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8th Standard, English, First Language, POEM 14 – IMAGINATION (Memorization)

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8th Standard, English, First Language, POEM-14

IMAGINATION (Memorization)

Glossary:

Pirate: One who plunders at sea

Eskimos: inhabitants of arctic

fantasy was all aglow: that which comes from one’s imagination

mysterious: having unknown qualities.

About the poet:

George Bernard Shaw (1856 – 1950) was an Irish playwright. Although his first profitable writing was music and literary criticism, in which capacity he wrote many highly articulate pieces of journalism. But his main talent was for drama, and he wrote more than 60 plays. Nearly all his writings deal sternly with prevailing social problems.

Shaw is the only person to have been awarded both a Nobel Prize for Literature (1925) and an Oscar (1938) for his contributions to literature. The movie My Fair Lady is an adaptation of his interesting play, Pygmalion.

I. Answer the following in two or three sentences each:

1. What do you think were the “simple things” done by the cowboy?

Answer: The “simple things” done by the cowboy are,

            1. Playing at Pirates

            2. Sailing the seven seas.

2. Do you enjoy reading? What do you feel are the joys of reading?

Answer: Yes. I enjoy reading. Sometimes it feel funny when reading comics and fantasies. We will get more knowledge in reading lot of books like Stories, Science and General Knowledge. Some books are helpful to our academic career.

3. Where do the Eskimos live?

Answer: The Eskimos lives in the land of ice and snow. They are inhabitants of arctic region of the world.

4. Why does the poet say “my fantasy was all aglow”?

Answer:  The poet read adventurous books and escaped the daily grind. In his fantasy world he went to the land of ice and snow. He imagined that he is living with the Eskimos. He went hunting and fishing with them with joy. So he says “my fantasy was all aglow”.

5. When did the poet go to the moon? Did he stay there?

Answer: After reading the book of Jules Verne, the poet went to the moon. But he didn’t stayed in the moon. His journey to the moon was just for to take a look.  Then he returned to the earth.

6. Who was his guide in the forests of Africa?

Answer: Dr. Livingstone was the guide of the poet in the forests of Africa. He spent time in the forests of Africa with the help of his guide Dr. Livingstone.

7. What were the deeds performed by the poet in his world of imagination?

Answer: The deeds performed by the poet in his world of imagination are as follows.

1. Sailed the seven seas.

2 . Played with Pirates,

3. Lived with the Eskimos in Arctic region.

4. Went for hunting and a fishing with Eskimos

5. Went off to the moon.

6. Spent time in the forests of Africa.

7. Visited to America.

8. What happened when the poet grew up? What are his feelings towards life?

Answer: When the poet grew up his childish world came to an end. He had become serious it nearly drove him around the bend.

9. What is the message given by the poet in the poem?

Answer: In Childhood there is always fantasy and imagination. All of us enjoy with our own fantasy world and imagined events. But when we grow up we will become serious with our life. Fantasy and the real world is a parallel things of our life. This is the message given by the poet in the poem.

II. Match the following:

A                                              B

  1. Pirates                               moon
  2. America                             Dr. Livingstone
  3. Eskimos                             seven seas
  4. Jules Verne                        Huckleberry Finn
  5. Africa                                 snow

Answer:

A                                              B

  1. Pirates                                     seven seas
  2. America                                   Huckleberry Finn
  3. Eskimos                                   snow
  4. Jules Verne                              moon
  5. Africa                                       Dr. Livingstone

III. Read the poem carefully and complete the web chart:

Living with Eskimos

Imagination of the poet

(Sailed the seven seas, Played with Pirates, Lived with the Eskimos in Arctic region, Went for hunting and a fishing with Eskimos, Went off to the moon, Spent time in the forests of Africa, Visited to America.)

Performed such wonderful deeds, become a hero of all the Nations. Finally the poet grew up his childish world at an end.

Form groups of four. Choose any one of the topics above. Discuss in the group and the leader should present it in the class.

IV. Activity:

Collect information on the recent research conducted by scientists and paste it in your note book.

V. IMAGINATION:

a. Use your imagination and fill in the chart given below:

If I were,

a pirate  – Try to catch them

an Eskimo – I was trying to get in touch with the outside world.

a cowboy – be kind with animals

in the forests of Africa – try to learn the language of animals.

with Huckleberry Finn – try to live an adventurous life and will save many peoples.

VI. Reading:

Read The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Form groups and present the adventure in the form of a skit or role-play.

7th Standard, English, Unit – 6, Poem – The Road Not Taken

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7th Standard, English, Unit – 6, Poem

The Road Not Taken

B. Glossary:

diverged: went in different directions.

undergrowth: bushes, tall plants smaller than the trees around them.

claim: demand as its due.

wanted wear: not damaged by use.

had worn: had become damaged by use.

trodden: crushed by feet.

ages hence: after a long time from now.

C. Speaking, Reading and Writing

Work with your partner. Take turns to ask or answer these questions. Explain to him or her why you think your answer is correct. Quote from the poem if necessary. Write down your answers.

  1. Two words catch your eye in the first line. They bring before you a beautiful picture. What are those words?

Answer: ‘Two roads’ and ‘Yellow wood’ are the two words catch our eye that brings before us a beautiful picture. These words brings before us to mind a beautiful picture of a life decision. Poet as the traveller stands at a diversion of the roads, unsure which way to go.

  • Where and when does a forest turn golden yellow?

Answer: A forest turns golden yellow in autumn in temperate climates, as the leaves change colour from green to yellow before they fall. Then the forest turn golden yellow and looks very beautiful.

  • The poet stood for long at a point where two roads forked. (True/Not True) Read out to your partner the lines from the poem.

Answer: True. The lines in Poem are,

And sorry I could not travel both

And be one traveller, long I stood

And looked down one as far as I could

To where it bent in the undergrowth;

  • “I could not travel both and be one traveller,” says the poet. What does he mean by this? What word expresses his regret about this?

Answer: This means the poet chooses one road. Because it is difficult travel in both the roads at a time and it will take a long time and energy. So he regrets to travel in both roads be a traveller. The word ‘Sorry’ expresses his regret about this.

  • In life, sometimes, you are given two choices. But you are to make only one choice. You cannot have both the things. Can you give an example for this? Try.
Answer: In our life we are not able to do more than one work at a time. If we have two choices in education, Job and family, it is better to make only one choice. Otherwise it will be cause to spoil our life.  It's definitely dangerous to step into a double boat.
  • Complete this English proverb. “You cannot _ _ _ your cake and _ _ _ _ it too!”

Answer: “You cannot have your cake and eat it too!”

  • So, what did the poet do? (See stanza 1. Refer to your answer to question 4)

Answer: The poet chooses and travels in one road. Because it is difficult travel in both the roads at a time and it will take a long time and energy. So he regrets to travel in both roads be a traveller. The word ‘Sorry’ expresses his regret about this.

  • The poet took the other road. Why did he do that?

Answer: The poet realized that the other road was less travelled by the people. So He thought that there is less crowd and traffic on that road. He thinks that he will reach his destination early and choosed the road. That decision has made all the difference.

  • What had worn the other road more or less the same?

Answer: On that day morning when he was travelling he found that both roads are equally lay in leaves and no step had trodden black. The passing there had worn them really about the same.

  1. Once the second road looked more attractive to him. Then both roads looked equally attractive. Explain this in your own words.

Answer: The poet realized that the other road was less travelled by the people. So the second road looked more attractive to him. On that morning when he was travelling he found that both roads are equally lay in leaves and no step had trodden black. Then both roads looked equally attractive. We may attractive in many choices in our life, but we have realize which one is more effective and successful. Finally the choice of the poet has made all the difference.

11. The poet expresses a wish and a doubt, in these two sentences. Complete these sentences:

I will come back if I travel to another road.

But doubt if I should ever come back.

  1. According to the poet, one should always take the road travelled by others before. (True/Not True) Explain this in your own words.

Answer: Not True. According to the poet the other road was less travelled by the people. So he decided to travel on that road. So He thought that there is less crowd and traffic on that road. He thinks that he will reach his destination early and choose the road. That decision has made all the difference. In our life also we may attractive in many choices in our life, but we have realize which one is more effective and successful. If we may dissatisfied with others choice we make another choice.  Finally the choice of the poet has made all the difference.

C. Writing:

1. Read this dialogue and supply the missing words:

Amar: I’m sorry I took Science in high school.

Akbar: Why do you feel so sorry about it, friend? I also took Science. I regret it a bit too.

Antony: Yes, but why do you like it so much, Amar?

Amar: I now know I don’t have the aptitude for Arts?

Akbar: So you regret now taking Arts, do you?

Antony: Then why did you take Science?

Amar: Very few students took Science then. So Science seemed attractive at that time.

Rhyming Words:

The lines of this poem end with “rhyming words” in the pattern a – b – a – a – b. Find the rhyming words and read them out to your partner.

Answer: wood – stood –could

Both – undergrowth

Fair – wear – there

Claim – same

Lay – day – way

Black – back

Sigh – I – by

Hence – difference

6th Standard, English First Language, POEM 8, THE ANT AND THE CRICKET

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6th Standard, English First Language, POEM – 8

THE ANT AND THE CRICKET

EXERCISES

Glossary:

accustomed to sing – in the habit of singing

complain – speak in an unhappy, annoyed, dissatisfied way

famine – having nothing to eat

to see – to find out

lay nothing by – save nothing

quoth – [old English] said

wicket – the wicket door, a small gate or door, which is part of a larger one

warrant it true – declare that it is certain

Come, let us talk about this poem now.

1. Discuss with your partner the points raised in the questions below and write down what you say.

a. What did the cricket do when the weather was good? What should it have done instead?

            Answer: Cricket is always singing when the weather was good. Instead he should preserved food and things for winter to its use. He had spent the summer singing and dancing instead of storing food. Instead he should store the food to winter.

b. What was it unhappy about?

Answer: At the time of winter, his cupboard was empty. It was unhappy about there is nothing to eat.

c. Is that the reason why the poet calls it ————- — ———– ————?

Answer: Is that the reason why the poet calls it silly young cricket?

d. The cricket did not know how to keep himself alive. How did he express this feeling?

Read out aloud the words that say, “There was no food anywhere.”

Answer: The cricket did not know how to keep himself alive. He expressed this feeling “Oh! what will become,” of me?”

Read out aloud the words that say, “There was no food anywhere.”

Answer: Not a crumb to be found

On the snow-covered ground;

Not a flower could he see,

Not a leaf on a tree.

e. The cricket did not have the courage to go to the ant at first. When did he make bold to do this?

Answer: At last by starvation and famine made bold, he decided to go to the ant in the dripping with wet and trembling cold weather.

f. Rewrite the long sentence in the second stanza as four simple sentences. Use the active voice in your first sentence.

a) There were no crumbs to be found.

b) The ground was snow-covered.

c) Not a single flower was seen by him

d) There were no leaves on the tree.

g. The cricket did not want to beg for food. [True/not true]

Answer: True

h. The ant was surprised at the cricket’s request. [True/ not true]

Answer: Not true

  1. The cricket lied to the ant. [True/not true]

Answer: Not true

j. What advice was given by the ant? Could the cricket dance in the cold winter?

Answer: The Ant advised the cricket to dance in the winter. But cricket could not dance in the cold winter.

k. What do you think the cricket did in the winter?

Answer: Finally the cricket realised the truth from the advice of ant. He may be decided to collect the food by his hard work and he struggled to earn the food during the winter.

2. Writing.

Who do the words “—- and some have two” refer to? Write in 6 to 8 sentences the moral the poem teaches us.

The words “some have two” refer to a lazy cricket who is carefree and doesn’t prepare for the future, unlike the diligent ant who is characterized by hard work and planning. The poem teaches that it is crucial to work hard and plan for future needs instead of only enjoying the present. While one type of cricket has four legs, others, representing humans, waste their time without preparing for difficult times. The moral is that neglecting to save and work during prosperous times leads to suffering when hardship arrives. In contrast, those who waste their time without preparing, like the cricket, will face hunger and misery during hard times. Some people, like the cricket, don’t plan for the future and live only for today. It means there are humans who behave like the cricket, enjoying life without thinking. The poem highlights that responsible hard work is essential for survival and a better future. 

Read the following passage aloud to your partner. Tell him/her what words go in the blanks.

What do animals do when they are hungry? The carnivorous animals hunt for food. The herbivorous animals move from place to place in search of grass and plants. Ants store food for winter.

In stories peoples do many things to get their food. They grab, steal, beg, cheat, tell lies. In this poem, a cricket did not do any of these things. It did something unusual.

3. Let us see what we like in this poem.

a. The rhyme-scheme is regular in the first two stanzas-aa,-bb,-cc,-ddd

b. The cricket is personified. It has a home. It has a cupboard.

The ant is also personified. It has a house that has a wicket door.

c. Was the ant cricket’s servant or friend?

            Answer: The ant is cricket’s friend. Because he taught him a lesson.

d. Word play – The ant makes a joke on the cricket’s word ‘sang.’

Answer: “You sang, Sir, you say?

“Go then,” says the ant, “and dance the winter away.”

6th Standard, English First Language, UNIT 8 – THE GIFTS OF NATURE

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6th English First Language, UNIT – 8

THE GIFTS OF NATURE

Glossary:

dense – closely-packed or crowded together, closely grown

preserve – to keep something as it is, in order to prevent it from being destroyed

extinct – not existing

prevent – to stop something from happening

saplings – young plants

camp-fire – it is a fire that you light out of doors when you are camping

inspiration – is a feeling of enthusiasm you get from someone or something, which gives you new and creative ideas.

handiwork – work done skilfully

expanse – a large open area of land, sea or sky

ecology – a branch of biology. It deals with the relation of plants and living creatures to each other and to their environment.

Talking about the text:

1. Answer the following questions in a word, a phrase or a sentence. Discuss with your partner and write down what you say.

a. What is our moral duty?

            Answer: Our moral duty is to look after the things God has given us. We must learn to take care of the gifts of Nature, so that these are not destroyed or harmed. We must not use the gifts of Nature for our selfish ends, but instead, work to preserve them.

b. Which animals are on the verge of extinction?

Answer: The varieties of animals like tigers, lions and some rare species are on the verge of extinction.

c. Where should we throw waste paper, tins and bottles?

Answer: We should throw waste paper, tins and bottles into the Dustbin.

d. What are trees said to be?

            Answer: Trees are said to be “Green Gold”.

e. How can we maintain ecological balance?

Answer: We should also plant more and more trees to maintain ecological balance.

f. Who are the carriers of pollen?

            Answer: Butterflies and Bees are the carriers of pollen.

g. What is the wonderful handiwork of God?

            Answer: All beauty of Nature including the moon, the stars, mountains and seas are the wonderful handiwork of God.

2. Discuss with your partner and write down the answers to the following questions in two or three sentences each.

a. What are the gifts of Nature?

Answer: We have the long range of mountains, the wide oceans, the sparkling streams, the dense forests, the animals, birds and insects. We have colourful flowers, fruits, the earth we live on and even the air we breathe. These all are gifts of Nature.

b. Why should we not destroy the gifts of Nature?

            Answer: These gifts of Nature are ours to admire, use and preserve. It is our moral duty to look after the things God has given us. We must learn to take care of the gifts of Nature, so that these are not destroyed or harmed. We must not use the gifts of Nature for our selfish ends, but instead, work to preserve them.

c. There were many more animals than there are today. Why? Discuss.

Answer: Over the years, hunters have killed them for sport or food in large numbers. It is feared that some species may soon become extinct. Today these varieties of animals like tigers, lions and some rare species are on the verge of extinction. If we do not take care of these rare animals, there will soon be none left, except in pictures. We must not kill animals and birds for sport. We should also preserve the forests so that the wild animals can thrive and multiply.

d. What is water pollution?

            Answer: Water pollution is when harmful substances like chemicals, trash, and waste make water unsafe to use. Water polluted by industrial waste, wastewater from homes and industries, throwing wastes of animals, throwing plastics etc. This is called water pollution.

e. Give three examples where trees are used in our daily life.

Answer: Three examples where trees are used in our daily life are as follows.

  1. Used to build our houses and for furniture.
  2. Used to firewood.
  3. Used to Paper production, food and medicine.

f. Why should we put out the camp-fire before we leave the camp?

Answer: We should put out the camp-fire before we leave the camp because there is possibility of forest fire. The fire must be put out before we leave the camp to avoid accidental forest fires.

g. What will happen if you take your pet animals to the park?

Answer: If we take our pet animals to the park, they will destroy the plants and flowers. The pet animals will runs on the gardens and step on the flowerbeds and destroy them.

h. Name a few things of Nature which give you inspiration.

Answer: Nature’s beauty is for all of us to admire and enjoy. The moon, the stars, waterfalls, forest, river, mountains and seas are a great source of beauty and inspiration to us.

3. Answer the following questions, discuss it with your partner and write down what you say in the form of a paragraph.

a. How can we take care of rare animals?

            Answer: A hundred years ago, there were many more animals than there are today. But, over the years, hunters have killed them for sport or food in large numbers. It is feared that some species may soon become extinct. We must not kill animals and birds for sport. We should also preserve the forests so that the wild animals can thrive and multiply. We encourage to create saved forests and national parks for shelters of animals.

We can also Plant native plants and flowers, can provide a water source like a bird bath, and set up bird feeders to support local species. We can minimize our use of plastic, as it can harm marine and other wildlife. Be a volunteer for local wildlife protection or habitat restoration projects is also helpful.

b. What steps can be taken to prevent water pollution?

Answer: We can minimize our use of plastic, as it can harm marine and pollute water. Water pollution is when harmful substances like chemicals, trash, and waste make water unsafe to use. So we have to avoid the habit of throwing wastes to the water bodies. Water polluted by industrial waste, wastewater from homes and industries, throwing wastes of animals, throwing plastics etc. Government should consider this as crime and this must be punishable. Planting trees and plants along river banks helps prevent soil erosion from entering the water. Do not wash clothes, utensils, or animals directly in rivers, lakes, or wells. Educate others about the importance of keeping water sources clean. 

Grammar: Relative Clauses

4. Look at these sentences.

a. This giraffe is refusing to eat.

b. This giraffe, which has come from Africa, is refusing to eat.

a. This traffic policewoman seems to be efficient.

b. This traffic policewoman, who works here, seems to be efficient.

The meaning is clear in sentence “a” in both the examples. In sentence “b” the italicised words add extra information. These words form a clause called Relative clause. They begin with relative pronouns ‘which’ and ‘who’.

Punctuation: Comma or commas separate the relative clause from the rest of the sentence.

5. Join the sentences given below using the relative pronoun given in brackets.

a. I often go to Mumbai. Mumbai is the commercial capital of India. (which)

Answer:  I often go to Mumbai which is the commercial capital of India.

b. My mother is going to host a T.V. show on cooking. She cooks very well. (who)

Answer: My mother, who cooks very well, is going to host a T.V. show on cooking.

c. These sports persons are going to meet the President. Their performance has been excellent. (whose)

Answer: These sports persons whose performance has been excellent, are going to meet the President.

Pronunciation

6. Read this sentence aloud to your partner.

It is our responsibility to preserve the gifts of nature.

Note that the word “responsibility” has two stresses– re .’ spon . si . ‘bil . i . ty.

The secondary stress is weak and the primary stress is strong.

Note that in words ending with the spelling “__ ity” the primary stress falls on the third syllable from the end.

Practice saying these words.

cu.ri. ‘os.i.ty; spe.ci.’a.li.ty; gen.e.’ros.i.ty;

ti.’mid.i.ty ; sin.’cer.i.ty;

7. Writing.

Topic – Planting saplings

Your teacher will elicit ideas from you. Note down the points and ideas. Use these to write a paragraph on the topic given.

Answer: Planting a sapling is an important and rewarding act for our environment because it provides oxygen, reduces pollution, and helps prevent soil erosion. Planting trees and plants along river banks helps prevent soil erosion from entering the water. We can also Plant native plants and flowers, can provide a water source like a bird bath, and set up bird feeders to support local species. We encourage to create saved forests and national parks for shelters of animals. Trees are also used in our daily life. Trees used to build our houses and for furniture, firewood, Paper production, food and medicine. Trees are vital for our planet because they produce the oxygen we breathe, clean the air by absorbing carbon dioxide, and provide shade. Planting more trees also helps stop soil erosion and can help preserve water by letting it soak into the ground.

Read the following passage to your partner and write down suitable words in the blanks with his / her help.

Today the world is facing the p _ _ _ _ _ _ of pollution. We are p_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Nature by our foolish acts. It is our _ _ _ _ to preserve the wonderful _ _ _ _ _ of nature. We must learn to discipline o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the gifts of Nature.

Answer: Today the world is facing the problem of pollution. We are polluting Nature by our foolish acts. It is our duty to preserve the wonderful gifts of nature. We must learn to discipline ourselves in preserving the gifts of Nature.

10th Standard, Social Science, Economics, CHAPTER 30 – RURAL DEVELOPMENT

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10th Standard, Social Science, Economics, CHAPTER – 30

RURAL DEVELOPMENT

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The true development of India is the development of its villages’. This was said by Mahatma Gandhi.

2. After the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution, three levels of panchayat institutions have came into existence.

3. Panchayat institutions operate under democracy principles.

4. ‘Women Self-Help Groups’have been brought into existence in order to bring together poor rural women and make them financially independent.

II. Answer in one sentence each:

5. Explain the meaning of ‘Rural Development’.

Answer: The phrase ‘Rural Development’ has a broad meaning. In addition to development of agriculture and agriculture-related activities, it encompasses extended development of housing, education, health, hygiene, transport, communication and other essential social and economic amenities, creation of employment opportunities, social welfare etc. To put it briefly, ‘Rural Development is an improvement of the social and economic status of the rural people by proper utilization of the locally available natural and human resources’.

6. What is meant by ‘Decentralisation of Power’?

Answer: Providing the administrative power, and the responsibility of developing the village to its own people is called administrative decentralization. Through decentralization, self-reliant, self-sufficient and prosperous villages can be developed. Decentralization puts a stop to all kinds of exploitation, upholds human independence and dignity, and nurtures humane values like compassion and co-operation.

7. Name the three levels of Panchayat Raj institutions.

Answer: The three levels of Panchayat Raj institutions are,

1 . Grama Panchayat,

2. Taluk Panchayat and

3. Zilla Panchayat.

8. Mention any two housing programmes.

Answer:  ‘Ambedkar-Valmiki Housing Programme’, ‘Ashraya Yojana’, are the two housing programmes.

9. Which work of women is not considered labour?

Answer: The chores that women perform at home are not considered labour and so are not paid any wages.

III. Answer the following questions in five to six sentences each:

10. How is the economic situation in the rural areas of India?

Answer: Poverty has increased among the rural people who depend primarily on agriculture. One third of them live below subsistence level. Under the onslaught of modernization, rural cottage industries are vanishing unable to withstand the competition. Though most of the people work in the primary sector, the contribution from this sector to the national income is very less, and is reducing year by year. Due to this, the gap between urban and rural areas is increasing gradually. The majority of the population lives in the villages, and is plagued by problems of poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, ill-health, lack of basic amenities etc. A deplorable lack of basic amenities can be noticed in rural areas.

11. Explain briefly the significance of rural development.

Answer: The problems of poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, ill-health, lack of basic amenities etc. should be tackled through rural development, and rural India should be empowered. Various basic facilities like education, training, health, hygiene etc. should be provided to the rural people. In addition to agriculture, cattle-rearing, fishery, silk industry, poultry and other agriculture-related activities should be promoted, through which agriculture can become a profitable and attractive occupation.

The rural people should be provided with essential facilities like electricity, irrigation, transport, communication, market-yards etc., and their productivity should be augmented. As a result of this, not only will the villagers get more employment opportunities, but their income will also increase. Small-scale and cottage industries can be improved, thereby strengthening the rural economy. The facilities and opportunities that are available to people in urban areas should be available to people in rural areas too. The villagers should be able to participate in the process of development. The benefits of development should be available equally to them too. This has to be achieved through rural development.

12. Explain Gandhiji’s concept of ‘grama swarajya’ in the light of decentralization.

Answer: Providing the administrative power, and the responsibility of developing the village to its own people is called administrative decentralization. Through decentralization, self-reliant, self-sufficient and prosperous villages can be developed. This process was called ‘Grama Swarajya’ by Mahatma Gandhi. Decentralization puts a stop to all kinds of exploitation, upholds human independence and dignity, and nurtures humane values like compassion and co-operation. To enable decentralization, the Panchayat Raj system has been brought into practice. Due to this, the Panchayat institutions got Constitutional status. The three-tier system of panchayats came into existence. They were Grama Panchayat, Taluk Panchayat and Zilla Panchayat. Panchayat institutions operate according to principles of democracy.

13. What is the role of panchayat raj institutions in rural development?

Answer: Panchayat Raj institutions play a major role in enabling the rural people to participate in rural development. They can provide the rural community with basic facilities of roads, drains, drinking water, street lights, toilets, school and hospital buildings, market-yards etc. Through encouragement of education, technical and vocational training, and expansion of health and hygiene facilities, panchayat institutions have striven to develop human resources too. More employment opportunities can be provided to the people through agriculture, cattle-rearing, poultry, fishery, social forestry etc. Rural and cottage industries can be improved. Establishment of food processing units can be encouraged. Through the Panchayats, seminars, conferences and training programmes can be organized for all the above activities. Various employment and alleviation of poverty programme, housing programmes can be implemented through panchayat raj institutions. By identifying the old people, the disabled, widows, mentally retarded people etc., it can be ensured that all the facilities. All the self-help groups of women can be brought together. Thus, panchayat raj institutions play a significant role in the over-all development of rural areas. 

IV. Activities:

1. Visit the nearest gram panchayat and list the work being done by it towards rural development.

2. Visit the nearest women’s self-help group. Learn about their role in making women self-dependent, and discuss with classmates in the class.

8th Standard, Social Science, Economics, CHAPTER 28 – BASIC CONCEPTS OF ECONOMICS

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8th Standard, Social Science, Economics, CHAPTER-28

BASIC CONCEPTS OF ECONOMICS

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The production decreases when the demand decreases.

2. Goods and services used for the satisfaction of wants are consumption.

3. If the national income is divided by the nation’s total population we get per capita income.

4. Workers involved in carrying materials loading and unloading the cargo are called physical labour.

5. Workers involved in teaching the students, belong to mental labour workers.

II. Answer the following:

6. What is demand in economics?

            Answer: Demand is not only a want, in addition to want if there is an attitude to buy and ability to spend money, then only it becomes demand. Demand is the quantity of economic goods that can be brought at a fixed price at a given time.

7. What is the influence of demand in the field of production?

Answer: When there is an increasing demand, generally production, employment, income and supply increases. The standard of living of the people improves. The nation continues to move in the progressive direction. When the demand decreases generally production, income and supply also decreases. The standard of living of the people decreases, the national progress also decreases. Unemployment increases. It is for this reason that demand is considered as the index of the Nation’s progress.

8. What is distribution?

            Answer: Distribution is a very important economic activity. Distribution is to distribute the goods produced involving the interaction of the factors of production. The national income distributed among land, labour, capital and organisation are called rent, wages, interest and profit respectively.

9. How can distribution be done effectively?

            ANSWER: The distribution takes place in the rate of the role played by each factor of production. It should balance the demand and supply without bringing an obstacle to production. Special importance should not be given to any factors of production nor should any of them be neglected. This is necessary to maintain equilibrium in the entire economic system.

10. Mention the differences between national income and per capita income?

Answer: The differences between national income and per capita income are as follows.

1 . National income is the sum total of money, value of all the goods and services produced in a country during a year. If the national income is divided by the total population of the Nation we get the per capita income.

2. National income is the total income obtained in a year from all the sources of production. But per capita income is an average income of the population of a country.

3. National income is the total value of all goods and services a country produces in a year, representing the country’s overall economic output, while per capita income is the average income per person, calculated by dividing the national income by the total population.

4. National income provides a measure of the size of the economy, whereas per capita income is used to assess the average standard of living. 

11. What is the importance of labour?

Answer: It is the innate quality of man to work hard to accomplish and to improve the standard of living. This effort might be physical or mental. The physical labour requires physical strength, whereas mental labour requires intelligence. In developing nations the educated class will be more in number and they perform their work sincerely with concentration. Whether the task is physical or mental. The society does not discriminate and both the class of workers receive equal respect. Labour is essential for all the industries.

Labour increases productivity and efficiency, which leads to higher output, a better standard of living, and helps a country’s economy improve. Skilled workers can develop new ideas, improve existing products, and even invent new technologies. Labour is a fundamental component of production and plays a crucial role in the economy and society.

Additional Questions and Answers:

1 . What is Supply?

Answer: Supply is the quantity of goods and services readily available for sale in market at a given price.

2. What are the factors of Production?

Answer: Many factors like natural wealth, labour, capital and organisation are essential for production.  The production function includes activities such as transport, trade and distribution. The function of production completes only when the goods and services reach the consumer.

3. What is Consumption? Mention the types of consumption.

Answer: The use of goods and services to satisfy wants is called consumption. The goods and services that are consumed may be good or bad but as long as they satisfy wants they will be consumed. There are two types of consumption. They are,

1. Goods and services used for production.

2. Finished goods used to satisfy wants.

4. Describe Utility. Mention the types of Utility.

Answer: Utility is the power of satisfying wants. It includes all goods and services which satisfy human wants directly or indirectly. But it cannot be measured. This varies from person to person. Also for the same person it varies from time to time and place to place. Attitudes and seasons may also influence utility. The different types of utility are as follows.

1. Principle utility

2. Form utility

3. Time utility

4. Place utility

5. What do you meant by ‘Price’?

Answer: The value that is expressed in the form of money is called price. The money that is to be paid in lieu of goods or services is called price.

6. What is profit?

Answer: Generally speaking the amount that remains after deducting the expenditure from the income of the production is called profit. According to economists the reward that the producer gets for the services rendered for production is called profit.

7. What is Co-operation?

Answer: Co-operation is an extraordinary system where people desire to come together to work on the basis of equality to protect their economic interest. The main aim of this is to achieve progress by self-help. There is no scope for competition here.

III Activities:

1. Visit a nearby market and observe how wants vary when the prices vary.

2. Read the News Papers and notice the daily variations in the economic field.

10th Standard, Social Science, BUSINESS STUDIES, CHAPTER 32 – ENTREPRENEURSHIP

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10th Standard, Social Science, BUSINESS STUDIES, CHAPTER – 32

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

                                                                    EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The word entrepreneur has come from the French word Entreprende.

2. The process of action an entrepreneur undertakes to establish an entreprise is called Entrepreneurship.

3. District Industrial Centres were started in the year 1978.

II. Discuss the following questions in group and then answer.

4. Who is an entrepreneur?

Answer: Entrepreneur is an innovator of new ideas and business processes. He possesses management skills and strong team building abilities and essential leadership qualities to manage the business. He exercises initiative by organising a venture to take the benefit of an opportunity.

5. “Entrepreneurship is a creative activity”. How?

Answer: Entrepreneurship is a creative activity. It is the ability to create and build something. It is a knack of sensing the opportunity where others see chaos, contradiction and confusion.

6. What are the characteristics of Entrepreneurship?

Answer: The characteristics of Entrepreneurship are as follows.

  1. Creativity
  2. Innovation
  3. Dynamism
  4. Leadership
  5. Team building
  6. Achievement motivation
  7. Problem solving
  8. Goal orientation
  9. Risk taking
  10. Decision making
  11. Commitment

7. Explain the importance of an entrepreneur.

Answer: The importance of an entrepreneur are,

1. Entrepreneurs promote capital formation by mobilizing the idle savings of the citizens. They employ resources for setting up their enterprises.

2. Entrepreneurs provide large scale employment to artisans, technically qualified persons and professionals.

3. Entrepreneurs help the country to increase the Gross Domestic product (GDP) and per capital income.

4. Entrepreneurs encourage effective mobilization of skill, bring in new products and services and develop market for the growth of the economy

5. Entrepreneurs enable the people to avail better quality goods at lower prices which results in the improvement of their standard of living.

6. Entrepreneurs promote development of Industries. They help to remove regional disparities by industrialising rural and backward areas.

7. Entrepreneurs contribute towards the development of society by reducing concentration of income and wealth.

8. Entrepreneurs promote country’s export trade.

9. Entrepreneurs work in an environment of changing technology and try to maximise profits by innovations

8. What is the part played by the District centres in the development of Entreprises?

Answer: The part played by the District centres in the development of Entreprises are as follows.

1) Technical support for preparation of project report.

2) Promotion of new Industrial Estates.

3) Approval of Project reports of special types.

4) Training through Entrepreneurship development programmes.

5) Allotment of raw materials.

6) Financial assistance under self-employment schemes.

7) Assistance in marketing linkage with central government.

8) Marketing assistance through participation in exhibitions/trade fairs/buyers-sellers meet.

9) Attending problems related to SSI registration/Bank loan/marketing production.

10) Financial assistance for modernisation of units.

11) Export assistance.

12) Promoting entrepreneurship through National level awards for innovative products.

13) Promotion of products under non-conventional energy source.

    14) Assistance in design and product development for handicrafts.

Additional Questions and Answers:

1 . What are the main functions of an entrepreneur?

Answer: The main functions of an entrepreneur are as follows.

1.  Entrepreneur starts business activity by preparing various plans relating to business

2.  He organises factors of production.

3. He takes decisions about product, technology, marketing, employment etc,

4. He co-ordinates things effectively.

5.  He innovates new methods.

6.  He handles budget of his concern

7. He bears risk and uncertainty.

8.  He gives directions to the business firm and ensures its effective operation.

2. Which are the Importance of Entrepreneurs?

Answer: Entrepreneurs promote capital formation by mobilising the idle savings of the public. They employ their own as well as borrowed resources for setting up their entreprises. Such type of entrepreneurial activities tends to value addition and creation of wealth, which is very essential for the industrial and economic development of a country. It is the entrepreneurial energy, creativity and innovation that trigger the production and sale of new products and services. It is the entrepreneur, who undertakes the risk of the enterprise in search of profit and seeks opportunities to earn profit and strives hard to satisfy the needs.

3. What are the Self-employment opportunities for entrepreneurship?

Answer: The Self-employment opportunities for entrepreneurship are as follows.

 1) Advertising agencies

2) Marketing consultancy.

3) Industrial consultancy.

4) Equipment rental and leasing.

5) Photocopying centres

6) Industrial Research and Development.

7) Industrial testing labs.

8) Internet browsing/setting up of cyber cafe.

9) Installation and operation of cable and T.V network.

10) Beauty parlours.

4. Name some of the important financial institutions which help small scale industries by providing loans?

Answer: The financial institutions which help small scale industries by providing loans are,

1) Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI)

2) National Bank for Agriculture & Rural Development (NABARD)

3) Export and Import Bank (EXIM BANK)

4) Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI)

5) Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI)

6) Industrial Credit & Government Corporation of India (ICGCI)

7) Industrial Re-construction Bank of India (IRBI)

8) Commercial & other Banks

9) State Finance corporations.

10) Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC)

11) Unit Trust of India (UTI)

5. Which are the Promotional organisations to help emerging entrepreneur?

Answer: The Promotional organisations to help emerging entrepreneur are as follows.

1) District Industrial Centres (DIC’s)

2) Small Industries Development Corporation Ltd (SIDC)

3) National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC)

4) Small Scale Industries Board

5) Small Industries Service Institutions (SISI)

6) Industrial Estates.

7) Khadi & Village Industries Corporation

8) Technical Consultancy Organisation.

III. Activities:

1. Visit an entreprise near your place and collect information about the workers.

2. Collect information about various entreprises through internet.

3. Collect the photographs of famous entrepreneurs of India.

IV. Project:

1. Arrange for an interview with your nearby entrepreneur and collect detailed information about how he/she has built up that entreprise and prepare a report.

10th Standard, Social Science, Geography, CHAPTER 27, INDIA – TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

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10th Standard, Social Science, Geography, CHAPTER – 27

INDIA – TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The name of the international airport of Bengaluru is Kempegowda International Airport.

2. Roads is necessary for the development of villages and agriculture.

3. Mumbai port is called Gateway of India.

4. The tea port of India is Kolkata port.

II. Answer the following questions in brief:

5. What are the importance of roads in India?

Answer: The importance of roads in India are as follows.

  1. India is a country of villages and is predominantly an agricultural nation. Roads are very important for the development of villages and agriculture.
  2. Movement of agricultural produce by farmers to the markets is possible only by roadways.
  3. Essential commodities required by the villagers are transported with the help of roads.
  4. Road transport feeders rail ways.
  5. Roads provide the movement of goods.  

6. What are the four types of major Roads?

Answer: The four types of major Roads are,

1) National Highways,

2) State Highways,

3) District Roads and

4) Village Roads.

7. What is meant by Golden Quadrilateral Project?

Answer: The Golden Quadrilateral Highways links the major metropolitan cities of the country like Delhi – Mumbai – Chennai and Kolkata through 4/6 lanes of national highways. The Golden Quadrilateral of 5846 kms length and the corridor highways of 7300 kms length connecting from North to South and East to West is a part of the National Highway Development Project.

8. Make a list of major ports in India.

Ansawer: The major ports in India are as follows.

Kandla: This is in the Gulf of Kachchh.

Mumbai: It is in the state of Maharastra. Mumbai port is called the “Gate way of India”.

Navasheva:It is located in the state of Maharashtra. Navasheva port has been built with state of the art facilities to relieve the high pressure of mumbai port.

Marmagoa: It is located at the entrance of Zuari estuary in a state.

New Mangalore Port: It is the most important port of Karnataka.

Kochi: It is in Kerala.

Tuticorin: It is in Tamilnadu.

Chennai: It is the oldest port of India. It has an artificial harbour. It is also in Tamilnadu.

Vishakhapatnam: It is a natural port and Located in Andhra Pradesh.

Paradeep: It is in Oddisha state. It is a recently developed port.

Kolkata: It is in west Bengal. It is a natural harbour. This port is called the “Tea port of India”.

Haldia: It is a newly developed port on the coast of Bay of Bengal to overcome the problems of congestion at Kolkata port. It is in West Bengal.

9. List out the problems of road transport in India?

Answer: The problems of road transport in India are as follows.

1. Many village and district roads become unfit for transportation during the rainy season.

2. Road transport is also the cause of environmental pollution, increased density of vehicles and accidents.

3. Roads are subjected to severe wear and tear due to rain, floods and cyclones every year.

4. Construction and management of national and state highways are inadequate.

5. Scarcity of the basic needs along the roadside in seen all over the country.

10. What do you mean by Communication Media?

Answer: Besides the traditional newspaper and radio, as a result of advanced electronic technology, communication network is widely spread in India and is rendering a great service. This is called Communication Media.

11. What are the types of communication? Mention the importance of Communication.

Answer: In addition to traditional mediums like posts, newspaper and radio, television, satellites, computer network, internet, e-mail, mobile telephones etc. are the main types of communication media.  

The importance of Communication are as follows.

  1. With the help of communication media, people of the country can learn about the various incidents of different places.
  2. The people can aware of the policies of the government.
  3. By educating people through mass media about agriculture and industry, a speedy developmental process is possible.
  4. Mass communication media have become the fundamental requirement of trade and commerce.
  5. Mass media can be effectively utilized to strengthen the unity, integration and stability in the country.

12. How is GPS different from GIS?

Answer: The Differences between Geographical Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) are as follows.

  1. GIS technology-based maps are more attractive and give accurate information. GPS are useful in assessing the geographical position of natural calamities.
  2. GIS is a computer-based system which can accumulate and interpret the data on the earth’s surface. GPS is based on the information obtained from satellites, the distance between the individual and satellites is accurately calculated and the location of the person to the exact latitude, longitude, and height above sea level is given.
  3. GIS – Mapping population density, planning urban areas, or tracking natural resources. GPS – Finding your location on a smartphone or in a car.
  4. GIS is Software-based (runs on computers) system. But GPS is Hardware-based (relies on a GPS receiver) system.
  5. GIS – Various types of geographical, social and economic information can be easily analysed and models can be constructed. GPS – It is helpful for trekkers to know the exact location and routes.

13. Write about Remote Sensing Technology.

Answer: In the modern technology Remote sensing is very important. To collect information regarding the earth surface. It gathers information about distance without physically touching the objects. This is called Remote sensing. Aerial and Satellite photos are from the Remote sensing.

Additional Questions and Answers:

1 . What are the Problems of Road Transport?

Answer: The Problems of Road Transport are as follows.

1. Many village and district roads become unfit for transportation during the rainy season.

2. Road transport is also the cause of environmental pollution, increased density of vehicles and accidents.

3. Roads are subjected to severe wear and tear due to rain, floods and cyclones every year.

4. Construction and management of national and state highways are inadequate.

5. Scarcity of the basic needs along the roadside in seen all over the country.

2. Mention the Importance of Railways.

Answer: The Importance of Railways are,

1. They play a vital role in the economic development of the country.

2. They are very useful to carry heavy goods and large number of passengers.

3. They are useful to travel at a low cost.

4. They are useful to transport agricultural and horticultural products at a rapid speed.

3. Name the important Airports of India.

Answer: The important Airports of India are as follows.

  1. Indira Gandhi International Airport – New Delhi
  2. Chatrapathi Shivaji Maharaj International Air­port – Mumbai
  3. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Air­port – Kolkotta
  4. Chennai International Airport – Chennai
  5. Kempegowda International Airport – Bengaluru (Devanahalli)
  6. Mangaluru International Airport – Mangaluru
  7. Sardar Vallababai Patel International Airport – Ahmedabad
  8. Lokapriya Gopinatha Bardoli International Air­port – Guwahati
  9. Chowdary Charan Singh International Airport – Lucknow
  10. Rajeev Gandhi International Airport – Hyderabad
  11. Manohar International Airport – Mopa (Goa)
  12. Maharshi Valmiki International Airport – Ayodhya

4. What are the uses of Geographical Information System (GIS)?

Answer: The uses of Geographical Information System (GIS) are,

  1. GIS technology-based maps are more attractive and give accurate information.
  2. Various types of geographical, social and economic information can be easily analysed and models can be constructed.
  3. In recent years, GIS technology is being used to give advance intimation regarding weather phenomena.
  4. Since this is a computer-based analysis, maps can be created very fast without the need of a cartographer in a very short time and even maps can be modified.

5 . What are the uses of Global Positioning System (GPS)?

Answer: The uses of Global Positioning System (GPS) are as follows.

1. They are useful in assessing the geographical position of natural calamities. So that suitable safety measures are taken.

2. It is helpful for trekkers to know the exact location and routes.

3. Soldiers, pilots, fishermen and sailors use GPS to follow correct path and direction. Today transport authorities also use this to manage the movement.

4. GPS is the lifeline for many services at their door in the cities.

5. GPS shows path to google maps.

6 . What are the uses of Remote Sensing Technology?

Answer: The uses of Remote Sensing Technology are,

1. From these pictures, true, accurate and reliable information pertaining to that period can be obtained.

2. This is a fast, low-cost information collection system compared to geographical survey.

3. The information gathered by these can be easily analysed using computers.

4. Remote sensing images can be obtained from satellites regarding the extremes of climate and disturbances in the geographical features.

5. Studies related to natural calamities like typhoons, cyclonic storms, floods etc. can be taken up with the help of remote sensing pictures.

6. The role of satellite images is significant in analysing the natural resources like land use, forest area, water bodies, residential areas, distribution of crops, land erosion, coast etc.

III. Activities:

1. Mark and name the Golden Quadrilateral, Corridors and National Highways in the outline map of India.

2. Collect the satellite launching photos of India.

IV Projects:

1. Discuss on the transport system in your region with your friends in class.

2. Discuss about the necessity of the maintenance of village roads.

3. Collect the information of work and activities of ISRO in Karnataka.

4. Discuss the role of transport in the economic development of the country.

10th Standard, Social Science, Geography, CHAPTER 25, INDIA – LAND USE AND AGRICULTURE

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10th Standard, Social Science, Geography, CHAPTER – 25

INDIA – LAND USE AND AGRICULTURE

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. Utilising the land for a variety of purposes is known as Land use.

2. Growing Two-three crops on the same plot in a year is called Intensive Farming.

3. Farmers growing crops only to sustain themselves is called Subsistence farming.

4. Progress in the horticultural field is known as Golden Revolution.

5. The state is the largest producer of paddy in India is West Bengal.

6. The crops grown during summer is also known as Zaid farming.

II. Answer the following questions in brief.

7. What are the factors that influence land use?

Answer: The factors that influence land use are,

  1. Many natural, economic and social factors influence the manner in which land is used. The natural factors are land forms, climate are influenced on characteristics of soil.
  2. Land holdings, population, demand for agricultural products, profession, attitude of people, social and economic condition, marketing facilities are influenced on land use.
  3. Other factors like technology, irrigation facility, human capability, land ownership also have an effect on it.

8. What is ‘Agriculture’? What are the types of Agriculture?

Answer:  Agriculture is one of the ancient occupation of human beings, has engaged in it since the beginning of civilization. Agriculture has been described as ‘the art of cultivating the land’. Cultivating or tilling the land and growing crops. Agriculture also includes fisheries, cattle-rearing and forestry.

Different types of farming exist in India. They are

1. Intensive farming

2. Subsistence farming

3. Commercial farming

4. Mixed farming

5. Horticultural farming

9. What is ‘kharif crop’?

Answer: The crops grown during the south-west monsoon season are called kharif crops. Seeds are sown in the month of June or July and crops are harvested during September and October. Maximum cropping area of the country is cultivated during this seasons.

10. What is meant by ‘rabi crop’?

Answer: It is the important cropping season in the receiving rain during winter months. North-western part comprises of Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, and in the South Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are the states known for this cropping season. This Post Monsoon crop is called as ‘rabi crop’. Rabi crops are winter crops sown in the autumn (around October) and harvested in the spring (around March-April). They are grown during the winter season in India and require cool temperatures to grow and warmer, dry weather to ripen.

11. What are the factors essential for growing cotton?

Answer: The factors essential for growing cotton are,

  1. Cotton grows well in areas where temperature is 20° to 25° C with a rainfall of 75 to 150 cms.
  2. Black soil and loamy soil support the growth of cotton.
  3. Black cotton soil which can hold moisture is most suitable.

Additional Questions and Answers:

1 . What are the types of Land use?

Answer: The types of Land use are,

1. Net sown area

2. Forest area

3. Use of land for purposes other than cultivation

4. Fallow land

5. Grassland

6. Uncultivated land.

2. Which are the factors influencing to cropping pattern?

Answer: The factors which influencing to cropping pattern are as follows.

  1. Natural factors
  2. Economic factors
  3. Social factors
  4. Farmers’ attitude

3 . Which are the types of Crop Seasons?

Answer: The types of Crop Seasons are

1. South-west monsoon or kharif crops

2. North-east monsoon or rabi crops

3. Summer or jade crops.

4 . Which are the major crops growing in India?

Answer: The major crops growing in India are,

  1. Food crops: Paddy, Wheat etc.
  2. Commercial crops: Sugarcane, Tobacco etc.
  3. Fibre crops: Cotton
  4. Beverage crops: Coffee, Tea etc.

5 . What do you meant by Horticultural crops? Explain the growth of Horticultural crops in India.

Answer: Horticulture involves cultivation of fruits, vegetables and flowers. It consists of crops which yield harvest in a very short period. Horticulture is more intensive and commercial than other agriculture techniques.

India ranks first in the world in the production of mango, banana, chikoo and citric fruits. This progress of the horticultural field is known as the ‘Golden Revolution’. India has all the facilities needed for horticulture like diverse conditions, land forms climate, soil, irrigation facility, labour, market, governmental encouragement etc.

6 . What is Floriculture? Name the flowers which India is growing.

Answer: Floriculture refers to the productions of flowers for marketing. India is known for the art of growing flowers from the ancient times. India produces flowers like jasmine, champa, marigold, chrysanthemum, kanakambara, rose and lily are very important. There is a lot of demand for cut flowers like rose, orchids, gladiolus, lily, carnation, anthurium etc.

7. Which are the major states in India engaged in floriculture?

Answer: Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan and other states are the major states engaged in floriculture.

III. Activities:

1. Collect samples of the various food grains and pulses in India.

2. Mark the Sugarcane and Tobacco growing regions of India in the outline map of India.

3. Tobacco using is injurious to health. Collect the information from the near Doctor.

IV Projects:

1. Collect pictures and information about the various crops grown in your neighbourhood.

2. Conduct a group discussion about floriculture and women empowerment.

10th Standard, Social Science, Geography, CHAPTER 26: INDIA – MINERAL AND POWER RESOURCES

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10th Standard, Social Science, Geography, CHAPTER – 26

INDIA – MINERAL AND POWER RESOURCES

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The wonder metal of the 20th century is Bauxite (aluminium).

2. The largest producer of gold in India is Hatti.

3. Mica is also called ‘kage bangara’ in Kannada.

II. Answer the following questions in brief:

4. What are the important mineral resources available in India?

Answer: The important mineral resources available in India are iron ore, manganese ore, bauxite ore, mica and gold. In addition to these, energy resources like coal, petroleum and atomic minerals are also produced in the country.

5. Which are the types of manganese ore?

Answer: The main types of manganese ore are Pyrolusite, Psilomelane, Magnatite, Branite and Holyandite.

6. What are the uses of Mica?

Answer: Mica is used in the manufacture of telephones, telegraph, wireless service, glass, colour varnish, artificial rubber, dynamos and chemical industries.

7. Which are the important atomic minerals?

Answer: The important atomic minerals found in India are Uranium, Thorium, Berylium, Lithium etc.

8. What is non-conventional energy resources? Explain their importance.

Answer: Renewable energy sources are solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, Geo thermal energy, bio-gas etc. are called non-conventional energy sources. All over the world, due to the use of conventional energy sources like coal, petroleum, natural gas and other fossil fuels, the phenomenon of green-house effect and consequent increase in temperature of the earth’s atmosphere is being noticed. This is called ‘global warming’. Population increase, urbanization, industrialization etc. have also led to the increased use of fossil fuels. Due to this, environmental pollution is also increasing. Today, it is essential to reduce the use of such fuels and preserve environmental stability. So the use of non-conventional energy resources is essential in our daily life.

9. Give suggestions of your own to eradicate the power scarcity.

Answer: It has become inevitable in our country to take necessary steps to prevent the deficit in the energy resources. 1.Use of non-conventional resources 2.Giving importance to hydro-electric power generation 3.Use of alternate local energy resources 4.Encouraging the use of non-conventional energy resources 5.Educating the people regarding the reduced use of energy resources 6.Producing energy from solid waste.

Following points also can be done to eradicate the power scarcity.

  1. Switch off lights, fans, and electronics when not in use. 
  2. Use energy-efficient appliances and LED bulbs, which consume less power. 
  3. Avoid phantom loads by using smart power strips for devices that draw power even when off. 
  4. Reduce water heating needs by taking shorter showers and using less hot water. 
  5. Use public transport, carpool, or cycle instead of personal vehicles to reduce fuel consumption, which also saves energy. 

Additional Questions and Answers:

1 . What are the necessary steps can be taken to prevent the deficit in the energy resources?

Answer: It has become inevitable in our country to take necessary steps to prevent the deficit in the energy resources.

1. Use of non-conventional resources

2. Giving importance to hydro-electric power generation

3. Use of alternate local energy resources

4. Encouraging the use of non-conventional energy resources

5. Educating the people regarding the reduced use of energy resources

6.Producing energy from solid waste.

2. Name the states which are establishing wind power stations?

Answer: Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Gujarat are establishing wind power stations in India.

3. Describe the different types of atomic minerals found in India.

Answer: The important atomic minerals found in India are Uranium, Thorium, Berylium, Lithium etc.

a. Uranium: It is distributed in Singhbhum and Hazaribagh of Jharkhand, Gaya of Bihar, in the loamy soil of Saharanapur of Uttar Pradesh, in the sandy coasts of Kerala.

b. Thorium: This can be found in Kerala, Bihar, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan.

c. Berylium: Berylium oxide is used as a catalyst or ‘moderator’ in reactors producing nuclear energy. India has sufficient deposits of berylium.

d. Lithium: This light metal is obtained from lepidolite and fudomine ores. It is found abundantly in Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh.

4. Petroleum is called ‘Liquid Gold’. Why?

Answer: Petrol is not only an energy source but also an important raw material. A number of industries have flourished using this as a raw material. Petroleum is a very important energy resource in agriculture, industry and transportation. This is a very precious in both during peace and war. Hence it is called ‘Liquid Gold’.

5 . Which are the types of Mica?

Answer: Based on the chemical composition and colour, mica is divided into many types. They are Muscovite (white), Biotite (black), Phlugovite (brown) lepidotite etc. India has plenty of the best variety, i.e., muscovite.

III. Activity:

1. Show the distribution of minerals on an outline map of India and mark them.

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