which are the four Vedas?

Answer: The four Vedas are as follows.

1. Rigveda

2. Yajurveda

3. Samaveda and

4. Atharvanaveda.

2. Name the four Varnas.

The four Varnas are as follows.

1. Brahmana,

2 . Kshatriya,

3. Vaishya

4. Shudra.

3. Name two women scholars of the Vedic period.

Answer: The two women scholars of the Vedic period are,

1 . Lopamudra

2. Indrani

The others are Ghosha, Apala, Vishwavara, Gargi and Maitreyi.

4. Which are the great epics of ancient India? Who were the authors?

Answer: Ramayana and Mahabharatha are the two popular epics among the Indians. The Author of Ramayana is Valmiki Maharshi and the author of Mahabharatha is Vyasa Maharshi. These two epics have shaped Indian life, literature and art for thousands of years.

III. Discuss.

1. What are the differences between the Pre-vedic society and the Post-vedic society?

Answer: The differences between the Pre-vedic society and the Post-vedic society are as follows.

1 . During Pre- Vedic period the women held a respectable position in the society. They even participated in political institutions. Widow Remarriage was in practice. Women also studied Vedas.

In Post Vedic period the position of the women was lowered. Women were deprived of education and even kept away from the political institutions.

2. In Pre Vedic period women are participated in the political institution like sabha and samithi. Child marriages and sati system were not practiced during this period. But in Post Vedic society Child marriage and Sati system started.

3. The Varna system came into existence which was inclusive of four varnas namely: Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra in Post Vedic Period which is not in practice in Pre Vedic period.

Additional Questions:

1 . From where Aryans came to India?

Answer: Aryans came from Central Asia to India.

2. Where did the Vedic culture emerge in ancient India?

Answer: The culture of Vedic period, arose first in the plains of River Saraswathi, and later in the plains of the River Ganga.

3. Which period is called ‘Vedic Period’?

Answer: The period in which the Vedic literature was formed is called the Vedic period.

4. Which river of ancient India is believed to be the River Saraswathi?

Answer: The ‘Ghaggar-Akra’ river which disappeared in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan is believed to be the ancient river Saraswathi. It is also believed that the Helmond river of Afghanistan is the ancient Saraswathi River.

5. What is meant by ‘Pre-Vedic Period’?

Answer: The period for Rigveda is called ‘Pre-Vedic Period’.

6. What is ‘Post-Vedic Period’?

Answer: The period of three vedas like Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda is called ‘Post-Vedic Period’.

7. Who was the head of the family during Pre-Vedic Period?

Answer: Father was the head of the family during Pre-Vedic Period.

8. What were the prisoners of war called in Pre-vedic period? How were they treated?

Answer: The prisoners of war called dasas and dasyus. They were treated like slaves.

9. Which are the three political institutions in Pre-Vedic Period administration?

Answer: The political institutions ‘Sabha’ ‘Samithi’ and ‘Vidhatas played a major role in Pre-Vedic period administration.

10. Name the gods which Aryans worshipped.

Answer: Aryans worshipped Gods like Indra, Surya, Soma, Varuna, Mitra, Yama, Ashwini etc. They worshipped gods through the rituals of ‘yagnas’.

11. What is the message of Vedas?

Answer: “There is only one truth. People perceive it differently. Let the noble thoughts come from all the corners of the world”. These were the messages of the Vedas.

12. Which are the political changes happened in Post-Vedic period which practiced in Pre-Vedic period?

Answer: The king became more powerful. The position of ‘Vidhata’,‘Sabha’ and ‘Samiti’ lost their importance. The king expanded his kingdom and the kingship became hereditary. The king performed rituals like ‘Ashwamedha Yaga’ and ‘Rajasuya Yaga’ to expand his kingdom.

13. Which are the four Ashramas in Post-Vedic Period?

Answer: A four Ashrama system (Chathurashrama) Brahmacharya, Gruhastha, Vaanaprastha and Sanyasa are started in Post-Vedic Period.

Activity: Read Ramayana and Mahabharata (with pictures) meant for children.

6th Standard, Social Science, Chapter 3, OUR PRIDE OUR STATE – KARNATAKA

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6th Standard, Social Science, Chapter 3

OUR PRIDE OUR STATE – KARNATAKA

EXERCISES

1.1 BENGALURU DIVISION

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. There are 9 districts in Bengaluru division.

2. The district with the highest rainfall in Bengaluru division is Shivamogga

3. Bannerghatta National Park is in Bengaluru urban district.

4. Mulberry leaved is the raw material for Silk industry.

5. The famous folk Museum ‘Janapada Loka’ founded by Dr. H.L. Nagegowda

6. The famous festival held in Bengaluru city every year is Karaga Festival

7. The first chief Minister of Mysore State was K.C. Reddy

8. The Vulture bird is protected at the bird sanctuary in Ramanagara district.

II. Answer the following questions in one sentence.

1. Name any three kingdoms who ruled ancient Karnataka?

Answer: The three kingdoms who ruled ancient Karnataka are Gangas, Cholas, Hoysalas and Vijayanagar Kings.

2. Name any two Palepattus, who ruled in this division.

Answer: Keladi and Chitradurga are the two Palepattus, who ruled in this Bengaluru division.

3. What are Natural Resources? Give examples.

Answer: Resources obtained from nature are called as Natural Resources. Rivers, Forests, Valley, Waterfalls, Animals, Minerals wild animals, soil and others are the resources provided to us by Nature.

4. State the reasons for scarcity of water in Bengaluru division.

Answer: Many rivers of Bengaluru Urban district are on the verge of extinction. Many lakes are being destroyed by multiple conversions of land. As a result, there is a severe scarcity of water.

5. Name any two water falls in Bengaluru Division.

Answer: Jog falls and Muthyalamadu water falls are the two water falls in Bengaluru Division.

6. Name the highest mountain in Bengaluru Division.

Answer: The tallest mountain in Bengaluru division is Halurameshwara gudda in Chitradurga district.

7. Name any two Bird Sanctuaries in Bengaluru Division.

Answer: Gudavi Bird Sanctuary in Shivamogga district and Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary in Shivamogga district are the two Bird Sanctuaries in Bengaluru Division. Kaggaladu Bird Sanctuary in Tumakuru and Ramadevara betta Vulture Sanctuary in Ramanagara are other Bird Sanctuaries in Bengaluru Division.

8. Name the important crops of Bengaluru division.

Answer: The main crops of Bengaluru division are ragi, maize, paddy, groundnuts, and various pulses. Important commercial crops are coconut, arecanut, cotton, sugarcane and others.

9. Which cities of Bengaluru Division have Apparel Parks?

Answer: Doddaballapur, Anekal cities of Bengaluru Division have Apparel Parks.

10. Name the three recipients of Jnanapeeta Award from Bengaluru division.

Answer: Kuvempu, Masti Venkatesha Iyengar and U.R. Anantha Murthy are the three recipients of Jnanapeeta Award from Bengaluru division.

Activity:  Visit Bannerghatta National Park and make a list of animals in the park, collect pictures of wild animals and prepare a report on them.  Make a list of important factories in Bengaluru and collect their pictures and prepare a report.

1.2 MYSURU DIVISION

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Dakshina Kannada was divided in the year 1997 to create Udupi district.

2. The Dakshina Kannada and Udupi are the coastal districts of Mysuru Division.

3. Our national animal is Tiger.

4. Wild elephants are tamed using ‘Kedda Operation’ technique.

5. The Chikkamagaluru district in Mysuru Division grows more coffee.

6. River Cauvery originates from Talakaveri in Kodagu district.

7. Kudmal Ranga Rao dedicated his life for the upliftment of untouchables.

8. The world famous festival Dasara is celebrated in Mysuru.

9. The Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of Mysuru Division have ports.

II. Answer the following questions in one sentence.

1. How many districts are there in Mysuru Division?

Answer: There are eight districts in Mysuru Division.

2. How did the name Mysuru come into being?

Answer: According to mythological stories, the Goddess Parvathi, took the form of Chamundeshwari and killed demon Mahishasura. The place where Mahisha was killed became Mysuru.

3. Name the Wodeyar King who contributed to the development of Mysuru Kingdom during early part of 20th century.

Answer: Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV was the Wodeyar King who contributed to the development of Mysuru Kingdom during early part of 20th century.

4. What name did the Britishers give to the coastal region of Karnataka?

Answer: The coastal region of Karnataka was called ‘Canara’ by the British.

5. Name any two famous rivers in Mysuru division.

Answer: Cauvery, Nethravathi are the famous two rivers in Mysuru division.  Hemavathi, Harangi, Kumaradhara, Vedavathi, Kapila and Yagachi are the other rivers in Mysuru division.

6. Name the districts which receive highest and lowest rainfall in Mysuru division?

Answer: The Udupi district of Mysuru division receives highest rainfall whereas the Mandya district receives the lowest rainfall.

7. Name any two minerals available in Mysuru division.

Answer: Bauxites and Felsite are the two minerals available in Mysuru division.  Chromite Limestone, Manganese, Granite are the other major minerals available in Mysuru Division.

8. What is the major occupation of people in the coastal areas?

Answer: Fishing and agriculture are the major occupation of people in the coastal areas.

9. Name any two famous forest areas in Mysuru division.

Answer: Bandipur and Nagarahole are the two famous forest areas in Mysuru division. Male Mahadeshwara betta and Pushpagiri are the other famous forest areas in Mysuru division.

10. Name any two tribal groups living in Mysuru division.

Answer: Jenukuruba and Koraga are the two tribal groups living in Mysuru division. Apart from these Malekudia tribals, Soliga tribe, Yarava, Hakkipikki, Halasa and Medaru tribes are also present in this division.

11. Name any two bird sanctuaries and wildlife sanctuaries of Mysuru division.

Answer: Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary, Gudavi Bird Sanctuary, Kokkare Belluru Bird Sanctuaries are the major bird sanctuaries of Mysuru division.

12. Name two national parks in Mysuru division.

Answer: Rajiv Gandhi Nagarahole National Park is in Mysuru district and Bandipur National Park is in Chamarajanagar district are the two national parks in Mysuru division.

13. Name any six crops grown in Mysuru division.

Answer: Silk, Coffee, Sugarcane, cashewnuts, pepper, rubber are the six crops grown in Mysuru division. Cardamom, Paddy, Ragi, Maize, green gram, uradh, and various pulses are the other major crops of this division.

14. Name any two irrigation projects in Mysuru division.

Answer: Krishnarajasagar, Harangi, Hemavathi and Kabini irrigation projects are the major irrigation projects in Mysuru division.

15. Name any three major occupations in Mysuru division.

Answer: Agriculture, Industries, Fishing and Information Technology are the major occupations in Mysuru division.

16. Write the name of the harvest festival celebrated in Kodagu.

Answer: Huttari Habba is the harvest festival celebrated in Kodagu.

17. Where is Rangayana, the repertory theatre based at?

Answer: A theatre repertory group Rangayana is based at Mysuru.

18. Name any two famous Kannada novelists of Mysuru division.

Answer: Shivaram Karantha and Dr. S.L.Byrappa are the two famous Kannada novelists of Mysuru division.

19. Which university in Mysuru Division has celebrated one hundred years?

Answer: The University Of Mysore was established in 1915 C.E. has celebrated one hundred years

20. What is the name of the centers which provide health care in rural areas?

Answer:  The name of the centers which provide health care in rural areas is ‘Rural sub health centres’.

21. Name any two good health indicators.

Answer: The two good health indicators are,

1. Lowest Child Mortality Rates.

2. Lower Maternal Mortality Rates

22. Name any two famous English Novelists of Mysuru division.

Answer: Raja Rao of Hassan and R.K. Narayan are the two famous English Novelists of Mysuru division.

23. Name any two freedom fighters who fought against untouchability.

Answer: Kudmal Ranga Rao and Tagadur Ramachandra Rao are the two freedom fighters who fought against untouchability.

24. What is Shravanabelagola famous for?

Answer: Shravanabelagola is famous for Gommateshwara is a monolith idol of Shravanabelagola.

25. Name any four freedom fighters of Mysuru division.

Answer: Karnad Sadashivarao, H.K.Veeranna Gowda, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya, K. Ramakrishna Karantha are the four freedom fighters of Mysuru division.

Activities:  Make a list of ancient temples in Mysuru division along with the kings/kingdoms who constructed these temples. Collect pictures.  Make a list of Gommateshwara statues in different districts. And you collect information on the height of these idols. Prepare a report with pictures of the statues.

1.3 KALABURAGI DIVISION

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The Hampi in Vijayanagara District was the capital of Vijayanagara kings.

2. Districts of Kalaburagi division got independence in the year 1948

3. There is a gold mine in Raichur district of Kalaburagi division.

4. Ballari district has Daroji Bear wildlife sanctuary.

5. Karnataka Central University is in Kalaburagi district

6. The name of the University in Hampi of Vijayanagara district is Kannada University.

II. Answer the following questions in one sentence.

1. Under which section of the Indian Constitution, Kalaburagi Division is granted special status?

Answer: Government introduced the 98th Constitutional Amendment in 2012 and Kalaburagi Division is granted special status.

2. In which year Nizam’s province was merged to India?

Answer: Nizam’s province was merged to India in 1948.

3. Hampi of Vijayanagara was the capital city of which Kings?

Answer: Hampi of Vijayanagara was the capital city of Vijayanagara Kings.

4. Name any two Palegaras who ruled after the fall of Bahamani and Vijayanagara Kings.

Answer: Palegaras of Harapanahalli, Sandur, Jarimale and Surapura are ruled after the fall of Bahamani and Vijayanagara Kings.

5. Which two rivers are the major rivers of Kalburgi division?

Answer: Bhima and Tungabhadra are the two major rivers of Kalburgi division. Krishna, Mullamari and Bennetora are other important rivers of this division.

6. Write the name of one dam in Bidar district.

Answer: Karanja dam is the dam in Bidar district.

7. Name the dam which provides irrigation facility to Raichur, Vijayanagara and Ballari districts.

Answer: Tungabhadra Dam provides irrigation facilities to Raichur, Ballari and Vijayanagara districts of this division.

8. Which are the major Industries in Kalaburagi district?

Answer: Iron and Steel Industries, Sugar Industries, Cement Industries and thermal power plants are the major Industries of Kalaburagi division.

9. Which districts of Kalaburagi division have Iron ore deposits?

Answer: Ballari, Vijayanagara and Koppala districts of Kalaburagi division have Iron ore deposits.

10. Name the famous Dargah in Kalaburgi.

Answer: Khwaja Bandhe Nawaz Dargah is the famous Dargah in Kalaburgi.

11. Name two epic poems written during ancient times in Kalaburgi division.

Answer:  ‘Kaviraja Marga’ and ‘Vikramarjuna Vijaya’ are the two epic poems written during ancient times in Kalaburgi division.

12. Write a short note on Vachana Movement.

Answer: The leading social reform movement of twelfth century, the ‘Vachana Movement’ took place in Kalyana of Kalaburagi division of Karnataka. Many Vachanakaras like Basavanna, Allamaprabhu, Akkamahadevi, Jedara Dasimaiah, Siddarama and others who were enlightened are from Kalaburagi division. Many men and women wrote Vachanas as part of this movement.

13. Name two people who are well known in the field of Daasa sahitya.

Answer: Kanakadasa and Purandaradasa are the two people who are well known in the field of Daasa sahitya.

14. Name the folk dances of Kalaburagi Division.

Answer: Nandi Kunitha, Allavi Kunitha, Choudammana Kunitha, Lambani Kunitha, Kolata, Veeragase, Durga-Muragi, and others are the folk dances of Kalaburagi Division. Karadi Majalu, shillekyathara atta, Moharam kunitha, Hagalu vesha are part of folk art.

15. Name the university in Raichur of this division.

Answer: Agriculture University is the University in Raichur of this division.

16. Name the university in Ballari district.

Answer:  Shrikrishnadevaraya University is the University in Ballari district.

17. Where is Kannada University located?

Answer: Kannada University is located in Hampi of Vijayanagara District.

18. Apart from the freedom struggle two more movements took place in Kalaburagi Division. Name them.

Answer: Apart from the freedom struggle two more movements took place in Kalaburagi Division. The first is the library movement aimed at instilling national spirit and the second is that of opening national schools to educate children.

19. What is the name of Nizam’s private army?

Answer: The name of Nizam’s private army is ‘Razaks’.

20. Name any two national schools established in Kalaburagi division to support the freedom struggle.

Answer: The two national schools established in Kalaburagi division to support the freedom struggle. Are as follows.

1. Nutan Vidyalaya, Kalaburagi (1907)

3. Vidyananda Gurukula, Kukanoor (1922)

21. When did Nizam province become part of India?

Answer:  On September 17, 1948, Nizam province become part of India.

22. Name the important freedom fighter from Kalaburagi Division.

 Answer: Shri Ramananda Teertha, Kalyan Shetty and Chandrashekar Patil are important freedom fighter from Kalaburagi Division.

Activity:  Make a list of the Iron ore mines and Iron and Steel factories in this division. Prepare a report with their pictures.

1.4 BELAGAVI DIVISION

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The districts in Belagavi division were integrated into Karnataka in the year 1956.

2. The queen Rani Chennamma of Kittur who fought against the British.

3. The new district of Haveri, Gadag and Bagalakote formed in the year 1997.

4. Badami was the capital of Chalukya dynasty.

5. The granite stone resource is found in Ilakal.

6. Byadagi in Belagavi division is famous for its Dried Chilly agricultural produce.

7. The Horticulture University is in Bagalkote district of Belagavi division.

8. The first Women University of Karnataka was started in Bijapur (Vijayapura) in 2003.

9. Eight people were hanged in the Ramadurga Samsthana freedom struggle led by Lawyer Munavalli.

10. The seed production center are in Haveri district of Belagavi division.

II. Answer the following questions in one sentence.

1. In which year and in which district did the Indian National Congress convention under the president ship of Gandhiji take place?

Answer: The Indian National Congress convention under the president ship of Gandhiji took place in 1924 in Belagavi district.

2. Name any two rivers of Belagavi division.

Answer: Krishna, Malaprabha are the two rivers of Belagavi division.  Ghataprabha, Bheema, Kali and Tungabhadra are the other major rivers of this division.

3. Name the wildlife sanctuaries of Belagavi division.

Answer: Dandeli wildlife sanctuary and Attiveri Bird Sanctuary are the wildlife sanctuaries of Belagavi division.

4. What is the meaning of evergreen forests?

Answer: The forests are found in tropical climate and remain green throughout the year are called evergreen forest.

5. Name the water falls of Belagavi division.

Answer:  Gokak Waterfalls, is attractive, Magodu waterfalls near Dandeli, Devamala waterfalls near Karavara, Apsarakonda waterfalls near Murudeshwara are the water falls of Belagavi division.

6. In which district of Belagavi division iron ore is available?

Answer: Iron ore is available in Bagalakote district of Belagavi division.

7. Which natural resource is available in Ilkal?

Answer: Huge granite stone deposits is available in Ilkal.

8. What are the major crops of Belagavi division?

Answer: Paddy, cotton, maize, pulses, wheat, groundnuts, pearl millet, chilly are the major crops of Belagavi division.

9. Name four Jnanapeetha awardees from Belagavi division.

Answer: Da.Ra. Bendre, V.K. Gokak, Girish Karnad, Chandrashekara Kambara are the four Jnanapeetha awardees from Belagavi division.

10. Name any three singers of Belagavi division.

Answer: Bharat Ratna Pt. Bhimsen Joshi, Pt. Mallikarjun Mansoor, Vidushi Gangubai Hangal are the three singers of Belagavi division.

11. Name two forms of theatre from Belagavi division.

Answer: Badaguthittu Yakshagana, Sannata, Doddata and Shrikrishna Parijata are the different forms of theatre from Belagavi division.

12. Which district of Belagavi division has Karnataka Law University?

Answer: Karnataka Law University is situated in the city of Hubballi in Dharwad district of Belagavi division.

13. What is the name of the health care centers established by the Government in Rural areas?

Answer: The name of the health care centers established by the Government in Rural areas is ‘Primary Health Centres’.

14. Name any three important freedom fighters of Belagavi division.

Answer: Mylara Mahadevappa, Siddappa Kambali, Aluru Venkatarao, are the three important freedom fighters of Belagavi division. Na.Su. Hardikar, Hardikar Manjappa, Gangadhar Rao Deshpande, Doddamete Andanappa and Lawyer Munavalli are the other important freedom fighters of Belagavi division.

Activities:  Make a list of all the thirty-one districts of Karnataka. Collect the district wise maps. Make another list of tourist spots in each district and prepare a report.  Make a list of places relevant to Vachanakaras in different districts. Make a list of Vachanakaras and prepare a report.

6th Standard, Social Studies, Civics, Chapter 21 – National Symbols and National Day Celebration

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6th Standard, Social Studies, Civics, Chapter 21

National Symbols and National Day Celebration

Exercises

I Fill in the blank with a correct word.

1. The white colour in our National Flag symbolizes truth.

2. Our National Song was written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.

3. Mysore state was named as Karnataka in the year 1973.

4. The one who hoists our national flag on the Red fort is Prime Minister.

II Answer the following questions:

1. Which are our National Symbols?

Answer: National Flag and National Emblem are the main National Symbols of a country. India also has its own national anthem. India has a national animal and national bird.

2. What are the features of the national flag code?

Answer: The features of the national flag code are as follows. 

1. National Flag should not be dirty or torn.

2 Always the saffron colour should come on top, while hoisting the flag.

3 No other flag should be placed higher than the national flag.

4 Flag should be lifted up to tip of the pole and then hoisted.

5 Always national flag should be hoisted after the sunrise and brought down before sunset. It should be kept folded.

6 During the time of National mourning, the flag has to be hoisted half-mast. 

7 While walking, the flag has to be held in right hand.

8 National Flag should not be touched to the ground.

9 Plastic flags should not be used.

3. What are our national festivals?

Answer: Republic day, Independence day and Gandhi Jayanthi are our national festivals.

4. Name some commemorative days celebrated in schools.

Answer: Teachers’ Day Celebration, Children’s Day Celebration, Swami Vivekananda: National Youth Day Celebration and Ambedkar Jayanthi are some commemorative days celebrated in schools.

Additional Questions:

1 . What are the speciality of National Flag?

Answer: In our national flag Saffron symbolizes selflessness and sacrifice, while white symbolizes truth, peace and purity. Green symbolizes the green earth; a sign of prosperity in agriculture, industries. The wheel is a replica of the wheel on the Ashoka pillar at Saranath. Ashoka chakra signifies ‘Dharmachakra’. Ashoka Chakra is also a symbol of continuous movement and progress.

2. Describe our National Anthem.

Answer: ‘Jana gana mana’ is India’s National Anthem. This was written by Rabindranath Tagore in Bengali language in 1911 C.E. The constituent assembly that was held on 24th January 1950 C.E accepted one stanza of the song, out of five stanzas, as the National Anthem. The time duration to sing the anthem is 52 seconds. Only first and last lines are sung, in some occasions. This might take around 20 seconds.

Every Indian’s duty is to pay homage (respect) to National Anthem. Disrespecting and causing interruptions to singing, results in severe punishments as per rules. We should stand upright while singing the National Anthem. The pronunciation should be error free.

3. Explain our National song in few words.

Answer: According to our constitution, ‘Vande Mataram’ which is given as much respect as our National Anthem is considered as our National song. The song ‘Vande Mataram’ was written by a famous writer Bankim Chandra Chatterjee. Before independence, this song was considered as the National Anthem, which was extracted from his novel ‘Anandamath’. The people who sacrificed their lives to protect this nation sang this song ‘Vande Mataram’.

4. Explain briefly about our National Emblem.

Answer: The Lion capital of Saranath is our national emblem or seal. In the original sculpture, there are four lions set back to back, facing four directions, standing on a circular pedestal. The pedastal is having wheels, one on each direction. Between those wheels there are images of an elephant, a bull, a horse and a lion. The wheel on the pedestal is also called ‘Dharmachakra’. Our national flag also has this wheel symbol placed in the centre of the white stripe.

5. Which are our National Animal, Bird and Flower?

Answer: Tiger is our national animal. Peacock is India’s national bird. Lotus is our national flower.

6. When we are celebrating Kannada Rajyotsava? Why was we celebrating on that day?

Answer: Karnataka was formed on November 1st, 1956 by unifying the Kannada regions of Bombay, Madras, Hyderabad and Kodagu provinces with Mysore province. It was called the Mysore State. In commemoration of this event, November 1st of every year is celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava with great enthusiasm. On November 1st 1973, the then Chief Minister, Devaraj Urs renamed the Mysore State as Karnataka.

Activities

1 Collect national flags of different countries.

2 Listen to the National Anthems of different nations. 

3 Memorize the National song and sing.

4 Know the local festivals celebrated in your village.

8th Standard, Social, Business Studies, Chapter 29 – EMERGENCE OF DIFFERENT BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS

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8th Standard, Social, Business Studies, Chapter 29

EMERGENCE OF DIFFERENT BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The concern that is owned and managed by a single person is called Sole trading concerns. 

2. The Indian Partnership Act was passed in the year 1932 to regulate the affairs of the partnership firms.

3. The Maximum number of partners in a firm which carries out banking business is 10. 

4. The Head of the Hindu undivided family business is known as “KARTA”. 

5. The only business concern under private business organization found in India is Hindu undivided family business.

II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each:

6. Which are the small scale business organizations?

Answer: The small scale business organizations are as follows.

1) Sole trading concerns,

2) Partnership firms

3) Hindu undivided family firms.

7. How do sole trading concerns help the consumers?

Answer: The sole trading concerns directly come into contact with the consumers. They fostering trust, rapport, and a better understanding of individual needs of consumers. That is how the sole trading concerns help the consumers.

8. What are partnership firms?

Answer: Two or more persons join together and carry out the business is called partnership firms.

9. Who are sleeping partners?

Answer: The partners who contribute capital but do not take active part in day-to-day transactions of the firm are called sleeping partners. The profits and losses are shared in proportion to their share of the capital.

10. Dissolution of partnership firm is easy, how?

Answer: Partnership firms can be dissolved easily. Any partner can apply for dissolution by giving fourteen days’ notice or with the consent of all the partners it can be dissolved.

III. Answer the following questions:

11. Mention any four merits of sole trading concerns.

The four merits of sole trading concerns.

1) No legal formalities are required to commence the business. 

2) It can be started by own capital.

3) No difficulties arise in day to day running of the business.

4) The owner enjoys all the profits and bears all the losses.

12. Mention any four limitations of sole trading concerns.

Answer: The four limitations of sole trading concerns are as follows.

1) Capital is limited and they cannot expand the business.

2) The managerial ability is limited.

3) Two heads are always better to take decisions.

4) All the losses are to be borne by a single person.

13. How are partnership firms started? Explain briefly.

Answer: The limitations of the sole trading concerns lead to the formation of partnership firms. In these firms two or more persons join together and carry out the business. Partnership firms Act was passed in 1932. According to the section 4 of partnership act the partnership firm is defined as the relation between the persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all. The maximum number of partners are ten if they carry out the financial business or twenty in case of carrying out general partnership business.

14. Who are the different types of partners?

Answer: The different types of partners are as follows.

1. Active Partners.

2. Sleeping Partners.

3. Nominal Partners.

4. Minor Partners.

15. Mention any four merits of partnership firms.

Answer: The four merits of partnership firms are, 

1) Easy to form

2) More capital

3) Greater efficiency

4) Trust worthiness

16. Mention any four demerits of partnerships firms.

Answer: The four demerits of partnerships firms are as follows.

1. Sometimes the disunity among the partners may hamper business and it leads to disputes. 

2. Since the number of partners is limited, the capital investment is also limited.

3. Liability is unlimited, so it discourages many people to join as partners.

4. Reckless and foolish decisions of some partners may lead to heavy setbacks.

17. What are the advantages of registering a partnership firm?

Answer: The advantages of registering a partnership firm are as follows.

1. A Registered firm can file a suit in the court of law against third party, in case the loan amount is more than Rs. 100/-. But it is not possible in case of an unregistered firm.

2. A Registered firm can file a case against the other partners against the loans they owe to the firm.

3. However third parties can file a case against an unregistered firm or against its partners for the recovery of loans.

4. Any partner can file a case against the firm or other partners for the dissolution of the firm or for the settlement of accounts.

18. Explain briefly about “Hindu undivided family business”.

Answer: They are found only in India. They are in accordance with “HINDU LAW”. They are the firms which consist of all the male members of the Hindu family, who are the descendants from a common male ancestor. Only three successive generations of male members namely, father, sons, grandsons and great grandsons acquire the birth right or hold on the ancestral property. The eldest or senior most member of the family manages the business and he is called “KARTA”. The liability of Karta is unlimited. While the liability of other members is limited to the extent of their share in the business.

Additional Questions.

1 . What are the different forms of business organizations?

Answer: Today we see different forms of business organizations. They may be classified into four types. They are:

1. Business organizations in the private sector.

2. Business organizations in the public sector.

3. Joint sector business organizations.

4. Public utilities.

2. What are the advantages of Sole Trading concerns?

Answer: The advantages of Sole Trading concerns are,

1) No legal formalities are required to commence the business.

2) It can be started by own capital.

3) No difficulties arise in day to day running of the business.

4) The owner enjoys all the profits and bears all the losses.

5) They directly come into contact with the consumers.

6) They render some social services also.

7) They provide employment to some people.

8) They help in distribution of wealth.

9) They understand the likes and dislikes of the customers and supply goods accordingly.

10) They pay taxes to the government.

3. What are the disadvantages of Sole Trading concerns?

Answer: The disadvantages of Sole Trading concerns are as follows.

1) Capital is limited and they cannot expand the business.

2) The managerial ability is limited.

3) Two heads are always better to take decisions.

4) All the losses are to be borne by a single person.

5) With the death or insolvency of the sole trader, the trading concerns may have to be closed.

4. What are the merits of partnership firms?

Answer: The merits of partnership firms are as follows.

1) Easy to form

2) More capital

3) Greater efficiency

4) Trust worthiness

5) Sharing of business loss

6) Secrecy of business

7) Simple dissolution

5. What are the demerits of partnership firms?

Answer: The demerits of partnership firms are as follows.

  1. Sometimes the disunity among the partners may hamper business and it leads to disputes.
  2. Since the number of partners is limited, the capital investment is also limited.
  3. Liability is unlimited, so it discourages many people to join as partners.
  4. Reckless and foolish decisions of some partners may lead to heavy setbacks
  5. Partnership firms lack stability; the death or insolvency of any partner may lead to dissolution.
  6. It is difficult to transfer the share of partners to others.

7. Owing to lack of control by the government and publishing of accounts, partnership firms cannot gain public support.

8. The secrecy of the business cannot be maintained since there are two or more than two partners.

IV. Activity:

1. Collect two advertisements and study them in the context of your lesson.

6th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 16 – Indian Ideology and Bhakti cult

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6th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 16

Indian Ideology and Bhakti cult

Exercises

I Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1 Guru Nanak’s song are called as Japji  

2 The holy book of Sikh is Guru Granth Sahib  

3 The birth place of Ramanujacharya is Sriperambudur  

4 Saint Meerabai is known as ‘Radha of Kaliyug’.

II Answer the following questions.

1 What were the reforms made by Shankaracharya?

Answer: The reforms made by Shankaracharya are as follows.

1. Shankara brought many reforms in the Hindu society of that time and led the people on the path of knowledge.

2. Through Advaita Philosphy he preached that all mankind are one and equal.

3. Shankara became a social reformer by stopping the conflicts between the castes

4. Shankara established Peethas (mathas) at Badarinatha (Uttarakhand), Dwarake (Gujarat), Puri (Odisha) and Sringeri (Karnataka). These served as emotional and religious centres for uniting Indians.

Shankara wrote many scriptures. His work Bhaja Govindam is popular even today. It is surprising that Shankara achieved so much within his 32 years of life span.

2 What are the teachings of Basaveshvara?

Answer: The teachings of Basaveshvara are as follows.

1 . Basavanna aimed at building a casteless and classless society.

2. ‘Work is Worship’ (Kayakave Kailasa) was one of his main teachings.

3. Basaveshwara condemned casteism, idol worship and sacrifices. He stated, ‘one’s body itself is a temple’.

4. His words ‘woman is a mother, she is everything’ gave confidence to women who had lost their voice.

5. He established ‘Anubhava Mantapa’ at Basavakalyana. It was a platform for the Vachanakaras.

6. Basaveshwar had composed more than thousands of Vachanas. They end with a pen name ‘Kudala Sangamadeva’.

3 What is the importance of vachana literature? Name some vachanakaras.

Answer: The ‘Vachana’ is a distinct literary genre. The vachana literature could be read like prose or sung like a poem. There were Vachanakaras (one who write vachanas) like Jedara Dasimayya, Allamaprabhu, Chenna Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi and others. They belonged to all castes and class. The thoughts expressed in the vachanas are relevant even today.

4 What did the Bhakti saints preach?

Answer: The Bhakti saints preached the path of bhakti or devotion towards God. They believed that Bhakti is the only way to earn God’s grace. This approach to God is known as the Bhakti culture.

5 Who were the major Sufi saints of India?

Answer: The major Sufi saints of India are Nizamuddin Auliya, Bandenawaz, Moyinuddin Chisti, Salim Chisti, Baba Budan and Budan-al-din.

6 State the effects of the Bhakti Movement.

Answer: The effects of the Bhakti Movement are as follows.

1 . The Bhakti saints were responsible for creating harmony between the Hindus and the Muslims.

2. The Bhakti saints composed literature in the regional languages. As a result, Indian languages were enriched.

7 Where is the Darga of Bandenawaz?

Answer: Darga of Bandenawaz is in Kalaburgi.

8 Which is the famous work of Tulasidas?

Answer: The famous work of Tulasidas is Ramcharitamanasa’.

9 What is the famous quotation of Guru Nanak?

Answer: The famous quotation of Guru Nanak is ‘‘Even if I have a lakh tongues, I will chant the name of one God on all those tongues’’.

10 What is the gist of Bhakti Cult?

Answer: The gist of Bhakti Cult are as follows.

1 .The Bhakti cult condemned discrimination between superior and inferior and preached equality.

2. The Bhakti saints opposed and ridiculed outdated customs.

3. The Sufi saints proclaimed that religion meant love of all and service to mankind. They maintained that there is only one God, not many.

4. The saints took up the task of uniting the hearts of the people.

III. Discuss in groups and answer:

1 . The relevance of the teachings of the Bhakti saints.

Answer: Our country is a land of saints and sages. Hundreds of saints have taken birth here from time to time. They brought about social harmony and encouraged the people to walk on the right path. They also exposed the social ills.

The saints preached the path of bhakti or devotion towards God. They believed that Bhakti is the only way to earn God’s grace. This approach to God is known as the Bhakti cult. The Bhakti cult condemned discrimination between superior and inferior and preached equality. The Bhakti cult took up the task of uniting the hearts of the people. The Bhakti saints were responsible for creating harmony between the Hindus and the Muslims.

2. Discuss the changes brought by Social Reformers.

Answer: Many great Social Reformers were born in India. They not only guided the people through their teachings but also undertook active social reforms. Their reforms eradicated ignorance and evil practices among the people. Their impact is spread even today. They encouraged caste harmony. They were responsible for building several grand temples in India. The Social reformers aimed at building a casteless and classless society. The thoughts expressed in the vachanas are relevant even today. They condemned discrimination between superior and inferior and preached equality. They opposed and ridiculed outdated customs. The reformers took up the task of uniting the hearts of the people. The Social reformers composed literature in the regional languages. As a result, Indian languages were enriched.

Additional Questions:

1 . What are the reforms of Ramanujacharya?

Answer: The reforms of Ramanujacharya are,

1. Ramanuja encouraged caste harmony.

2. By condemning caste-ism, he preached the principle of Bhakti to all castes.

3. He said that devotion and surrendering are very important for salvation.

4. He told to surrender to God without any desires.

5. He asserted that one can attain salvation through the path of devotion.

6. Ramanuja was responsible for building several grand temples in Melukote and south India.

2. What are the reforms Madhwacharya?

Answer: The reforms Madhwacharya are as follows.

1 . Madhvacharya composed many works in Sanskrit relating to Madhva philosophy.

2. He appointed eight pontiffs to perform regular pujas of Lord Sri Krishna at Udupi.

3. He preached the simple path of Bhakti (devotion).

3. What are the features of Bhakti Cult?

Answer: The features of Bhakti Cult are as follows.

1 .The Bhakti cult condemned discrimination between superior and inferior and preached equality.

2. The Bhakti saints opposed and ridiculed outdated customs.

3. The Sufi saints proclaimed that religion meant love of all and service to mankind. They maintained that there is only one God, not many.

4. The saints took up the task of uniting the hearts of the people.

4. Write a short note about Sri Chaitanya.

Answer: Sri Chaitanya was born in West Bengal. Chaitanya condemned caste discrimination. He preached that Bhakti was the only path to the realization of God (mukti). His teachings were rooted in love, brotherhood and charity. He went on sacred pilgrimage throughout India spreading the message of love.

5. Explain the reforms of Meerabai.

Answer: Saint Meerabai, who is revered as the ‘Radha of Kaliyug’, was also a great composer of songs. She was born in a royal family of Rajputs in Rajasthan. She considered Lord Krishna as her deity. Her mother-in-law strongly objected to her worshipping of Krishna. Meera could not withstand this and left the palace forever and went to Brindavan, the holy place associated with Lord Krishna. The feelings of bhakti and love are prominent in her compositions. Giridhar Gopal is the deity she worshipped. Through her bhajans, Meera finds a permanent place in the hearts of millions.

Activities

1 Read the biographies of Shankaracharya, Ramanujacharya, Basaveshvara and Madhvacharya.

2 Collect any ten vachanas of Basaveshvara.

3 Collect the names of vachanakaras and their pen-names.

4 Dress yourselves as Acharyas, saints and Sharanas and narrate their teachings on the stage during celebrations in the school.

5 “Do not steal, do not kill, do not lie, do not rage, do not loathe the other, do not brag of yourself, and do not revile the opponent. This itself is inner purity. This itself is outer purity. This alone is the way to win our Koodalasangamadeva” What are the values found in this vachana? Do we find these values being practised in our society? If not collect the reason and discuss.

6 Collect and write the teachings of Shankaracharya, Ramanujacharya and Madhvacharya.

7 Collect the pictures of the Bhakti saints with details.

8 Read the biographies of Sri Chaitanya, Guru Nanak, Meerabai, Tulsidas, Kabir, Surdas and the Sufi saints.

9 Listen to Meera bhajans.

10 Collect more details about sufism from the internet. Discuss their influence on India’s multi-religious society and their relevance in the present context, and prepare a report of one page.

8th Standard, Mathematics, Chapter 12 – Factorisation

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8th Standard, Mathematics, Chapter 12

Factorisation

Exercise 12.1

1 . Find the common factors of the given items.

(i ) 12x, 36

Answer: (i) 12x = 2 × 2 × 3 × x

36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3

Common factors = 2, 2, 3.

2 × 2 × 3 = 12

(ii) 2y, 22xy

Answer: 2y = 2 × y

22xy = 2 × 11 × x × y

The common factors = 2, y.

 2 × y = 2y

(iii) 14pq, 28p2q2

Answer: 14pq = 2 × 7 × p × q

28p2q2 = 2 × 2 × 7 × p × p × q × q

The common factors = 2, 7, p, q.

2 × 7 × p × q = 14pq

(iv)  2x, 3x2

Answer:  2x = 2 × x

3x2 = 3 × x × x

4 = 2 × 2

The common factor = 1.

(v) 6abc, 24ab2, 12a2b

Answer: 6abc = 2 × 3 × a × b × c

24ab2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × a × b × b

12a2b = 2 × 2 × 3 × a × a × b

The common factors = 2, 3, a, b.

2 × 3 × a × b = 6ab

(vi) 16x3, -4x2,  32x

Answer: 16x3 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x × x × x

-4x2 = -1 × 2 × 2 × x × x

32x = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x

The common factors = 2, 2, x.

2 × 2 × x = 4x

(vii) 10pq, 20qr, 30rp

Answer:  10pq = 2 × 5 × p × q

20qr = 2 × 2 × 5 × q × r

30rp = 2 × 3 × 5 × r × p

The common factors = 2, 5.

2 × 5 = 10

(viii) 3x2y3,   ,10x3y2,   ,6x2y2z 

Answer: 3x2y3 = 3 × x × x × y × y × y

10x3y2 = 2 × 5 × x × x × x × y × y

6x2y2z = 2 × 3 × x × x × y × y × z

The common factors = x, x, y, y.

Thus, x × x × y × y = x2 y2  

2. Factorise the following expressions.

( i) 7x – 42

Answer: 7x – 42

7x = 7 × x

42 = 2 × 3 × 7

The common factor = 7.

7x – 42 = (7 × x) – (2 × 3 × 7 )

= 7(x – 6)

(ii) 6p – 12q

Answer: 6p -12q

6p = 2 × 3 × p

12q = 2 × 2 × 3 × q

The common factors = 2 and 3.

6p -12q = (2 × 3 × p) – (2 × 2 × 3 × q)

= 2 × 3(p – 2 × q)

= 6(p – 2q)

(iii) 7a2+14a

Answer: 7a2+14a

7a2= 7 × a × a

14a = 2 × 7 × a

The common factors = 7 and a .

7a2 + 14a = (7 × a × a) + (2 × 7 × a)

= 7 × a(a + 2)

= 7a (a + 2)

(iv) -16z + 20z3       

Answer: -16z + 20z3

16z = -1 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × z

20z3 = 2 × 2 × 5 × z × z × z

The common factors = 2, 2, and z.

 -16z + 20z3 = -(2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × z) + (2 × 2 × 5 × z × z × z)

= (2 × 2 × z) [-(2 × 2) + (5 × z × z)]

= 4z (-4 + 5z2)

(v) 20l2m + 30alm

Answer: 20l2m + 30alm

20l2m= 2 × 2 × 5 × l × l × m

30alm = 2 × 3 × 5 × a × l × m

The common factors = 2, 5, l and m.

Therefore, 20l2m + 30alm = (2 × 2 × 5 × l × l × m) + (2 × 3 × 5 × a × l × m)

= (2 × 5 × l × m) [(2 × l) + (3 × a)]

= 10lm (2l + 3a)

(vi) 5x2y -15xy2

Answer: 5x2y -15xy2

5x2y = 5 × x × x × y

15xy2 = 3 × 5 × x × y × y

Common factors = 5, x, and y.

5x2y – 15xy2 = (5 × x × x × y) – (3 × 5 × x × y × y)

= 5 × x × y[x – (3 × y)]

= 5xy(x – 3y)

(vii) 10a2 -15b2 + 20c2

Answer: 10a2 -15b2 + 20c2

10a2 = 2 × 5 × a × a

15b2 = 3 × 5 × b × b

20c2 = 2 × 2 × 5 × c × c

Common factor = 5.

10a2 -15b2 + 20c2 = (2 × 5 × a × a) – (3 × 5 × b × b) + (2 × 2 × 5 × c × c)

= 5[(2 × a × a) – (3 × b × b) + (2 × 2 × c × c)]

= 5(2a2 – 3b2 + 4c2)

(viii) -4a2 + 4ab – 4ca

Answer: -4a2 + 4ab – 4ca

4a2 = 2 × 2 × a × a

4ab = 2 × 2 × a × b

4ca = 2 × 2 × c × a

Common factors = 2, 2, and a .

– 4a2 + 4ab – 4ca = -(2 × 2 × a × a) + (2 × 2 × a × b) – (2 × 2 × c × a)

= 2 × 2 × a (-a + b – c)

= 4a (-a + b – c)

(ix) x2yz + xy2z + xyz2

Answer: x2yz + xy2z + xyz2

x2yz = x × x × y × z

xy2z= x × y × y × z

xyz2 = x × y × z × z

Common factors = x, y, and z.

x2yz + xy2z + xyz2 = (x × x × y × z) + (x × y × y × z) + (x × y × z × z)

= x × y × z (x + y + z)

= xyz(x + y + z)

(x) ax2y + bxy2 + cxyz

Answer: ax2y + bxy2 + cxyz

ax2y= a × x × x × y

bxy2 = b × x × y × y

cxyz= c × x × y × z

Common factors = x and y.

ax2y + bxy2 + cxyz = (a × x × x × y) + (b × x × y × y) + (c × x × y × z)

= (x × y) [(a × x) + (b × y) + (c × z)]

= xy (ax + by + cz)

Exercise 12.2

1. Factorise the following expressions.

(i) a2 + 8a +16

Answer: a2 + 8a +16

= (a)2 + 2 × a × 4 + (4)2

= (a + 4)2 [Using identity (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2, considering x = a and y = 4 ]

(ii) p2 – 10 p + 25

Answer: p2 – 10 p + 25

= (p)2 – 2 × p × 5 + (5)2

= (p – 5)2 [Using identity (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2, considering a = p and b = 5 ]

(iii) 25m2 + 30m + 9

Answer: 25m2 + 30m + 9

= (5m)2 + 2 × 5m × 3 + (3)2

= (5m + 3)2 [Using identity (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2, considering a = 5m and b = 3 ]

(iv)  49y2 + 84yz + 36z2

Answer: 49y2 + 84yz + 36z2

= (7y)2 + 2 × (7y) × (6z) + (6z)2

= (7y + 6z)2 [Using identity (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2, considering a = 7y and b = 6z]

(v) 4x2 – 8x+ 4

Answer: 4x2 – 8x+ 4

= (2x)2 – 2(2x)(2) + (2)2

= (2x – 2)2 [Using identity (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2, considering a = 2x and b = 2]

= [(2)(x -1)]2 = 4(x -1)2

(vi) 121b2 – 88bc+16c2

Answer: 121b2 – 88bc+16c2

= (11b)2 – 2(11b)(4c) + (4c)2

= (11b – 4c)2 

 (vii) (l + m)2 – 4lm

Answer: (l + m)2 – 4lm

= l2 + 2lm+ m2 – 4lm [Using identity (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]

= l2 – 2lm + m2

= (l – m)2 

(viii) a4 + 2a2b2 + b4

Answer: a4 + 2a2b2 + b4

= (a2)2 + 2 (a2)(b2) + (b2)2

= (a2 + b2)2 [Using identity (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2, considering x = a2 and y = b2]

2. Factorise.

(i) 4p2 – 9q2

Answer: 4p2 – 9q2

= (2p)2 – (3q)2

= (2p + 3q) (2p – 3q)

(ii) 63a2 – 112b2

Answer: 63a2 – 112b2

= 7(9a2 – 16b2 )

= 7 [(3a)2 – (4b)2]

= 7[(3a + 4b)(3a – 4b)] [Using identity x2 – y2 = (x – y)(x + y), considering x = 3a and y = 4b]

(iii) 49x2 – 36

Answer: 49x2 – 36

= (7x)2 – (6)2

= (7x – 6)(7x + 6)

(iv) 16x5 – 144x3

Answer: 16x5 – 144x3

= 16x3(x2 – 9)

= 16x3 [(x)2 – (3)2]

= 16x3 [(x – 3)(x + 3)] [Using identity a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b), considering a = x and b = 3]

(v) (l + m)2 – (l – m)2

Answer: (l + m)2 – (l – m)2

= [(l + m) – (l – m)][(l + m) + (l – m)]

= (l + m – l + m)(l + m + l – m)

= 2m × 2l

= 4ml

= 4lm

(vi) 9x2y2 – 16

Answer: 9x2y2 – 16

= (3xy)2 – (4)2

= (3xy – 4)(3xy + 4)

(vii) (x2 – 2xy + y2 ) – z2

Answer: (x2 – 2xy + y2 ) – z2

= (x – y)2 – (z)2 

= (x – y – z)( x – y + z)

(viii) 25a2 – 4b2 + 28bc – 49c2

Answer: 25a2 – 4b2 + 28bc – 49c2

= 25a2 – (4b2 – 28bc + 49c2 )

= (5a)2 – [(2b)2 – 2 × 2b × 7c + (7c)2]

= (5a)2 – (2b – 7c)2  [Using identity (x – y)2 = x2 – 2xy + y2, considering x = 2b and y = 7c]

= [5a + (2b – 7c)][5a – (2b – 7c)] 

= (5a + 2b – 7c)(5a – 2b + 7c)

3. Factorise the expressions.

(i) ax2 + bx

Answer: ax2 + bx

= a × x × x + b × x

= x (ax + b)

(ii) 7p2 + 21q2

Answer: 7p2 + 21q2

= 7 × p × p + 3 × 7 × q × q

= 7(p2 + 3q2)

(iii) 2x3 + 2xy2 + 2xz2

Answer: 2x3 + 2xy2 + 2xz2

= 2x( x2 + y2 + z2 )

(iv) am2 + bm2 + bn2 + an2

Answer: am2 + bm2 + bn2 + an2

= am2 + bm2 + an2 + bn2

= m2(a + b) + n2(a + b)

= (a + b)(m2 + n2 )

(v) (lm + l ) + m + 1

Answer: (lm + l ) + m + 1

= lm + m + l + 1

= m(l + 1) + 1(l + 1)

= (l + 1)(m + 1)

(vi) y (y + z) + 9(y + z)

Answer: y (y + z) + 9(y + z)

= (y + z) (y + 9)

(vii) 5y2 – 20 y – 8z + 2yz

Answer: 5y2 – 20 y – 8z + 2yz

= 5y2 – 20y + 2yz – 8z

= 5y(y – 4) + 2z(y – 4)

= (y – 4)(5y + 2z)

(viii) 10ab + 4a + 5b + 2

Answer: 10ab + 4a + 5b + 2

= 10ab + 5b + 4a + 2

= 5b(2a +1) + 2(2a +1)

= (2a +1)(5b + 2)

(ix) 6xy – 4 y + 6 – 9x

Answer: 6xy – 4 y + 6 – 9x

= 6xy – 9x – 4 y + 6

= 3x(2y – 3) – 2(2 y – 3)

= (2y – 3)(3x – 2)

4. Factorise.

(i) a4 – b4

Answer: a4 – b4

= (a2)2 – (b2)2 

= (a2 – b2)(a2 + b2) [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

= (a – b)(a + b)(a2 + b2 ) [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

(ii) p4 – 81

Answer: p4 – 81

= (p2)2 – (9)2

= (p2 – 9)(p2 + 9) [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

= [(p)2 – (3)2](p2 + 9)

= (p – 3)(p + 3) (p2 + 9) [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

(iii) x4 – (y + z)4

Answer: x4 – (y + z)4

= (x2)2 – [(y + z)2]2

= [x2 – (y + z)2][x2 + (y + z)2] [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

= [x – ( y + z)][x + ( y + z)][x2 + (y + z)2] [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

= (x – y – z)(x + y + z)[x2 + (y + z)2]

(iv) x4 – (x – z)4

Answer: x4 – (x – z)4

= (x2)2 – [( x – z)2]2

= [x2 – (x – z)2 ][ x2 + (x – z)2] [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

= [x – (x – z)][x + (x – z )][x2 + ( x – z )2] [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

= z(2x – z )[x2 + x2 – 2xz + z2] [Since, (a- b)2 = a2 – 2ab+ b2]

= z(2x – z )(2x2 – 2xz + z2)

(v) a4 – 2a2b2 + b4

Answer: a4 – 2a2b2 + b4

= (a2)2 – 2 (a2)(b2) + (b2)2

= (a2 – b2)2 [Since, (a- b)2 = a2 – 2ab+ b2]

= [(a – b)(a + b)]2 [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

= (a – b)2(a + b)2      

5. Factorise the following expressions.

( i) p2 + 6 p + 8

Answer: p2 + 6 p + 8

8 = 4 × 2 and 4 + 2 = 6

p2 + 6 p + 8 = p2 + 2p + 4p + 8

= p(p + 2) + 4(p + 2)

= (p + 2) (p + 4)

(ii) q2 – 10q + 21

Answer: q2 – 10q + 21

21 = (-7) × (-3) and (-7) + (-3) = -10

q2 – 10q + 21 = q2 – 7q – 3q + 21

= q(q – 7) – 3(q – 7)

= (q – 7)(q – 3)

(iii) p2 + 6 p -16

Answer: p2 + 6 p -16

It can be observed that, -16 = (-2) × 8 and 8 + (-2) = 6

p2 + 6 p -16 = p2 + 8p – 2p -16

= p(p + 8) – 2(p + 8)

= (p + 8)(p – 2)

Exercise 12.3

1 . Carry out the following divisions.

(i) 28x4 ÷ 56x

Answer: 28x4 = 2 × 2 × 7 × x × x × x × x and

56x = 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × x

28x4 ÷ 56x = (2 × 2 × 7 × x × x × x × x) / (2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × x)

= x3/2

(ii) – 36y3 ÷ 9y2

Answer: -36y3 =  – 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × y × y × y and

9y2 =  3 × 3 × y × y

-36y3 ÷ 9y2 = (-2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × y × y × y) / (3 × 3 × y × y)

= -4y

(iii) 66 pq2r3 ÷ 11qr2

Answer: 66pq2r3 = 2 × 3 × 11 × p × q × q × r × r × r and

11qr2 = 11 × q × r × r

66 pq2r3 ÷ 11qr2 = (2 × 3 × 11 × p × q × q × r × r × r) / (11 × q × r × r)

= 6pqr

(iv)  34x3y3z3 ÷ 51xy2z3

Answer: 34x3y3z3 = 2 × 17 × x × x × x × y × y × y × z × z × z and

51xy2z3 = 3 × 17 × x × y × y × z × z × z

34x3y3z3 ÷ 51xy2z3 = (2 × 17 × x × x × x × y × y × y × z × z × z) / (3 × 17 × x × y × y × z × z × z)

= 2x2y / 3

(v) 12a8b8 ÷ (-6a6b4)

Answer: 12a8b8 = 2 × 2 × 3 × a8 × b8 and

-6a6b4 = -2 × 3 × a6 × b4

12a8b8 ÷ (-6a6b4) = (2 × 2 × 3 × a8 × b8) / (-2 × 3 × a6 × b4)

= -2a2b4

2. Divide the given polynomial by the given monomial.

(i) (5x2 – 6x) ÷ 3x

Answer: (5x2 – 6x) = x(5x – 6)

 (5x2 – 6x) ÷ 3x = x(5x – 6) / 3x

= (5x – 6) / 3

(ii) (3y8 – 4y6 + 5y4) ÷ y4

Answer: (3y8 – 4y6 + 5y4) = y4(3y4 – 4y2 + 5)

 (3y8 – 4y6 + 5y4) ÷ y4 = y4(3y4 – 4y2 + 5) / y4

= 3y4 – 4y2 + 5

(iii) 8(x3y2z2 + x2y3z2 + x2y2z3) ÷ 4x2y2z2

Answer: 8(x3y2z2 + x2y3z2 + x2y2z3) = 8x2y2z2(x + y + z)

8(x3y2z2 + x2y3z2 + x2y2z3) ÷ 4x2y2z2 = 8x2y2z2(x + y + z) / 4x2y2z2

= 2(x + y + z)

(iv) (x3 + 2x2 + 3x) ÷ 2x

Answer: (x3 + 2x2 + 3x) = x(x2 + 2x + 3)

 (x3 + 2x2 + 3x) ÷ 2x = x(x2 + 2x + 3) / 2x

= (x2 + 2x + 3) / 2

(v) (p3q6 – p6q3) ÷ p3q3

Answer; (p3q6 – p6q3) = p3q3 (q3 – p3)

 (p3q6 – p6q3) ÷ p3q3= p3q3 (q3 – p3) / p3q3

= q3 – p3

3. Work out the following divisions.

(i) (10x – 25) ÷ 5

Answer: (10x – 25) = 5× 2 × x – 5 × 5

= 5(2x – 5)

(10x – 25) ÷ 5 = 5(2x – 5) / 5

= 2x – 5

(ii) (10x – 25) ÷ (2x – 5)

Answer: (10x – 25) = 5 × 2 × x – 5× 5

= 5(2x – 5)

(10x – 25) ÷ (2x – 5) = 5(2x – 5) / (2x – 5)

= 5

(iii) 10y (6y + 21) ÷ 5(2y + 7)

Answer: 10y(6y + 21) = 5 × 2 × y ×(2 × 3 × y + 3 × 7)

= 5 × 2 × y × 3(2 × y + 7)

= 30y(2y + 7)

10y(6y + 21) ÷ 5(2y + 7) = 30y(2y + 7) / 5(2y + 7)

= 6y

(iv) 9x2y2 (3z – 24) ÷ 27xy(z – 8)

Answer: 9x2y2 (3z – 24) = 3 × 3 × x × x × y × y ×(3 × z – 2 × 2 × 2 × 3)

= 3 × 3 × x × x × y × y × 3 (z – 2 × 2 × 2)

= 27x2y2 (z – 8)

9x2y2 (3z – 24) ÷ 27xy(z – 8) = 27x2y2(z – 8) / 27xy(z – 8)

= xy

(v) 96abc (3a – 12)(5b – 30) ÷ 144(a – 4)(b – 6)

Answer: 96abc (3a – 12) (5b – 30) = 96abc ×(3 × a – 2 × 2 × 3) × (5 × b – 5 × 2 × 3)

= 96abc × 3(a – 2 × 2) × 5(b – 2 × 3)

= 1440abc (a – 4) (b – 6)

96abc (3a – 12)(5b – 30) ÷ 144(a – 4)(b – 6) = 1440abc(a – 4)(b – 6) / 144(a – 4)(b – 6)

= 10abc

4. Divide as directed.

(i) 5(2x +1) (3x + 5) ÷ (2x +1)

Answer:  5(2x +1) (3x + 5) / (2x +1)

= 5(3x + 5)

(ii) 26xy(x + 5) (y – 4) ÷ 13x(y – 4)

Answer: 2 × 13 × xy(x + 5) (y – 4) / 13x(y – 4)

= 2y(x + 5)

(iii) 52pqr (p + q) (q + r)(r + p) ÷ 104pq(q + r)(r + p)

Answer:  2 × 2 × 13 × p × q × r × (p + q) × (q + r) × (r + p) / 2 × 2 × 2 × 13 × p × q × (q + r) × (r + p)

= r (p + q) / 2

(iv)  20 (y + 4) (y2 + 5y + 3) ÷ 5(y + 4)

Answer: 2 × 2 × 5 × (y + 4) × (y2 + 5 y + 3) / 5 × (y + 4)

= 4(y2 + 5 y + 3)

(v) x (x +1)(x + 2)(x + 3) ÷ x(x +1)

= (x + 2) (x + 3)

5. Factorise the expressions and divide them as directed.

(i) (y2 + 7y + 10) ÷ (y + 5)

Answer: (y2 + 7y + 10) = y2 + 2 y + 5 y +10 = y(y + 2) + 5(y + 2)

= (y + 2)(y + 5)

 (y2 + 7y + 10) ÷ (y + 5) = (y + 2)(y + 5) / (y + 5)

= y + 2

(ii) (m2 -14m – 32) ÷ (m + 2)

Answer: m2 + 2m -16m – 32 = m(m + 2) -16(m + 2)

= (m + 2)(m – 16)

 (m2 -14m – 32) ÷ (m + 2) = (m + 2)(m – 16) / (m + 2)

= m – 16

(iii) (5p2 – 25p + 20) ÷ (p -1)

 Answer: 5(p2 – 5p + 4) = 5(p2 – p – 4p + 4)

= 5[p (p – 1) – 4(p – 1)]

= 5(p – 1) (p – 4)

 (5p2 – 25p + 20) ÷ (p – 1) = 5(p – 1)(p – 4) / (p -1)

= 5(p – 4)

(iv) 4yz (z2 + 6z -16) ÷ 2y (z + 8)

Answer: 4 yz (z2 – 2z + 8z -16) = 4 yz [z(z – 2) + 8(z – 2)]

= 4 yz (z – 2)(z + 8)

4yz (z2 + 6z -16) ÷ 2y (z + 8) = 4 yz(z – 2)(z + 8) / 2y(z + 8)

= 2z (z – 2)

(v) 5pq (p2 – q2) ÷ 2p (p + q)

Answer: 5pq (p – q) (p + q) [Using identity a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)]

Thus, 5pq (p2 – q2) ÷ 2p (p + q) = 5pq(p – q)(p + q) / 2p(p + q)

= 5q (p – q) / 2

(vi) 12xy (9x2 -16y2) ÷ 4xy (3x + 4y)

Answer: 12xy [(3x)2 – (4y)2] = 12xy(3x – 4y)(3x + 4y)  [Using identity a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)]

= 2 × 2 × 3 × x × y × (3x – 4y) × (3x + 4y)

12xy (9x2 -16y2) ÷ 4xy (3x + 4y) = 2 × 2× 3 × x × y × (3x – 4y) × (3x + 4y) / 4xy (3x + 4y)

= 3(3x – 4y)

(vii) 39y3 (50y2 – 98) ÷ 26y2 (5y + 7)

Answer: 3 × 13 × y × y × y × [2 × (25y2 – 49)] = 3 × 13 × 2 × y × y × y × [(5y)2 – (7)2]

= 3 × 13 × 2 × y × y × y (5y – 7) (5y + 7) [Using identity a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]

26y2 (5y + 7) = 2 × 13 × y × y × (5y + 7)

39y3 (50y2 – 98) ÷ 26y2 (5y + 7) = 3 × 13 × 2 × y × y × y (5y – 7) (5y + 7) / 2 × 13 × y × y × (5y + 7)

= 3y (5y – 7)

9th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 20 – REVOLUTION AND RISE OF NATION STATES

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9th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER – 20

REVOLUTION AND RISE OF NATION STATES

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The 13 colonies established by England on the Atlantic coast was called “New English 
colonies”.

2. The representatives of the 13 colonies met in 1774 at Philadelphia.

3. The first President of United States of America was George Washington.

4. The writer of ‘Spirit of Laws’ was Montesque.

5. The party ‘Young Italy’ was formed by Joseph Mazini. 

6. The philosophy of ‘blood and steel’ was advocated by Otto-Von-Bismarck.

II. Answer the following questions.

7. Mention the reasons for American War of Independence.

Answer: The reasons for American War of Independence are as follows.

1 . The rise of nationalism among the people of the colonies.

2. The desire for independence among the colonies.

3. The effects of the 7 years’ war.

4. The naval regulations.

5. Influence of writers like Thomas Paine, John Adams, Samuel Adams, John Edward Coke and Benjamin Franklin.

6. The Quebec regulation, the Townshend taxes.

7. The Boston tea party.

8. Explain the significance of the American war of independence.

Answer: Along the Atlantic coast of North America, 13 colonies were established by England. These were called the “New English colonies”. France and England competed with each other to establish the colonies in North America. The American War of Independence (1775–1783) was a defining historical event that established the United States as the first independent, modern, democratic, and constitutional republic, breaking free from British colonial rule. The colonies had no option but to fight the British with the local arms. In this manner, on 19th April 1775 at Lexington, when a troop of the colonies attacked the British, the American war of in­dependence began. The Philadelphia Conference appointed George Washington as its commander. With the help of the French army, George Washington defeated the British army in battle of Yorktown. British commander, Lord Cornwallis surrendered with his army. In the year 1783, as per the Paris agreement, Britain accepted that the 13 colonies were independent. Since the declaration of independence was made on 4th of July, it became a day of great significance to the Americans.

9. How were economic factors responsible for the French revolution?

Answer: The economic factors responsible for the French revolution are as follows.

1 . France was an agriculture-dominated nation. In spite of advances in agricultural practices, the yield from land was very low. The farmers were the most affected. As a result, there used to be revolts and riots for food.

2. Industries were under the control of trade unions. Due to internal strife and interference from authorities, the development of these unions was sluggish. Hence the industrial productivity was low.

10. What was the role of Garibaldi in Italy’s unification?

Answer: Garibaldi was a soldier and fighter. He Garibaldi joined the Young Italy army and assumed leadership of the revolution. After that he constituted an army called “Red Brigade” and with the help of Sardinia, fought with Austria. In 1860, he fought against the twin states of Sicily using his Red Brigade. By conquering the same, he hastened the national integration and pressed for democratic reforms.

11. Who was the architect of unification of Germany? Write a note on him.

Answer: The architect of the Unification of Germany was Otto-Von-Bismarck, he was the chief minister of the King of Prussia, Williams I. He built a powerful army. His next aim was to drive out Austria from German states association. He achieved his aim by associating with Austria. Later, Bismarck made an agreement with Italy according to which, in the event of war with Austria, he would seek their support. The well-formed German armies defeated Austria in the year 1866 and “North German States Association” was formed. Even after driving Austria from the German soil, the unification of Germany was not complete. 16 German states in the south attached to France were still out of this association. Bismarck realized that war was inevitable with France to achieve unification of Germany. Bismarck began war preparations. When Napoleon declared war on Prussia, southern German states defeated him. Due to this, he was able to merge the remaining states with the German states’ association.

Additional Questions:

1 . What are the Effects of American War of Independence to French revolution?

Answer: The Effects of American War of Independence to French revolution are,

1 . Many of the French who fought against the British in America returned to their motherland. They encouraged the rebels by giving them all support and played a pivotal role in the revolution.

2. Due to all these events, the French king had to call a session of ‘States Generals’, a legislators’ assembly that had not been called in the previous 175 years.

3. The members of the third class declared themselves as the National Assembly. They invited the members of the other two classes to join them.

4. The National Assembly made all the rules and passed orders. In the year 1789, 27th August, the Declaration of Human and Civilian Rights was adopted. The king’s rule was replaced by a democratic government.

2 . How were social factors responsible for the French revolution?

Answer: The social factors responsible for the French revolution are,

1 . In the French society, inequality prevailed in all spheres. It was unbearable and inhuman. The pain of this inequality turned into a burning rage in the hearts of the citizens and led to the French revolution.

2. The first two classes enjoyed all the facilities and were few in number. Exempted from paying any taxes, they led a luxurious life. The third class was deprived of all facilities. Intellectuals, agriculturists, labourers and professionals were there in this class. Their income was less but taxes were more. Their life was in a bad state. These people did not command respect in society. They had no political rights and had to tolerate insults. They did not have either religious or political rights or freedom. These were the people who were the unhappiest of all in France. They were waiting for an opportunity to overthrow the old system.

3. How were political factors responsible for the French revolution?

Answer: The King was an inexperienced king. He led a life of luxury and wasteful expenditure. He was not bothered about the routine administrative work. He had a queen named Marie Antoinette who was the princess of Austria. She was squandering money for her personal indulgences and festivals. She had no concern for the problems of the people. She was interfering in the administration of the nation. People hated her since she was a foreigner and had no love for the French people. The king could not control her. Eventually the situation went beyond control and led to revolution.

III. Activities:

1. Discuss in detail with your teacher about the philosophers of the French Revolution period.

2. Discuss in groups the factors responsible for Italy’s unification along with your teacher.

IV. Projects:

1. Collect the pictures of the thinkers during the French revolution and prepare an album. 

2. Prepare a project showing the revolutionaries of Italy’s unification.

8th Standard, Social Science, Business Studies, CHAPTER 30 – LARGE SCALE BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS

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8th Standard, Social Science, Business Studies, CHAPTER–30

LARGE SCALE BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The formation of co-operative societies is regulated as per The Indian Co-operative Act of 1912.

2. The first co-operative society in the world was started by Robert Owen in England (country).

3. The First co-operative society was stated in Karnataka at ‘Kanaginahala’ in Gadag.

4. The Multinational corporations were first started in U.S.A country.

5. The examples of multinational corporations with Indian origin are Tata and Birla.

6. The first share market was started in India at Mumbai.

II. Answer the following questions:

7. Mention the characteristics of co-operative societies.

Answer: The characteristics of Co-operative Societies are as follows.

1. They are voluntary organizations.

2. The membership is open to all adults (above 18 years) irrespective of caste, religion, creed and gender.

3. There is no upper limit for membership.

4. There is democratic management. All the members attend the General Body Meeting and each member has one vote irrespective of share of capital invested.

5. Profit is distributed in proportion to the share of their capital equally among all the members not less than 6.25%.

6. One portion of the profit is transferred to general fund.

7. Their status and management are supervised by the Government.

8. What are the different types of co-operative societies?

Answer: The different types of Co-operative societies are as follows.

1. Credit Co-operative societies.

2. Marketing Co-operative societies.

3. Producers Co-operative societies.

4. Consumers Co-operative societies.

5. Farmers’ Co-operative societies.

6. House building Co-operative societies.

7. Co-operative societies for different services such as – supply of drinking water, improvement of education, etc.

9. List out the advantages and disadvantages of co-operative societies.

Answer: Advantages of Co-operative societies are as follows.

1) It is easy to form Co-operative societies.

2) There is no need of heavy capital.

3) There is no discrimination among the members.

4) All the members have equal rights and responsibilities. It runs on democratic principle. 

5) Each member has one vote.

6) The liability of the members is limited.

7) They help the members to develop habits of savings.

8) The Co-operative societies are via media arrangements between capitalism and socialism.

9) The main motto of the Co-operative societies is “One for all and all for one”

Disadvantages of Co-operative Societies:

1) The societies have limited capital resource. So large scale business is not possible.

2) It is very difficult to get suitable staff.

3) There are chances of mismanagement.

4) There are chances of misuse of money

5) There are chances of corruption and favouritism.

10. What are the advantages of multinational corporations to home country?

Answer: The Advantages of multinational corporations to home country are as follows.

1. They obtain raw materials from host countries at low prices.

2. They may also obtain the technological and administrative skills from host countries.

3. They export raw materials and finished products to host countries thus their profit is more.

4. It is possible to earn ample income through profit, royalty and through administrative agreements with host countries.

5. They create more employment opportunities in the home country.

11. What are the important functions of stock exchanges?

Answer: The capital of a joint-stock company is divided into small units called shares. The joint stock companies can also raise capital through issue of debentures. There is a provision to sell and buy these shares and debentures. The share or debenture holders can sell their shares or debentures at any time. For this purpose Stock Exchanges are established. 

Nowadays Kolkata and Bengaluru stock exchanges facilitate to carry out their business through electronic media. All the stock exchanges are controlled by a Board called Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).

Additional Questions and Answers:

1. Describe the Co-operative Movement in India.

Answer: The Co-operative Movement was started in India by passing the Co-operative Act in 1904. An act was passed in 1912 and registration was made compulsory. After independence under Five Year Plans the Co-operative societies came to prominence. Today we have about eight lakh Co-operative societies in our country. In Karnataka state the first Co-operative society was started at ‘Kanaginahala’ in Gadag Taluk now a District. The Bengaluru City Central Co-operative society was started in 1905. Dharwad district of our state gave more importance for top prominence to Co-operative movement and hence Dharwad district is called ‘The cradle of Co-operative movement’.

2. Define Joint Stock Company.

Answer: Joint Stock Company is defined as a business organization created by law, having a separate legal entity with a perpetual succession and a common seal. Haney defines Joint stock companies as “a voluntary organisation of individuals for profit having its capital divided into transferable shares. The ownership of which is the condition of membership” 

A joint stock company is a business that is owned by its investors. The shareholders buy and sell shares and own a portion of the company. The percentage of ownership is based on the number of shares that each individuals own in the company.

3. Explain the Meaning and explanation of Multinational Corporations.

Answer: A Multinational corporation owns and manages business in two or more countries. According to ILO (International Labour Organisation) report, the essential management of the multinational enterprises lies in one country and they carry on their business in a number of other countries e.g. Sony (Japan) Coca-cola (USA), Samsung (S. Korea), 

Hindustan unilever (U.K), Philips (Holland), Glaxo Smith Kine (U.K), etc. The nation with the Headquarters is called Mother country. The nations come under its jurisdiction are called patron Nations.

4. What are the features of multinational corporations?

Answer: The features of multinational corporations are as follows.

1. They are large Corporations. Their assets and transactions are also of large scale.

2. They operate their business at least in six countries. 

3. They produce goods even in the countries where they operate their business.

4. They have centralised control from head office.

5. They have production, marketing and other facilities in several countries.

6. They play an important role in International Trade.

7. They provide technological facilities in the countries which come under their preview.

5. What are the advantages of multinational corporations to host country?

Answer: The advantages of multinational corporations to host country are as follows.

Advantages for depending or host countries (Patron countries)

1. The capital investment increases even in host countries.

2. If the host countries are developing countries, the home country provides technology and through administrative procedures, it causes a revolution.

3. The host countries are helped by the increase of exports and decrease of imports.

4. It is possible to produce high quality products.

5. The important opportunities to increase in host countries, research and developments are promoted in host countries. 

6. They help the utilisation of internal resources.

6. What are disadvantages of Multinational Corporations?

Answer: The disadvantages of Multinational Corporations are as follows.

1 . Home country gets lion’s share in the profits. They develop dominance in host countries. 2. The competition in host countries may vanish and monopoly of multinational corporations may increase. 

3. There are many complaints against these corporations that they are not respecting human rights.

4. There is a chance for reduction of natural resources in host countries.

5. Many a time they follow unscrupulous methods to avoid paying taxes.

6. They exploit the labour force in host countries. Many a time they do not transfer technology in a proper way.

7. They try to interfere in the political affairs of the nation. 

III. Activity:

1. With the help of your teachers start a co-operative society in your School.

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