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10th Standard, Social, Political Science, Chapter 21 – INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY AND GLOBAL CHALLENGES

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10th Standard, Social, Political Science, Chapter – 21

INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY AND GLOBAL CHALLENGES

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1 The architect of Indian foreign policy is Jawaharlal Nehru.

2 The world human rights day is celebrated on 10th December.

3 India as a peace loving country advocates disarmament.

II. Discuss in group and answer the following questions.

4 What is foreign policy?

Answer: The policy followed by a nation in dealing with other nation is called Foreign Policy. Today every nation needs its own Foreign Policy.

According prof. Mahendrakumar Foreign policy is “Throughout course of action for achieving objectives in foreign relation as dedicated by the Ideology of National interest”.

5 Which are basic principles of India’s foreign policy?

Answer: The basic principles of India’s foreign policy are as follows.

1. Opposition to colonialism

2. Opposition to imperialism

3. Opposition to Racial discrimination

4. Policy of Non Alignment

5. Priority for the progress of African and Asian Countries

6. Support for disarmament

7. Support to United Nations (UNO) and world peace

6 Which are the challenges faced by world after the Second World War?

Answer: The Challenges faced by world after the Second World War are as follows.

  1. Denial of Human Rights
  2. Arms race: Arms race is the competition among the countries for production, stockpiling and use of arms.
  3. Economic Inequality

4. Terrorism

7 Mention the measures taken by India to protect human rights.

Answer: India has always advocated universal human rights. India has been advocating protection of Human rights in United Nations General Assembly. Fundamental rights are guaranteed in Indian constitution. India oppose genocide and all forms of exploitation and oppression. India tries to protect Human rights through United Nations and other global organisations. India has established National Human rights Commission and State Human Rights Commissions in this regard.

8 Arms race is a way for global destruction, in this backdrop mention the result of arms race.

Answer: The result of arms race are,

  1. Fear, Instability, among the countries has increased the possibilities of war.
  2. Arms race hinders in achieving world peace.
  3. It leads to financial loss and economic instability.
  4. Former President of USA Eisenhoweronce expressed. ‘This world in Arms is not spending money alone it is spending sweat of its labourers, genius of its scientists and the hopes of its children’s’. This statement confirms the ill effects of Arms race.
  5. To avoid all the mentioned evils disarmament is the only need of the hour.

9 What are the features of economically backward nations? Describe the reasons for their backwardness.

Answer: The features of economically backward nations are,

  1. Poverty and unemployment rates are high.
  2. In adequate utilization of natural resources.
  3. Poor quality of education.
  4. Ill health and malnutrition is high.
  5. Lack of technology, lack of proper infrastructure is found in these countries.

The reasons for their backwardness: European powers have established their colonies in Africa, Asia and even in Latin American Countries. Due to colonialism and imperialism the resources of the country from Asia, Africa and Latin America were looted. Owing to this policy of imperialism those countries who suffered alien Colonial rule have remained economically backward.

10 Mention the measures under taken by India to remove economic inequality among nations.

Answer: The measures under taken by India to remove economic inequality among nations are as follows.

  1. India has launched the policy of non-alignment.
  2. India advocated for the economic assistance to the needy countries by rich nations without any conditions.
  3. Thereby India has championed the cause of national pride of the economically weak countries.
  4. At the same time India stood for the smooth flow of capital investment by rich nations.

11. Describe the effects of terrorism.

Answer: The effects of terrorism are as follows.

  1. Terrorism causes loss of life, property.
  2. It is a hindrance to economic development it threatens socio culture aspects.
  3. It causes mental disturbance.
  4. Terrorism disrupts law and order it is a worry to global security of various countries.

12. What measures undertaken by India to tackle challenge of terrorism?

Answer: Measures undertaken by India to tackle challenge of terrorism are as follows.

  1. National Investigation Agency (NIA) has been established it has formed Special Forces to counter terrorist operation.
  2. India is strongly oppose terrorism within India and in foreign soil and is constantly asking for global co-operation to counter terrorism.
  3. Government has created ATS (Anti-terrorist squads), Established Intelligence Agencies like IB (Intelligence Bureau) RAW (Research and Analysis Wing) using through it strong themed intelligence system).
  4. A financial intelligence unit has been setup to prevent the transfer of funds to terrorist organisations.
  5. India signifies its supports on the global fight against all forms of terrorism.

III. Activities:

1 Collect the information of Human Rights Commission in safeguarding human rights.

Answer: The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India was established on 12 October, 1993. The statute under which it is established is the Protection of Human Rights Act (PHRA), 1993 as amended by the Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2019. The NHRC is an embodiment of India’s concern for the promotion and protection of human rights.

The Protection of Human Rights Act mandates the NHRC to perform the following:

  1. Proactively or reactively inquire into violations of human rights by the government of India or negligence of such violation by a public servant.
  2.  The protection of human rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation
  3. Review the factors, including acts of terrorism that inhibit the enjoyment of human rights and recommend appropriate remedial measures
  4. To study treaties and other international instruments on human rights and make recommendations for their effective implementation
  5. Undertake and promote research in the field of human rights
  6. To visit jails and study the condition of inmates
  7. Engage in human rights education among various sections of society and promote awareness of the safeguards available for the protection of these rights through publications, the media, seminars and other available means
  8. Encourage the efforts of NGOs and institutions that work in the field of human rights voluntarily.
  9. Considering the necessity for the protection of human rights.
  10. Requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office.

2 Collect information on child rights activist Kailash Satyarthi.

Answer: Kailash Satyarthi is a Nobel Peace Prize-winning Indian child rights activist known for his work against child labour and exploitation. He founded the Bachpan Bachao Andolan (Save the Childhood Movement) in 1980, which has rescued over 80,000 children from forced servitude. His activism spans international campaigns and policy advocacy to ensure children have access to safety, health, and education, leading to global recognition and legislative changes.

His Organisations are as follows.

  1. Bachpan Bachao Andolan (BBA): Founded in 1980, this movement rescued and rehabilitates children from forced labour and other forms of exploitation.
  2. Kailash Sathyarthi Children’s Foundation: A global foundation focused on advocating for child-friendly policies and ensuring the holistic development and empowerment of children.
  3. Global Campaign for Education: Co-founded this campaign to advocate for universal education.
  4. 100 Million For 100 Million Campaign: Launched in 2016 to mobilize 100 million youth for the rights of 100 million children who have been denied their rights and liberties.

IV. Project:

1 Make a study of great personalities who fought against violation of human rights.

10th Standard, Social Science, Sociology, Chapter 23 – COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR AND PROTESTS

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10th Standard, Social Science, Sociology, Chapter – 23

COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR AND PROTESTS

EXERCISES

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. Chipko movement took place in Uttarkhand State.

2. The leader of the Narmada agitation is Medha Patkar.

3. Dr. Shivaram Karanth agitated against the Kaiga Nuclear power station.

II Answer the following in one sentence each:

4. What is ‘Collective behaviour’?

Answer: Man is a social animal, and hence always lives in groups, communities and societies. When he is a member of a group, he behaves in a manner totally different from the way he behaves when he is alone. This kind of behavior is called ‘collective behaviour’.

5. Who is the leader of ‘Chipko’ movement?

Answer: Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna and Shri Chandiprasad Bhatt was the leader of ‘Chipko’ movement

6. What is self-help group?

Answer: The group which formed by women for self-helped and base on trust and co-operation. This group is called self-help group. These groups empower women economically and socially.

7. What is labour movement?

Answer: The movements carried out through Labour organisations to uphold the dignity of labourers and to protect the interests of labourers are called labour movements.

III Answer the following in two or three sentences after discussing them in groups:

8. What does collective behavior include?

Answer: The thoughts, feelings and behavior of a large number of disorganized people coming together accidentally constitute collective behaviour. Human behaviour coming under the scope of collective behavior includes mobs, rumours, propaganda, public opinion, revolution, social movements etc.

9. What is a ‘mob’? Give examples.

Answer: ‘Assembly of people around a common interest without any expectation or planning is called a mob”. The mob is a temporary assembly of people which responds to a particular provocation. For ex: a group of people assembled near a theatre to buy tickets, an assembly of people around an accident scene. etc.

10. Describe the nature of a mob.

Answer: Mob is a temporary assembly of people. In this, people assemble at a specific place. Members of a mob are influenced very easily by mutual feelings, opinions and acts. There is a possibility of display of suppressed feelings. Sometimes such displays assume violent form.

11. Describe the meaning and nature of environmental pollution.

Answer: The soil, air, water and biosphere around us getting polluted with toxins and chemicals is called environmental pollution.

With the increase in human population, the pressure on the environment where human beings are living is progressively increasing. Developed nations are destroying the environment for the purpose of their luxurious life. Many nations in the world are exerting enormous pressure on the environment due to the problems faced by increase in the human population. In addition, the unbridled growth of cities, proliferation of industries, technological progress, expansion of transport system etc. are destroying the forests and polluting the environment. Consequently, pollution is posing a serious problem.

12. Explain the importance of women’s self-help groups.

Answer: Women have formed self-helped groups base on trust and co-operation. These groups empower women economically and socially. In addition to that self-helped groups play an important role in providing them with equal rights opportunities and powers.

Additional Questions and Answers:

1 . Name the different environmental movements.

Answer: The different environmental movements are

  1. Chipko movement
  2. Appiko’ movement
  3. Narmada movement
  4. Silent Valley movement
  5. Movement against MRPL
  6. Agitation against Kaiga

2. Describe Chipko movement.

Answer: The government gave permission to chop down certain trees in Tehri Garhwal district of Uttarkhand. The people there realized that there will be loss of trees, and their environment will be destroyed. So they hugged the trees and halted their destruction. This movement took place in 1973 under the leadership of Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna and Shri Chandiprasad Bhatt. As a result, the permission given to chop down the trees was withdrawn. This movement is known as Chipko movement.

3. What is Appiko’ movement?

Answer: In 1983, the farmers of Salyani village in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka started a movement. When the contractors came to cut down trees in Kelase forest, in order to stop them, the farmers hugged the trees and protested. The purpose of the farmers’ protest was to stop smuggling of trees, and develop awareness among the common people about the importance of growing trees and the importance of environment. Later this movement was popularly known as Appiko movement.

4. Explain briefly about Narmada movement.

Answer: An agitation was launched against the construction of a dam across the Narmada River under Sardar Sarovar Project in Gujarat. The leaders of this movement were environmental activists Medha Patkar and Baba Amte who felt that with the construction of the dam, there would be large scale destruction of forests, damage to the environment and threat to many animal species. This is called as Narmada Bachavo Andolana

5. What is Movement against MRPL?

Answer: Environmentalists protested against the ‘Mangalore Refineries and Petrochemicals Limited’ (MRPL) in Mangalore in Karnataka when they realized that the chemicals fumes from the proposed oil refinery would destroy the environment. This movement is called Movement against MRPL.

6 . Describe the Agitation against Kaiga

Answer: Dr.Shivaram Karanth and other intellectuals carried out a movement against the Nuclear Power Generation Center proposed to be set up in Kaiga in Karnataka. This agitation was carried out because the agitators felt that the nuclear power generation center would cause loss of forest cover, and the radiation from the center would pollute the environment, thus endangering the survival of various animal species of the area.

7 . Name the different movements organised by women.

Answer: The different movements organised by women are

  1. Alcohol Prohibition Movements and
  2. Women Self Help Group

8 . Name the other movements taken place in India.

Answer: The other movements taken place in India are Farmer’s Movement Labour Movements Anti – Untouchability Movement

9. What is Riots? Explain the Nature of Riots.

Answer: Riots are another type of mob behavior. Violent and destructive nature of mob behavior is called riot.  Those involved in riots go on destroying everything in their way. Sometimes, these riots lead to large scale loss of property and lives. The people engaged in riots do not have any particular aim or cause for the destruction they cause. Riots have become serious challenges for law and order. Communal clashes, communal fights, group clashes are the some examples of riots. Riots occur more in towns and cities.

IV Activities:

1. Visit women’s organizations and self-help groups in your Place. Collect their programmes with objectives.

2. Learn from the members how the women’s organizations and self-help groups have enabled economic development of women.

V Project:

1. Collect the information and prepare the album about environmental movements in Karnataka.

2. Prepare a report on the project on the scheme Sasya Shyamala implemeted in your school.

9th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 19 – EUROPE: MEDIEVAL AND MODERN

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9th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 19

EUROPE: MEDIEVAL AND MODERN

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Renaissance means rebirth or reawakening.

2. Petrarch is called the father of Renaissance.

3. Followers of Martin Luther are ‘Protestants’.

4. The leader of the Counter Reformation movement was ‘Ignatius Loyola.

5. The Industrial Revolution started in 18th Century, in England.

II. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group.

6. What were the consequences of religious reformation?

Answer: The consequences or effects of religious reformation are as follows.

1. As a result of the religious reformation, the solidarity of Christian religion received a severe blow. Christianity was divided into three sects: Catholic Church, Orthodox Church and Protestant church.

2. Many of the European kings got liberated from the hold of the Church and the Pope.

3. Religious reformation led to rise of nationalism.

4. The confiscated wealth of the Church was utilized for the economic development.

5. Patriotic feelings became strong and the kings of Europe developed religious tolerance.

6. Due to this movement, the literary field saw progress. Local languages influenced the European minds.

7. The Catholic Church itself underwent reformation and this came to be known as “Counter Reformation”.

7. What were the reasons for geographical explorations?

Answer: The reasons for geographical explorations are as follows.

1. When the Turks conquered the city of Constantinople in 1453, it opened the trade gates between east and west. The greater share of the profits from importing spices from India went to the Turks. Due to this, the Europeans faced the inevitability of finding a new sea route to India.

2. Spain and Portugal were ambitious in competing with Arabs in sea trade.

3. Discovery of new countries opened the possibility of spreading 

Christianity.

4. European curiosity was roused by the adventurous nature of sea voyage towards eastern countries. 

5. Mariner’s compass and astrolabe equipment were helpful to sailors. Charts and maps were available to sailors.

6. Europeans believed that China was a fertile place to make profit.

8. Which are the water-colour paintings of Leonardo da Vinci? 

Answer: The water-colour paintings of Leonardo da Vinci’ are ‘Last Supper’ and ‘Monalisa’.

9. Explain the development of literature in the period of Renaissance with an Example.

Answer: Italy was the motherland of great writers. France, England, Germany and Spain too contributed a lot to literature. The theme of literature of this period was worldly matters rather than religion. Many articles were written about the human body, voice and other subjects. Instead of Latin, many of the regional European languages came to be used in daily life.

10. Describe the effects of Industrial Revolution.

Answer: Effects of the industrial revolution: Due to the innumerable changes in industries, demand for machines grew. Many changes took place in the economic and social fields too. New factories were established. The cost of production came down and essential products were available at a low price. Cottage industries could not compete with the giant factories and, thus, they collapsed. The rich became richer and the poor remained poor. People had to migrate from villages to towns. A capitalist class emerged in society. Hostilities developed between the owners and the workers, and class conflict began.

Additional Questions and Answers.

1 . What were the important reasons for Renaissance?

Answer: The fall of Constantinople in the year 1453, end of slavery, development of Guttenberg’s printing machine in Germany and geographical explorations were the important reasons for Renaissance.

2. What were the Features of Renaissance?

Answer: The Features of Renaissance were as follows.

1. The vision of the people during the Renaissance movement was quite different from that of the people in the middle Ages. People’s opinions towards the world and man changed. This was called ‘humanism’. The humanists developed keen interest in great literature. Attempts were made to support actions related to human life.

2. The works written in English, Italian and German languages by the writers of Renaissance period became very popular.

3. There were changes in the economic and social life. Agriculture gave place to commercial and industrial activities. Fundamental changes took place in social relations also.

4. The main feature of Renaissance was the interest shown by people in great culture and their desire to cultivate it. This is called “Imitation of the best”.

5. The migration of Greek and Roman Scholars to Italy, led to the Renaissance there.

3. Name the important Scientists during the renaissance period.

Answer: The important Scientists during the renaissance period are Keppler, Galileo and Newton.

4. What are the effects of land exploration?

Answer: The effects of land exploration are as follows.

1. Competition began between the countries of Europe to build colonies in the newly explored lands. The contest was severe for gaining strength in trade in America, Africa and Asia. This helped them gain monopoly in trading in the countries they conquered.

2. Raw materials from the new colonies enriched the European countries.

3. Capitalism gained strength in European countries and led to the beginning of the Industrial revolution.

4. Christian missionaries travelled far and wide and propagated Christianity.

5. Colonialism and Imperialism led to hatredness between the local and the foreigners.

6. The African slaves were utilized for the economic development of North America, the slave trade came into existence.

5. What are the reasons for Religious reformation movement?

Answer: The reasons for Religious reformation movement are as follows.

1. Many members of the Christian clergies and the Popes indulged in materialistic pleasures and showed interest in politics.

2. Corruption in the name of ‘Letter of Pardon’ by Roman Catholic Church.

3. Clashes between Emperor and Roman Catholic Church.

4. Rise of scientific temperament.

5. The church opposed the translation of the Bible from Hebrew to other languages.

6. Feeling of Nationalism became stronger than the religion.

6. Describe Counter-reformation movement.

Answer: The Protestant group gained strength by spreading very rapidly. Alarmed by this development, the Catholics saw the necessity of self-reformation to protect their image. The arguments of Protestants were effective in attracting the attention of the people. This incident dealt a severe blow to the existence and survival of the Roman church. They had to do something to protect the interests of churches. Such a necessity gave birth to a movement called Counter-reformation. Stopping the advance of Protestants and repairing the damage to Roman churches were the objectives of this movement. Hence, an attempt was made to find a suitable solution to all the problems by making internal changes in the church.

7. What are the reasons for Industrial Revolution?

Answer: The reasons for Industrial Revolution are as follows.

1. Scientific inventions made possible by the influence of the Renaissance led to the production of machines.

2. With the establishment of colonies, the trae increased and also the demand for finished goods also increased.

3. Supply of enormous raw materials from the colonies at low cost.

4. The labour class which was depended on the industries emerged.

5. Increase in capital investment.

6. The political stability in England.

II. Activities:

1. Know about the scientists of Renaissance period from your teacher.

2. Collect the picture of machines developed during Industrial revolution.

IV. Projects:

1. Collect pictures of artists of the Renaissance period and their works.

2. List out the Renaissance scientists and their discoveries.

3. Discuss with your art teachers and collect the life histories of present-day artists.

4. Make a list of discoveries of the Indian scientists who lived before the time of European scientists.

9th Standard, Social, Geography CHAPTER 28 – TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN KARNATAKA

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9th Standard, Social, Geography CHAPTER 28

TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN KARNATAKA

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Villages and towns are linked by Road transport.

2. The first Railway Line in Karnataka was established in the year 1864.

3. The district with least number of district roads in Karnataka is Raichur.

4. The port that is called the ‘Gateway of Karnataka’ is The New Mangaluru Port.

5. The West Coastal Railway is called Konkan Railways.

II. Answer the following questions in brief.

6. Explain the importance of road transport. 

Answer: A large number of people live in rural areas in Karnataka. So, road transport occupies a very important role in linking the villages and towns. Roads can be constructed easily, at low cost. People and goods can be transported to every corner of the state. Development of roads determines the progress of the state’s agriculture, industry, mining and commerce.

7. Name the different types of roads in Karnataka.

Answer: The different types of roads in Karnataka are as follows.

1. National highways, 

2. State highways, 

3. District roads and 

4. Village roads

8. What are the advantages of air transport?

Answer: The advantages of air transport are as follows.

1. Air transport is the fastest mode of transport. 

2. It helps to carry people, mail and lightweight goods to distant places in the shortest time. 

3. Air transport is of great help during natural calamities, wars and other emergencies. 

4. However, it is the costliest mode of transport and not available to everyone. But very helpful to the people who are working in abroad.

9. Name the ports of Karnataka.

Answer: The ports of Karnataka are,

1. New Mangalore Port

2. Old Mangalore Port

3. Karwar Port

In addition to the Mangaluru port, thirteen smaller ports have been developed. These are Old Mangaluru Port, Malpe, Hangarakatte, Kundapura, Padubidri, Bhatkal, Honnavara, Tadri, Belekeri and Karwar

III. Match the following.

             A.                                                                       B

i. Golden Quadrilateral                                   a. Mangaluru & Mumbai

ii. Sharavathi Bridge                                        b. Bengaluru

iii. Nationalization of Air Transport                c. NH-44

iv. Konkan Railway                                          d. Airport

v. Namma Metro                                             e. Konkan Railway

                                                                        f. 1953

III. Match the following.

             A.                                                                       B

i. Golden Quadrilateral                                   c. NH-44

ii. Sharavathi Bridge                                        e. Konkan Railway

iii. Nationalization of Air Transport                f. 1953

iv. Konkan Railway                                          a. Mangaluru & Mumbai

v. Namma Metro                                             b. Bengaluru

 Additional Questions and Answers:

1 . Describe National Highway.

Answer: Roads which link important cities, capitals of states and ports are called National highways. These are well-planned wide roads and are two- lane, four- lane and six- lane roads. They are under the authority of the Central Government, and are managed by the ‘National Highways Authority of India’ (NHAI).

2. What is State Highway? Which is longest and shortest State Highways of Karnataka?

Answer: Roads which link the capital city of Bengaluru with district headquarters, major towns and other highways are called State Highways. The construction and maintenance of these roads rests with the State Government. Karnataka has 27,880 kms of state highways. Belagavi has the longest state highway whereas Bengaluru has the least.

3. Which are district roads? Which district have maximum number of district roads?

Answer: Roads which link district headquarters with taluk headquarters, major towns, villages, railways and major highways are called District roads. Tumakuru district has maximum district highways, and Raichur has the least.

4. Which roads are called as Rural roads?

Answer: Roads which link taluk headquarters with village and district highways are called Rural roads.

5. Explain about Konkan railway.

Answer: This is the most important railway route of West Coast. This is called Konkan Railway. It links Mangaluru and Mumbai, and has reduced the time for travelling from 41 hrs to 18 hrs. Its length is 273 kms with 13 main and 310 other bridges. Of these, Sharavathi river bridge (2.2kms) the longest bridge and Kali river bridge (1.2 kms) are the important bridges. Since this railway passes through many tunnels and across bridges, one can enjoy the natural beauty and scenery.

IV. Activity.

1. Mark and name the highways passing through Karnataka on a map.

V. Projects.

1. Write a paragraph on your experience of railway journey.

2. Write a note on your local transport system.

9th Standard, Social, Geography, CHAPTER 27 – MINERAL RESOURCES OF KARNATAKA

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9th Standard, Social, Geography CHAPTER 27

MINERAL RESOURCES OF KARNATAKA

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Kudremukh in Karnataka is noted for Iron ore.

2. The best-quality iron ore is magnetite ore.

3. The leading producer of manganese in Karnataka is Sandur in Bellary

4. The metal that is produced from bauxite ore is aluminium.

5. The deepest gold mine in KGF is Champion Reef.

II. Answer the following questions in brief.

6. Why is Karnataka called the ‘Land of Gold’?

Answer: Karnataka occupies the first position in the production of gold in India. It produces 80% of the total gold in India. Hence Karnataka is known as the ‘Land of Gold’. Gold is mined in Karnataka from ancient times.

7. Which are the important minerals available in Karnataka?

Answer: Karnataka has rich and varied mineral resources. Among them, iron ore, gold, manganese, lime stone, copper, bauxite, chromite, mica, asbestos and granite are the important minerals.

8. Which is the ore used as an alloy?

Answer: Manganese ore is used as an alloy.

9. Name the places in Karnataka where iron ore is available.

Answer: The places in Karnataka where iron ore is available are Ballari, Chikkamagaluru, Bagalkot, Chitradurga, Tumakuru, Shivamogga, Dakshina Kannada, Uttara Kannada and Gadag. Ballari has rich deposits and they are mainly found in Hospet and Sandur areas. Iron ore is extracted at Donimalai, Vibhutigudda, Belagala, Kumaraswamy Hills, Timmappana Gudi, Devadri range and Ramadurga Hills. Chikkamagaluru district occupies the second position. Iron ore is found in Bababudangiri hills (Inam Dattatreya Peeta), Kemmannugundi, Kudremukh, Gangamula, Kalhattagiri and Jenusuri hillocks. With a view to protecting bio-diversity, the Supreme Court has ordered mining to be stopped at Kudremukh which has a National Park. There are iron ore deposits in Hosadurga and Sasalu of Chitradurga district, Ameengadh of Bagalkot district, Huliyara and Chikkanayakanahalli of Tumakuru district, Kumsi, Shankaragudda and Siddarahalli of Shivamogga district etc.

10. Which district is an important producer of bauxite?

Answer: Deposits of bauxite ore in Karnataka are found in the districts of Belgavi, Chikkamagaluru, Chitradurga, Dakshina Kannada and Udupi. Belgavi district is the leading bauxite producing district.

11. Name the important gold mines of Karnataka.

Answer: There are four important mines in the Kolar Gold Fields. They are Nandidurg, Urigaum, Champion Reef and Mysore Mines. Among these, Champion Reef is the deepest gold mine (3217 mtrs.). The gold deposits in these mines is almost exhausted due to 

continuous mining for many years. Now they are not working. But mining continues at Hutti mines. At present, Hutti in Raichur district is the biggest gold mine in India. Lots of gold is produced here. Gold is also produced in Bellara in Tumakuru district and Ajjanahalli near Sira. Other places with gold deposits are Mulgund and Kappatagudda in Gadag district, 

Kempinakote in Hassan district etc.

III. Match the following.

A                                                          B

i. Manganese                           a. Aluminium

ii. Hatti                                    b. Indian Aluminium Company

iii. Bauxite                               c. KGF

iv. Belagavi                              d. Karnataka’s Largest Gold mine

                                                e. Most useful ore

Answer:

A                                                          B

i. Manganese                           e. Most useful ore

ii. Hatti                                    d. Karnataka’s Largest Gold mine

iii. Bauxite                               a. Aluminium

iv. Belagavi                              b. Indian Aluminium Company

Additional Questions and Answers:

1 . Name the places in Karnataka where Manganese ore is available.

Answer: Manganese ore is available in various places of Karnataka. Sandur in Bellary district is an important producer of manganese. The other main manganese ore mining centers are Kumsi, Shankaragudda and Hosahalli in Shivamogga district, Sadarahalli in Chitradurga district, Chikkanayakanahalli in Tumakuru district, Sirasi taluk, Supa, Londa, Uscanda in Uttara Kannada district, and the districts of Dharwad, Vijayapura and Chikkamagaluru.

2. Name the places in Karnataka where Bauxite ore is available.

Answer: Deposits of bauxite ore in Karnataka are found in the districts of Belgavi, Chikkamagaluru, Chitradurga, Dakshina Kannada and Udupi. Belgavi district is the leading bauxite-producing district.

3. Which are the famous Iron steel factories of Karnataka?

Answer: The famous Iron steel factories of Karnataka are the Vishveshwaraiah iron and steel factory at Bhadravati and the Jindal Vijayanagar Iron and Steel factory near Ballari.

4. To which countries is Karnataka exporting manganese ore?

Answer: A major portion of the Karnataka state’s manganese production is exported to Japan, China and other countries.

IV. Activities.

1. Collect samples and write short notes on the minerals available in Karnataka.

2. On a map of Karnataka mark and name the where minerals are found.

8th Standard, Social, Geography, CHAPTER 26 – HYDROSPHERE

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8th Standard, Social, Geography, CHAPTER 26

HYDROSPHERE

EXERCISES

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The average depth of the continental shelf is 100 fathoms (1 fathom is equal to 6 ft.).

2. One fathom is equal to 6 ft.

3. The deepest place in the Pacific Ocean is The Challenger deep of Mariana trench.

4. The average salinity of the ocean water is 35 PPT (Parts per thousand) or 35 grams/1000 grams).

5.  Spring tides occur during full moon.

II Answer the following questions briefly:

6. What is hydrosphere?

            Answer: The Earth is popularly called ‘Blue planet’ or ‘Watery planet’ because about 70.78% of the total area of the earth or 361 million sq. km is covered by water. The hydrosphere is the total amount of water on, under, and above the Earth’s surface. It includes all forms of water—solid (ice), liquid (oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater), and gas (water vapor)—and covers about 71% of the Earth’s surface.

7. Mention the four major parts of the ocean floor.

            Answer: The ocean floor is divided into four major parts. They are

a) The continental shelf

b) The continental slope

c) The deep sea plain

d) The ocean deeps

8. State the difference between ocean currents and tides.

            Answer: The difference between ocean currents and tides are as follows.

  1. Ocean currents are the regular movement of ocean water from one region to another. Tides are the periodic rise and fall in the sea or ocean level. They occur due to, gravitational attraction by the moon, gravitational force by the sun, rotation of the earth and, centrifugal force of the earth.
  2. The two types of Ocean currents are Warm currents and Cold currents. There are two types of tides are Spring Tide and Neap Tide.
  3. Factors that influence ocean currents are Rotation of the Earth, Temperature, Wind, Salinity, Shape of the landmasses, etc. But the Tides influenced by the basis of the positions of the Moon and the Sun.

9. Distinguish between spring tide and neap tide.

            Answer:

  1. Spring tides take place when the earth, the moon and the sun are in the same straight line, eg, New moon and Full moon. Neap tides occur on the first quarter and last quarter days in the phase of the Moon. During neap tides the sun and the earth are in the same straight line and moon is in right angle to the earth.
  2. When the spring tides take place, high tides are the highest and low tides are the lowest. In Neap tides the high tides are not very high and low tides are not very low.
  3. Spring Tide: The gravitational pulls of the Sun and Moon combine, leading to a greater pull on the Earth’s oceans.

Neap Tide: The gravitational pulls of the Sun and Moon work against each other, partially cancelling out the effect.

10. How can we conserve the oceans?

     Answer: The following are the important methods of conservation of oceans.

1. Oil transportation should be done through pipelines.

2. Nuclear waste should not be dumped into the sea or ocean.

3. Petro-chemical industries in the coastal regions must avoid dumping effluents into the sea or ocean.

4. Dumping of any waste near the ports and harbours must be controlled.

5. Ore deposition and mineral exploitation along the coast must be controlled.

6. Exploitation and destruction of beaches must be controlled.

III Match the following:

A                                              B

i. fathom                                      a) deep sea plain

ii. oyashio                                     b) eastern coast of USA

iii. gulf stream                              c) cold current

iv. sea mounts                              d) Indian ocean current

v. agulhas current                        e) Measuring the depth of ocean

Answer:

A                                              B

i. fathom                                      e) Measuring the depth of ocean

ii. oyashio                                     c) cold current

iii. gulf stream                              b) eastern coast of USA

iv. sea mounts                              a) deep sea plain

v. agulhas current                        d) Indian ocean current

IV Define the following:

11. Continental shelf 14. High tide and low tide

12. Salinity 15. benguela current

13. Warm and cold currents 16. Tides

11. Continental shelf: This is the shallow area along the sea coast. This part is bordered by the sea coast on one side and continental slope on the other side. The average depth of the continental shelf is 100 fathoms (1 fathom is equal to 6 ft). The depth of the sea in this region gradually increases towards the continental slope. The continental shelf is very important for fishing, aquaculture, navigation and extraction of minerals.

12. Salinity: Salinity is the percentage of salts dissolved in the sea or ocean water. The average salinity of the ocean water is 35 PPT (Parts per thousand) or 35 grams/1000 grams). The salinity of ocean water is very high near the tropics and it is very low near the poles.

13. Warm and cold currents: Warm currents: These currents originate and flow from the equatorial regions to sub-polar regions.

Cold currents: These currents originate in the polar regions and flow towards the equatorial region.

14. High tide and low tide: Tides are of two types. High tide, also known as Flood tide and Low tide, also known as Ebb tide. On the water bodies of the earth there are alternate high tides and low tides. Between one high tide and a low tide the time is 6 hrs, 13 minutes. Between one high tide and another, the timegap is 12 hrs, 26 minutes. In 24 hrs, 52 minutes there are 2 high tides and 2 low tides.

15. Benguela current: This is one of the cold current is found in South Atlantic Ocean. These Cold currents originate in the Polar Regions and flow towards the equatorial region.

16. Tides: Tides are the periodic rise and fall in the sea or ocean level. They occur due to, gravitational attraction by the moon, gravitational force by the sun, rotation of the earth and, centrifugal force of the earth.

V Terms to remember:

1. Gulf: Gulf is a part of an ocean or sea that penetrated into the land. It is smaller than a sea. The size, shape and depth of a gulf varies from one to another, e.g., the Gulf of Mannar, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Mexico.

2. Salinity: Salinity is the percentage of salts dissolved in the sea or ocean water. The average salinity of the ocean water is 35 PPT (Parts per thousand) or 35 grams/1000 grams). The salinity of ocean water is very high near the tropics and it is very low near the poles.

3. Warm currents: These currents originate and flow from the equatorial regions to sub-polar regions.

4. Kuroshio current: Kuroshio Current is one of the warm currents is found in North Pacific Ocean.

5. High tide and low tide: Tides are of two types. High tide, also known as Flood tide and Low tide, also known as Ebb tide. On the water bodies of the earth there are alternate high tides and low tides.

6. Tidal energy: Tidal energy is a renewable energy source generated from the natural rise and fall of ocean tides, driven by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun.

VI Activity:

  1. List out the cold and warm currents in Atlantic Ocean.

Answer: The cold and warm currents in Atlantic Ocean are as follows.

The cold currents in Atlantic Ocean: Labrador current, Norwegean current, Canary current, Falkland current, Benguela current

The warm currents in Atlantic Ocean: North equatorial current, Gulf stream, North Atlantic drift, South equatorial current, Brazilian current

8th Standard, Social, Sociology, CHAPTER 24 – SOCIOLOGY IN DAILY LIFE

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8th Standard, Social, Sociology, CHAPTER 24

SOCIOLOGY IN DAILY LIFE

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. We express our feelings through body language or facial expressions.

2. Sociology enables us to study every subject without any prejudices.

3. Social interaction is communication with more than two people.

II. Answer the following questions:

4. How does sociology enable us to understand the society in our daily lives?

Answer: Sociology provides us with the right information needed for our daily lives. It enables us to study all subjects without any prejudices. We interact with many people in our daily lives. This process is called social interaction. Social interaction involves more than two people communicating among themselves through language and symbols, and influencing one another’s behaviour and thoughts.

5. Give an example to illustrate the importance of language.

            Answer: We cannot lead our daily lives without communication. The language that we speak depends on the area we reside in. We learn the language that is suitable for our environment, or else it will be difficult to lead our lives.

6. What is role-consciousness?

            Answer: We cannot ask questions about your school lessons to the doctor or cannot ask about our illness to our teacher. That is because we expect the doctor to do his duty towards health, the teacher to teach lessons and the nurse to treat us. We do not get confused about these duties. This performance by every person of his role is known as role consciousness.

Role consciousness means being aware of the duties, responsibilities, and expected behaviors that come with a particular social position, such as being a student, a family member, or a member of a club. It’s understanding what’s expected of you in a specific situation and acting accordingly to fulfill that role.

III. Answer the following in four-five sentences each:

7. Describe the relationship between language and society.

            Answer: Language is a tool for social interaction, culture, and identity, while society shapes language through social factors like class, age, and region, and also influences its evolution. This means language reflects and reinforces social structures, and social changes drive changes in how we use language. For example, different social classes might use different dialects, and new technologies lead to new words and abbreviations. Social interaction involves more than two people communicating among themselves through language and symbols, and influencing one another’s behaviour and thoughts.

8. Explain role consciousness with an example.

            Answer: Role consciousness means being aware of the duties, responsibilities, and expected behaviors that come with a particular social position, such as being a student, a family member, or a member of a club. It’s understanding what’s expected of you in a specific situation and acting accordingly to fulfill that role. We cannot ask questions about your school lessons to the doctor or cannot ask about our illness to our teacher. That is because we expect the doctor to do his duty towards health, the teacher to teach lessons and the nurse to treat us. We do not get confused about these duties. This performance by every person of his role is known as role consciousness.

IV. Activity:

  1. Write an essay on your role in society as brother/sister.

Answer: The roles of brother or sister extend from providing emotional guidance and protection to demonstrating values like kindness and responsibility, which can shape the younger sibling’s character and influence their own contributions to the broader community. An older sibling, for instance, might help a younger one with schoolwork or share life experiences, while a younger sibling might offer a new perspective in return. Brothers and sisters serve as a blueprint for each other’s behavior and values. Actions and choices can demonstrate qualities like kindness, honesty, and responsibility, influencing how the other sibling understands and navigates the world. Sharing experiences, from childhood games to adult conversations, creates a bond that provides emotional comfort and a sense of belonging. The communication, problem-solving, and conflict resolution skills honed through a close sibling relationship are transferable and essential for navigating social situations. Siblings learn to communicate their needs and feelings effectively, which is a crucial skill for all future relationships. Navigating the complexities of a lifelong sibling relationship teaches invaluable lessons in understanding and patience.

9th Standard, Social, Political Science, CHAPTER 22 – DEFENCE OF THE NATION

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9th Standard, Social, Political Science, CHAPTER – 22

DEFENCE OF THE NATION

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The Commander-in-Chief of our three Armed Forces is the President.

2. The Chief of the Army is called General.

3. The headquarters of the Defence Ministry is in New Delhi.

4. The Hindustan Ship-building yard is at Vishakhapatnam.

5. The Border Security Force training centre is in Yelahanka in Bengaluru.

6. The Indian Red Cross Society established in 1920.

II. Answer the following questions after group discussion.

7. What is the Naval Base near Karwar known as?

Answer: The Naval Base near Karwar known as Seabird Naval base.

8. Which are the five divisions of our Defence Ministry?

Answer: The five divisions of our Defence Ministry are as follows.

1) Department of Defence,

2) Department of Defence production,

3) Department of Defence research and developent,

4) Department of Ex. Service men welfare,

5) Department of Military Affairs.

9. Explain the structure of the Indian Army?

Answer: The headquarters of the Indian Army is in New Delhi. The motto is ‘Seva Paramo Dharma’ (service before self) the Chief of the army is called General, Lieutenant General, Major General, Brigadier etc work as assistants to him. The ground forces consist of infantry, cavalry, battle tanks and artillery. It also has a supply and engineering unit, administratively the Indian army is structured into lower commands. Commands are divided into area, sub-area. A lieutenant general heads the command, a Major General heads the area and a Brigadier heads the sub-area. The main function of the army is to protect the Integral territory of the nation from any foreign attack and to maintain the Integrity of the country. Land army also performs tasks like protection of the border area and dealing with natural calamity, which is a huge area of the country.

10. Which are the Commands of the Army?

Answer: There are 7 Commands in Indian Army. They are,

1. Northern command (Udampur (Jammu and Kashmir)

2. Southern command (Pune (Maharashtra)

3. Eastern command (Kolkata (West Bengal))

4. Western command (Chandimandir (Chandigarh)

5. North western command (Jaipur (Rajasthan))

6. Central command (Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh))

7. Training command (Mhow (Madhya Pradesh))

11. What are the Indian Air Force training centers?

Answer: The Indian Air Force training centers are,

1. Air force Academy – Dundigal (Hyderabad) – Telengana

2. Basic flying training school – Prayag Raj – Uttara Pradesh

3. Airmen training school – Sambra, Belagavi – Karnataka

4. Air force technical college – Jalahalli, Bengaluru – Karnataka

5. College of Air warfare – Secunderabad – Telengana

12. What are the qualifications required for recruitment to the Army?

Answer: Those who desire to work in the Armed forces should be service-oriented, patriotic, and ready to sacrifice their lives for the sake of the country and also be familiar with the multi-cultural fabric of the nation. However, there are certain conditions with regard to physical requirements, mental health, general education and technical knowledge that have to be met.

When recruitments are made to the lower posts of the army, they are made according to the percentage of recruitable male population (RMP) of the State and Union Territories.

13. What are the aims of N.C.C.? What are the facilities available to NCC cadet?

Answer: The aims of N.C.C. is to develop among the students a sense of discipline, leadership qualities, friendliness and service-mindedness. It is a body of disciplined and trained youth force which comes to the rescue of the nation during emergencies.

The facilities available to NCC cadets are,

  1. Special provisions for N.C.C. cadets to join defence forces.
  2. Certain seats are reserved for N.C.C cadets for professional colleges.
  3. Cadets are given training in handling weapons.
  4. During training, cadets go on adventures like Hiking, Trekking, Gliding, Scaling or mountaineering, sailing etc.

14. Write about the Chief of defence staff?

Answer: The post of chief of the defence staff was created in 2019 to provide high quality advice to the country’s political leadership and matters related to India’s military. The person appointed to this post will also be the principal military advisor to Defence Minister. General Bipin Rawat was appointed was India’s first chief of defence staff.  The Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) is India’s most senior military officer, acting as the principal military advisor to the government and head of the Department of Military Affairs (DMA). The role was created to improve jointness and integration among the Army, Navy, and Air Force by coordinating their planning, logistics, and operations, and to work towards forming integrated tri-service commands. While the CDS acts as the professional head and coordinates the services, they do not have direct operational command, as this authority remains with the President of India and the individual services. The current Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) is General Anil Chauhan.

Additional Questions:

  1. Describe the structure of the Defence Forces.

Answer: The Indian Defence system consists of three wings – Army, Navy and Air Force. The President is the Commander-in-chief of all the three divisions. The Chief of the army is known as General, the Chief of the Naval Force is called Admiral and that of the Air Force is called Air Chief Marshal. In 2001, Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (CIDS) was appointed for better management of the three services. The Indian Defence Minister co-ordinates the work of the three forces. Each force has its own training centers.

  • Which are the training centres of Indian army?

Answer: The training centres of Indian army are as follows.

  1. National Defence Academy – Khadakvasla (Near Pune) Maharastra
  2. Defence service staff college – Welligton – Tamil Nadu
  3. Indian military academy – Dehradun – Uttarkhand
  4. College of defence management – Sikandrabad – Telangana
  5. National defence college – New Delhi
  6. Officers training academy – Chennai – Tamil Nadu
  7. Name the Ship Building Centres in India.

Answer: The Ship Building Centres in India are,

  1. Hindustan Ship yard limited – Vishakapatnam – Andra Pradesh
  2. Mazgoan Dock yard limited – Mumbai – Maharastra
  3. Garden rich ship builders and engineers limited – Kolkata – West Bengal
  4. Cochin ship yard limited – Kochi – Kerala
  5. Goa ship yard limited – Vasco da gama – Goa
  6. Name the Indian Navy Training Centres.

Answer: The Indian Navy Training Centres are,

  1. Indian Naval Academy – Ejimala – Kerala 
  2. INS Shatavahana – Visakhapatnam – Andra Pradesh 
  3. INS Chilika – Chilika – Odisha
  4. INS Shivaji – Lonavala – Maharashtra
  5. Which are the Indian Airforce Commands?

Answer: The Indian airforce has 5 operational commands and 2 functional commands.

Operational commands:

Eastern Air command – Shillong – Meghalaya

Western Air command – New Delhi

Southern Air command – Thiruvananthapuram – Kerala

Central Air command – Prayag Raj – Uttara Pradesh

The South Western Air command – Gandhinagar – Gujarat

Functional commands.

Training Command – Bengaluru – Karnataka

Maintenance Command – Nagpur – Maharashtra

  • Write about Defence production

Answer:The activities of the Defence production are divided into two:

1. The manufacturing units run by the Department, and

2. The manufacturing units run by the Public Defence Sector.

The factories of the first kind manufacture gun powder, weapons, tanks etc. Whereas the factories in the public sector manufacture ships, aircraft, bulldozers, submarines, rockets etc.

  • Which are the Second line of defence organizations?

Answer: Besides the Armed Forces, there are other organizations which form a second line of defence. They are:

1. Territorial Army

2. N.C.C. – National Cadet Corps

3. Coastal Guard

4. Border Security Force

5. Civil Defence

6. Home Guards

7. Red Cross

III. Activities:

1. Organise an essay competition on how the country’s security depends on our military forces.

2. Visit your nearest Red Cross Organisation. Familarize your self with the functions it performs.

3. Invite a retired ex-service man to the school and share experiences with him.

IV. Projects :

1. Collect pictures of our armed forces and display in your school.

2. Start a branch of the Red Cross Society in your school and help the needy.

3. Collect pictures of war planes and warships.

8th Standard, Social, Political Science, Chapter 23 – Local Self Government

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8th Standard, Social, Political Science, Chapter 23

Local Self Government

EXERCISES

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act that is in force now was passed in the year 1983.

2. The body of the village council in which all the voters of the village can participate is Grama Panchayat.

3. The President of Grama Panchayats are chosen to Taluk Panchayats on the basis of lottery system.

4. The officer appointed by the Government to look after the day to day executive work of Zilla Panchayat is called Chief Executive Officer.

5. The total number of City Corporations in Karnataka including Bruhath Bengaluru Mahanagar Palike is 11.

II Answer the following questions briefly:

6. What are the objectives of Local Self Government?

Answer: The objectives of Local Self Government are as follows.

  1. To involve the local people in solving the problems of their own locality.
  2. To provide the knowledge of administration to common people.
  3. To help in decentralizing powers and make the administration more efficient.
  4. To train or develop leadership qualities among people at the grass root level.

7. State the place where you reside comes under urban local body or Rural local body.

Answer: We are residing in Puttur which comes under urban local body area.

8. Mention the structure of Gram Panchayat.

Answer: Grama Panchayats are formed on the basis of population. Village or group of villages with a population between 5,000 and 7,000 form one Gram Panchayat. Regions of Uttar Kannada, Dakshina Kannada and Malnad regions form Grama Panchayat only with the population of 2,000. The members of the grama panchayat are elected by the adult population of the Panchayat area. One representative for 400 voters is elected. Reservation is provided to scheduled caste, scheduled tribe, backward classes and women. The term of office of Gram Panchayat will be for complete five years starting from the day of the first meeting.

9. What are the sources of income of local self-government?

Answer: The main sources of income for local self-government are,

Amount collected through water cess, health cess, education cess, library and reading room cess.

  1. Amount collected through building tax, vacant land tax, taxes on business establishments, markets, entertainment houses and advertising bodies.
  2. Taxes collected from the tourist spots.
  3. Rental and lease amount collected on their properties.
  4. Financial grants from the state government.

10. Mention the need for constituting standing committees in local bodies.

Answer: Standing Committees are formed for the efficient administration of Grama Panchayats. Standing committees are needed in local bodies to enhance citizen participation, improve the efficiency of resource allocation, and provide focused expertise on specific areas like finance, public works, or education. These committees allow for detailed discussion of complex issues, scrutiny of budget and accounts, and help ensure that the local government’s actions are in line with long-term goals and public interest. 

11. List out the group of members who have been provided reservation in the local bodies.

Answer: The group of members who have been provided reservation in the local bodies are,

  1. Scheduled caste
  2. Scheduled tribe
  3. Backward classes
  4. Women.

12. What should be the population to classify an area as town or city?

Answer: An urban area is classified as a town or a city on the basis of the population. An area with a population between 20,000 and 50,000 is considered as a town. Town municipality is the governing body of that area. Similarly an area with a population between 50,000 and 3 lakhs is considered as city. The governing body of that area is called a City Municipality.

13. What are three tiers of Panchayat Raj system in Karnataka?

Answer: The three tiers of the Panchayat Raj system in Karnataka are the Grama Panchayat the village level, the Taluk Panchayat the intermediate taluk level, and the Zilla Panchayat at the district level. This structure was established through the73rd amendment of the Indian constitution and is designed for democratic decentralization. 

Additional Questions:

  1. What are the functions of Local Self Governments?

Answer: The functions of Local Self Governments like Grama Panchayats, Taluk Panchayats and Zilla Panchayats are varied. They are as follows.

  1. To maintain and protect the panchayat property.
  2. To prepare the annual budget of the local body.
  3. To undertake health and family welfare programmes.
  4. To plan and undertake the developmental works like laying of roads, electrification, housing and supply of drinking water, etc.
  5. To encourage and implement the primary, secondary, adult and informal education programmes.
  6. To maintain cleanliness and sanitation of the area.
  7. To prevent all sorts of pollution and to provide better health facilities.
  8. To provide facilities for the distribution of essential commodities like food grains, kerosene etc.
  9. To ensure prompt registration and reporting of birth and deaths.
  10.  To encourage agriculture, animal husbandry, khadi and handicraft industries.
  11.  To undertake the programmes for conservation of soil, water and forest.
  12.  To execute the agricultural extension programmes to help the farmers.
  13.  To plan and implement the welfare schemes for the benefit of sheduled caste, sheduled tribes, backward and weaker sections, persons with disabilities (divyangas) women and children.
  14.  To provide marketing facilities, street lighting facilities and reading room facilities.
  15.  To collect taxes, fees and penalties.
  16.  To identify the beneficiaries for the various projects and welfare programmes of the government.
  17. What are the sources of Income of Local Self Governments?

Answer: The main sources of income for local bodies are,

  1. Amount collected through water cess, health cess, education cess, library and reading room cess.
  2. Amount collected through building tax, vacant land tax, taxes on business establishments, markets, entertainment houses and advertising bodies.
  3. Taxes collected from the tourist spots.
  4. Rental and lease amount collected on their properties.
  5. Financial grants from the state government.
  6. Describe Grama sabha.

Answer: There is no election procedure to Grama Sabha. All the members of Grama or village aged 18 and above can take part in Grama Sabha meetings. The president of Grama Panchayat presides and the members of Grama Panchayat attend the meetings. Grama sabha must meet at least once in six months. Grama sabha discusses the problems of their village and also the welfare measures undertaken for the progress and development of the village. The villagers get chance to give advice. It recommends the names of the beneficiaries to various governmental schemes.

  • What are the functions of Zilla panchayat?

Answer: All the developmental programmes and schemes of the government are implemented through Zilla Panchayats. In addition it has the following functions:

  1. To create an atmosphere of mutual trust, confidence and co-operation between Grama Panchayats, Taluk Panchayats and Zilla Panchayat for successful implementation of government projects and programmes.
  2. To bring about co-ordination among all the departments for successful implementation of programmes and also to supervise such developmental work.
  3. To encourage and provide support for the establishment of co-operative societies, co-operative banks and such other co-operative institutions.
  4. To execute the work as directed by the state government.
  5. What are three types in urban local bodies?

Answer: There are three types in urban local bodies. They are:

1) City Corporation (Mahanagara Palike) – Major cities

2) Pattana Panchayat, Municipal Corporations, Town Municipalities – Towns and Cities

3) Cantonment wards: under the control of Defence ministry.

III Activities:

1. Invite the head or a member of the local body of your area to the school and discuss the problems of your area and also the programmes undertaken to solve such problems.

2. Supposing you are a member of local body of your area, what measures would you undertake to solve the problems of your area?

3. Participate in the gram sabha of any grama panchayat and prepare a report.

IV Projects:

1. Study and collect information about the local bodies which functioned in ancient India.

2. Survey the area in which you live and collect the information about the problems of the area that needs to be attended.

3. Interview any five or six members of the local bodies and collect information about the measures taken by them to improve their wards and prepare a report.

7th Standard, English, Prose Unit 7 – A Tribute to Netaji

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7th Standard, English, Prose Unit 7

A Tribute to Netaji

C. Conversing:

Take turns with your partner to ask and answer the questions given below. Explain to him/her why you think your answer is correct. Quote from the text if necessary. Write down your answers.

  1. How does Subhas’ uniqueness come out in his struggle for freedom? How does he differ from other national leaders? Give two examples.

Answer: In the history of India’s freedom struggle, the place of Subhas Chandra Bose is unique. He was the leader who thought of fighting the brute force of the British by armed force. He had a wonderful organizing capacity. He could raise a modern army of about 75,000 men and women. He inspired them with intense patriotic fervour and a burning desire to free their enslaved motherland.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Subhas Chandra Bose. Each led us in his own way. Bose asked Indians to give him their blood, and he would give them freedom. Gandhi promised freedom without violence. That is how he differ from other national leaders like Gandhi ji and others.

  • Subhas was a wonderful organiser. Give three examples for this.

Answer: Subhas was a wonderful organiser. He had a wonderful organizing capacity. He could raise a modern army of about 75,000 men and women. In the Presidency College, Calcutta, he organised a students’ strike to demonstrate against an English Professor who had insultingly pushed away an Indian student. He travelled throughout the country to organize public opinion against the war effort. Subhas went to South-East Asia and organised the Indian National Army (I.N.A.) to fight against the British. The Indian soldiers and civilians at once declared their allegiance to him and began to call him “Netaji.”

  • Subhas was an inspirational figure. Give three examples for this.

Answer: Indian people were joined the Indian National Army in thousands. Women also joined All-Women Army. He was the leader who thought of fighting the brute force of the British by armed force. He could raise a modern army of about 75,000 men and women. He inspired them with intense patriotic fervour and a burning desire to free their enslaved motherland. The Indian soldiers and civilians at once declared their allegiance to him and began to call him “Netaji.” He gave them the inspiring call of “Jai Hind” and “Dilli Chalo.” He was a doer as well as a thinker, and a fighter who never submitted to defeat. In life, he was a natural leader of men, who inspired immense devotion and loyalty.

  • Subhas was broadminded and spiritual. He worked for national integration and he was a man of vision. Give examples.

Answer: Subhas Chandra Bose, demonstrated his broadmindedness and spiritual nature by actively working towards national integration, respecting diverse religious communities, following the teachings of Swami Vivekananda, and advocating for a unified India where caste and religious differences were not barriers, all while pursuing a vision for a free and independent India through revolutionary means. Subhas was broad-minded and looked at India from an international perspective. Subhas actively reached out to Muslim leaders and communities, emphasizing the importance of Hindu-Muslim unity in the freedom struggle. He actively encouraged dialogue and understanding between different religious communities, believing that national unity could only be achieved by embracing diversity.

  • Give an account of the sacrifices Subhash made.

Answer:  Subhas promised his father.to take up the ICS examination, and after a year he came out passing in merit. But his conscience did not allow him to serve the alien rulers even as a height executive he resigned the job to sacrifice his life to serve the motherland. He resigned to join Gandhiji’s call of Non-Cooperation. He resigned from the ICS and gave up his job to lead a life of trials and tribulations and returned to India. Bose went on hunger strike to protest against the ill-treatment of prisoners. These are all the sacrifices if Subhas Chandra Bose.

  • Give an account of Subhash’s adventurous life.

Answer; Subhash Chandra Bose asked Indians to give him their blood, and he would give them freedom. He was the leader who thought of fighting the brute force of the British by armed force. He had a wonderful organizing capacity. He could raise a modern army of about 75,000 men and women. In the Presidency College, Calcutta, he organised a students’ strike to demonstrate against an English Professor who had insultingly pushed away an Indian student. He appear at the Indian Civil Service (ICS) examination. After a year, he came out successfully and stood fourth in the order of merit. But his conscience would not allow him to serve the alien rulers even as a high executive. So, he resigned from the ICS and returned to India. Bose settled down as principal of National College at Calcutta. But, Bose gave up his job when Gandhiji started the Non-Cooperation Movement. After his release from the jail, Bose formed the “Swaraj Party” and was appointed the editor of the party’s journal “Forward”. Bose became the Executive Officer of the Calcutta Corporation in 1924 and gained valuable experience of planning and practical administration. Subhas made such an impact on the Congress that he was elected twice as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1938 and 1939. Subhas went to South-East Asia and organised the Indian National Army (I.N.A.) to fight against the British. The Indian soldiers and civilians at once declared their allegiance to him and began to call him “Netaji.” He gave them the inspiring call of “Jai Hind” and “Dilli Chalo.”

  • Subhas worked in many different fields – administration, journalism, education, statesmanship and war. Give examples.

Answer: Subhas Chandra Bose worked in many different fields.

Administrative: He had a wonderful organizing capacity. He could raise a modern army of about 75,000 men and women. He appear at the Indian Civil Service (ICS) examination. After a year, he came out successfully and stood fourth in the order of merit. Subhas was elected twice as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1938 and 1939. He worked as principal of National College at Calcutta.

Journalism: After his release Bose formed the “Swaraj Party” and was appointed the editor of the party’s journal “Forward”. Bose became the Executive Officer of the Calcutta Corporation in 1924 and gained valuable experience of planning and practical administration.

Education: Bose appear at the Indian Civil Service (ICS) examination. After a year, he came out successfully and stood fourth in the order of merit. He worked as principal of National College at Calcutta.

Statesmanship: Bose was the President of the All India Youth Congress in 1923 and the Secretary of Bengal State Congress.

War: In 1943, Bose proclaimed the formation of the Provisional Government of Free India and declared war on Britain and the United States. He also re-organized the Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army) with help from the Japanese.

D. Word Formation

a. Write three verbs and make the verbs adjectives by using the suffix “-able.”

Example: eat – eatable.

b. Make six sentences using the verbs and the adjectives you have written.

Example: We gave the fruit to the monkey. The monkey ate the fruit. So we thought the fruit was eatable.

  1. Move – moveable – He is trying to move the vehicle. The vehicle is moveable.
  2. Watch- Watchable – Ramesh was watch the cinema. The cinema was watchable.
  3. Walk – Walkable – Sheela is walking. That was walkable distance.
  4. Enjoy – enjoyable – She have full of enjoy while singing. Her song was enjoyable.
  5. Note – Notable – Police was noted the thief. The crime of thief was notable.

E. Grammar :

The Participale Phrase

You can use the present participle to combine two sentences into one sentence.

a. Siri caught the ball at the boundary line.

b. She prevented a sixer.

c. Catching the ball at the boundary line, Siri prevented a sixer.

a. The weather was rainy.

b. The girls postponed the match.

c. The weather being rainy, the girls postponed the match.

a. Rahman had scored 99.

b. He got out caught.

c. Having scored 99, Rahman got out caught.

Exercise :

Combine these pairs of sentences into single sentences

a. The farmers loaded the paddy bags on their carts.

b. They drove back to the village.

Answer: c. Loading the paddy bags on their carts, the farmers drove back to the village.

a. The weather was windy.

b. The boys came to the field to fly their kites.

Answer: c. The weather was windy, the boys came to the field to fly their kites.

a. Raju had missed the last bus.

b. He walked all the way home.

c. Having missed the last bus, Raju walked all the way home.

Is there a person in your life whom you admire for his/her mental and moral qualities? Do you think you can never forget him/her in your life?

Write a short paragraph about him/her. You can use the title “The Most Unforgettable Person I have met.”

Answer: There are some persons either our parents or one of our teachers eventually become our role model. There a person in our life whom we admire for their mental and moral qualities. That is why we can’t forget them in our life. In some cases media personalities, celebrities and persons of higher status end up becoming our role models. The Most Unforgettable Person in my life is my teacher. He is my role model. His way of teaching and love and care towards me is also unforgettable in my life. Once I was in depression, he was supported me like a doctor.  Then I came out from the depression and succeeded in every aspect of life by his support. So my teacher is the most unforgettable person in my life.

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