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8th Standard, Mathematics, Chapter 12 – Factorisation

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8th Standard, Mathematics, Chapter 12

Factorisation

Exercise 12.1

1 . Find the common factors of the given items.

(i ) 12x, 36

Answer: (i) 12x = 2 × 2 × 3 × x

36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3

Common factors = 2, 2, 3.

2 × 2 × 3 = 12

(ii) 2y, 22xy

Answer: 2y = 2 × y

22xy = 2 × 11 × x × y

The common factors = 2, y.

 2 × y = 2y

(iii) 14pq, 28p2q2

Answer: 14pq = 2 × 7 × p × q

28p2q2 = 2 × 2 × 7 × p × p × q × q

The common factors = 2, 7, p, q.

2 × 7 × p × q = 14pq

(iv)  2x, 3x2

Answer:  2x = 2 × x

3x2 = 3 × x × x

4 = 2 × 2

The common factor = 1.

(v) 6abc, 24ab2, 12a2b

Answer: 6abc = 2 × 3 × a × b × c

24ab2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × a × b × b

12a2b = 2 × 2 × 3 × a × a × b

The common factors = 2, 3, a, b.

2 × 3 × a × b = 6ab

(vi) 16x3, -4x2,  32x

Answer: 16x3 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x × x × x

-4x2 = -1 × 2 × 2 × x × x

32x = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x

The common factors = 2, 2, x.

2 × 2 × x = 4x

(vii) 10pq, 20qr, 30rp

Answer:  10pq = 2 × 5 × p × q

20qr = 2 × 2 × 5 × q × r

30rp = 2 × 3 × 5 × r × p

The common factors = 2, 5.

2 × 5 = 10

(viii) 3x2y3,   ,10x3y2,   ,6x2y2z 

Answer: 3x2y3 = 3 × x × x × y × y × y

10x3y2 = 2 × 5 × x × x × x × y × y

6x2y2z = 2 × 3 × x × x × y × y × z

The common factors = x, x, y, y.

Thus, x × x × y × y = x2 y2  

2. Factorise the following expressions.

( i) 7x – 42

Answer: 7x – 42

7x = 7 × x

42 = 2 × 3 × 7

The common factor = 7.

7x – 42 = (7 × x) – (2 × 3 × 7 )

= 7(x – 6)

(ii) 6p – 12q

Answer: 6p -12q

6p = 2 × 3 × p

12q = 2 × 2 × 3 × q

The common factors = 2 and 3.

6p -12q = (2 × 3 × p) – (2 × 2 × 3 × q)

= 2 × 3(p – 2 × q)

= 6(p – 2q)

(iii) 7a2+14a

Answer: 7a2+14a

7a2= 7 × a × a

14a = 2 × 7 × a

The common factors = 7 and a .

7a2 + 14a = (7 × a × a) + (2 × 7 × a)

= 7 × a(a + 2)

= 7a (a + 2)

(iv) -16z + 20z3       

Answer: -16z + 20z3

16z = -1 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × z

20z3 = 2 × 2 × 5 × z × z × z

The common factors = 2, 2, and z.

 -16z + 20z3 = -(2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × z) + (2 × 2 × 5 × z × z × z)

= (2 × 2 × z) [-(2 × 2) + (5 × z × z)]

= 4z (-4 + 5z2)

(v) 20l2m + 30alm

Answer: 20l2m + 30alm

20l2m= 2 × 2 × 5 × l × l × m

30alm = 2 × 3 × 5 × a × l × m

The common factors = 2, 5, l and m.

Therefore, 20l2m + 30alm = (2 × 2 × 5 × l × l × m) + (2 × 3 × 5 × a × l × m)

= (2 × 5 × l × m) [(2 × l) + (3 × a)]

= 10lm (2l + 3a)

(vi) 5x2y -15xy2

Answer: 5x2y -15xy2

5x2y = 5 × x × x × y

15xy2 = 3 × 5 × x × y × y

Common factors = 5, x, and y.

5x2y – 15xy2 = (5 × x × x × y) – (3 × 5 × x × y × y)

= 5 × x × y[x – (3 × y)]

= 5xy(x – 3y)

(vii) 10a2 -15b2 + 20c2

Answer: 10a2 -15b2 + 20c2

10a2 = 2 × 5 × a × a

15b2 = 3 × 5 × b × b

20c2 = 2 × 2 × 5 × c × c

Common factor = 5.

10a2 -15b2 + 20c2 = (2 × 5 × a × a) – (3 × 5 × b × b) + (2 × 2 × 5 × c × c)

= 5[(2 × a × a) – (3 × b × b) + (2 × 2 × c × c)]

= 5(2a2 – 3b2 + 4c2)

(viii) -4a2 + 4ab – 4ca

Answer: -4a2 + 4ab – 4ca

4a2 = 2 × 2 × a × a

4ab = 2 × 2 × a × b

4ca = 2 × 2 × c × a

Common factors = 2, 2, and a .

– 4a2 + 4ab – 4ca = -(2 × 2 × a × a) + (2 × 2 × a × b) – (2 × 2 × c × a)

= 2 × 2 × a (-a + b – c)

= 4a (-a + b – c)

(ix) x2yz + xy2z + xyz2

Answer: x2yz + xy2z + xyz2

x2yz = x × x × y × z

xy2z= x × y × y × z

xyz2 = x × y × z × z

Common factors = x, y, and z.

x2yz + xy2z + xyz2 = (x × x × y × z) + (x × y × y × z) + (x × y × z × z)

= x × y × z (x + y + z)

= xyz(x + y + z)

(x) ax2y + bxy2 + cxyz

Answer: ax2y + bxy2 + cxyz

ax2y= a × x × x × y

bxy2 = b × x × y × y

cxyz= c × x × y × z

Common factors = x and y.

ax2y + bxy2 + cxyz = (a × x × x × y) + (b × x × y × y) + (c × x × y × z)

= (x × y) [(a × x) + (b × y) + (c × z)]

= xy (ax + by + cz)

Exercise 12.2

1. Factorise the following expressions.

(i) a2 + 8a +16

Answer: a2 + 8a +16

= (a)2 + 2 × a × 4 + (4)2

= (a + 4)2 [Using identity (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2, considering x = a and y = 4 ]

(ii) p2 – 10 p + 25

Answer: p2 – 10 p + 25

= (p)2 – 2 × p × 5 + (5)2

= (p – 5)2 [Using identity (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2, considering a = p and b = 5 ]

(iii) 25m2 + 30m + 9

Answer: 25m2 + 30m + 9

= (5m)2 + 2 × 5m × 3 + (3)2

= (5m + 3)2 [Using identity (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2, considering a = 5m and b = 3 ]

(iv)  49y2 + 84yz + 36z2

Answer: 49y2 + 84yz + 36z2

= (7y)2 + 2 × (7y) × (6z) + (6z)2

= (7y + 6z)2 [Using identity (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2, considering a = 7y and b = 6z]

(v) 4x2 – 8x+ 4

Answer: 4x2 – 8x+ 4

= (2x)2 – 2(2x)(2) + (2)2

= (2x – 2)2 [Using identity (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2, considering a = 2x and b = 2]

= [(2)(x -1)]2 = 4(x -1)2

(vi) 121b2 – 88bc+16c2

Answer: 121b2 – 88bc+16c2

= (11b)2 – 2(11b)(4c) + (4c)2

= (11b – 4c)2 

 (vii) (l + m)2 – 4lm

Answer: (l + m)2 – 4lm

= l2 + 2lm+ m2 – 4lm [Using identity (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]

= l2 – 2lm + m2

= (l – m)2 

(viii) a4 + 2a2b2 + b4

Answer: a4 + 2a2b2 + b4

= (a2)2 + 2 (a2)(b2) + (b2)2

= (a2 + b2)2 [Using identity (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2, considering x = a2 and y = b2]

2. Factorise.

(i) 4p2 – 9q2

Answer: 4p2 – 9q2

= (2p)2 – (3q)2

= (2p + 3q) (2p – 3q)

(ii) 63a2 – 112b2

Answer: 63a2 – 112b2

= 7(9a2 – 16b2 )

= 7 [(3a)2 – (4b)2]

= 7[(3a + 4b)(3a – 4b)] [Using identity x2 – y2 = (x – y)(x + y), considering x = 3a and y = 4b]

(iii) 49x2 – 36

Answer: 49x2 – 36

= (7x)2 – (6)2

= (7x – 6)(7x + 6)

(iv) 16x5 – 144x3

Answer: 16x5 – 144x3

= 16x3(x2 – 9)

= 16x3 [(x)2 – (3)2]

= 16x3 [(x – 3)(x + 3)] [Using identity a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b), considering a = x and b = 3]

(v) (l + m)2 – (l – m)2

Answer: (l + m)2 – (l – m)2

= [(l + m) – (l – m)][(l + m) + (l – m)]

= (l + m – l + m)(l + m + l – m)

= 2m × 2l

= 4ml

= 4lm

(vi) 9x2y2 – 16

Answer: 9x2y2 – 16

= (3xy)2 – (4)2

= (3xy – 4)(3xy + 4)

(vii) (x2 – 2xy + y2 ) – z2

Answer: (x2 – 2xy + y2 ) – z2

= (x – y)2 – (z)2 

= (x – y – z)( x – y + z)

(viii) 25a2 – 4b2 + 28bc – 49c2

Answer: 25a2 – 4b2 + 28bc – 49c2

= 25a2 – (4b2 – 28bc + 49c2 )

= (5a)2 – [(2b)2 – 2 × 2b × 7c + (7c)2]

= (5a)2 – (2b – 7c)2  [Using identity (x – y)2 = x2 – 2xy + y2, considering x = 2b and y = 7c]

= [5a + (2b – 7c)][5a – (2b – 7c)] 

= (5a + 2b – 7c)(5a – 2b + 7c)

3. Factorise the expressions.

(i) ax2 + bx

Answer: ax2 + bx

= a × x × x + b × x

= x (ax + b)

(ii) 7p2 + 21q2

Answer: 7p2 + 21q2

= 7 × p × p + 3 × 7 × q × q

= 7(p2 + 3q2)

(iii) 2x3 + 2xy2 + 2xz2

Answer: 2x3 + 2xy2 + 2xz2

= 2x( x2 + y2 + z2 )

(iv) am2 + bm2 + bn2 + an2

Answer: am2 + bm2 + bn2 + an2

= am2 + bm2 + an2 + bn2

= m2(a + b) + n2(a + b)

= (a + b)(m2 + n2 )

(v) (lm + l ) + m + 1

Answer: (lm + l ) + m + 1

= lm + m + l + 1

= m(l + 1) + 1(l + 1)

= (l + 1)(m + 1)

(vi) y (y + z) + 9(y + z)

Answer: y (y + z) + 9(y + z)

= (y + z) (y + 9)

(vii) 5y2 – 20 y – 8z + 2yz

Answer: 5y2 – 20 y – 8z + 2yz

= 5y2 – 20y + 2yz – 8z

= 5y(y – 4) + 2z(y – 4)

= (y – 4)(5y + 2z)

(viii) 10ab + 4a + 5b + 2

Answer: 10ab + 4a + 5b + 2

= 10ab + 5b + 4a + 2

= 5b(2a +1) + 2(2a +1)

= (2a +1)(5b + 2)

(ix) 6xy – 4 y + 6 – 9x

Answer: 6xy – 4 y + 6 – 9x

= 6xy – 9x – 4 y + 6

= 3x(2y – 3) – 2(2 y – 3)

= (2y – 3)(3x – 2)

4. Factorise.

(i) a4 – b4

Answer: a4 – b4

= (a2)2 – (b2)2 

= (a2 – b2)(a2 + b2) [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

= (a – b)(a + b)(a2 + b2 ) [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

(ii) p4 – 81

Answer: p4 – 81

= (p2)2 – (9)2

= (p2 – 9)(p2 + 9) [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

= [(p)2 – (3)2](p2 + 9)

= (p – 3)(p + 3) (p2 + 9) [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

(iii) x4 – (y + z)4

Answer: x4 – (y + z)4

= (x2)2 – [(y + z)2]2

= [x2 – (y + z)2][x2 + (y + z)2] [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

= [x – ( y + z)][x + ( y + z)][x2 + (y + z)2] [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

= (x – y – z)(x + y + z)[x2 + (y + z)2]

(iv) x4 – (x – z)4

Answer: x4 – (x – z)4

= (x2)2 – [( x – z)2]2

= [x2 – (x – z)2 ][ x2 + (x – z)2] [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

= [x – (x – z)][x + (x – z )][x2 + ( x – z )2] [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

= z(2x – z )[x2 + x2 – 2xz + z2] [Since, (a- b)2 = a2 – 2ab+ b2]

= z(2x – z )(2x2 – 2xz + z2)

(v) a4 – 2a2b2 + b4

Answer: a4 – 2a2b2 + b4

= (a2)2 – 2 (a2)(b2) + (b2)2

= (a2 – b2)2 [Since, (a- b)2 = a2 – 2ab+ b2]

= [(a – b)(a + b)]2 [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

= (a – b)2(a + b)2      

5. Factorise the following expressions.

( i) p2 + 6 p + 8

Answer: p2 + 6 p + 8

8 = 4 × 2 and 4 + 2 = 6

p2 + 6 p + 8 = p2 + 2p + 4p + 8

= p(p + 2) + 4(p + 2)

= (p + 2) (p + 4)

(ii) q2 – 10q + 21

Answer: q2 – 10q + 21

21 = (-7) × (-3) and (-7) + (-3) = -10

q2 – 10q + 21 = q2 – 7q – 3q + 21

= q(q – 7) – 3(q – 7)

= (q – 7)(q – 3)

(iii) p2 + 6 p -16

Answer: p2 + 6 p -16

It can be observed that, -16 = (-2) × 8 and 8 + (-2) = 6

p2 + 6 p -16 = p2 + 8p – 2p -16

= p(p + 8) – 2(p + 8)

= (p + 8)(p – 2)

Exercise 12.3

1 . Carry out the following divisions.

(i) 28x4 ÷ 56x

Answer: 28x4 = 2 × 2 × 7 × x × x × x × x and

56x = 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × x

28x4 ÷ 56x = (2 × 2 × 7 × x × x × x × x) / (2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × x)

= x3/2

(ii) – 36y3 ÷ 9y2

Answer: -36y3 =  – 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × y × y × y and

9y2 =  3 × 3 × y × y

-36y3 ÷ 9y2 = (-2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × y × y × y) / (3 × 3 × y × y)

= -4y

(iii) 66 pq2r3 ÷ 11qr2

Answer: 66pq2r3 = 2 × 3 × 11 × p × q × q × r × r × r and

11qr2 = 11 × q × r × r

66 pq2r3 ÷ 11qr2 = (2 × 3 × 11 × p × q × q × r × r × r) / (11 × q × r × r)

= 6pqr

(iv)  34x3y3z3 ÷ 51xy2z3

Answer: 34x3y3z3 = 2 × 17 × x × x × x × y × y × y × z × z × z and

51xy2z3 = 3 × 17 × x × y × y × z × z × z

34x3y3z3 ÷ 51xy2z3 = (2 × 17 × x × x × x × y × y × y × z × z × z) / (3 × 17 × x × y × y × z × z × z)

= 2x2y / 3

(v) 12a8b8 ÷ (-6a6b4)

Answer: 12a8b8 = 2 × 2 × 3 × a8 × b8 and

-6a6b4 = -2 × 3 × a6 × b4

12a8b8 ÷ (-6a6b4) = (2 × 2 × 3 × a8 × b8) / (-2 × 3 × a6 × b4)

= -2a2b4

2. Divide the given polynomial by the given monomial.

(i) (5x2 – 6x) ÷ 3x

Answer: (5x2 – 6x) = x(5x – 6)

 (5x2 – 6x) ÷ 3x = x(5x – 6) / 3x

= (5x – 6) / 3

(ii) (3y8 – 4y6 + 5y4) ÷ y4

Answer: (3y8 – 4y6 + 5y4) = y4(3y4 – 4y2 + 5)

 (3y8 – 4y6 + 5y4) ÷ y4 = y4(3y4 – 4y2 + 5) / y4

= 3y4 – 4y2 + 5

(iii) 8(x3y2z2 + x2y3z2 + x2y2z3) ÷ 4x2y2z2

Answer: 8(x3y2z2 + x2y3z2 + x2y2z3) = 8x2y2z2(x + y + z)

8(x3y2z2 + x2y3z2 + x2y2z3) ÷ 4x2y2z2 = 8x2y2z2(x + y + z) / 4x2y2z2

= 2(x + y + z)

(iv) (x3 + 2x2 + 3x) ÷ 2x

Answer: (x3 + 2x2 + 3x) = x(x2 + 2x + 3)

 (x3 + 2x2 + 3x) ÷ 2x = x(x2 + 2x + 3) / 2x

= (x2 + 2x + 3) / 2

(v) (p3q6 – p6q3) ÷ p3q3

Answer; (p3q6 – p6q3) = p3q3 (q3 – p3)

 (p3q6 – p6q3) ÷ p3q3= p3q3 (q3 – p3) / p3q3

= q3 – p3

3. Work out the following divisions.

(i) (10x – 25) ÷ 5

Answer: (10x – 25) = 5× 2 × x – 5 × 5

= 5(2x – 5)

(10x – 25) ÷ 5 = 5(2x – 5) / 5

= 2x – 5

(ii) (10x – 25) ÷ (2x – 5)

Answer: (10x – 25) = 5 × 2 × x – 5× 5

= 5(2x – 5)

(10x – 25) ÷ (2x – 5) = 5(2x – 5) / (2x – 5)

= 5

(iii) 10y (6y + 21) ÷ 5(2y + 7)

Answer: 10y(6y + 21) = 5 × 2 × y ×(2 × 3 × y + 3 × 7)

= 5 × 2 × y × 3(2 × y + 7)

= 30y(2y + 7)

10y(6y + 21) ÷ 5(2y + 7) = 30y(2y + 7) / 5(2y + 7)

= 6y

(iv) 9x2y2 (3z – 24) ÷ 27xy(z – 8)

Answer: 9x2y2 (3z – 24) = 3 × 3 × x × x × y × y ×(3 × z – 2 × 2 × 2 × 3)

= 3 × 3 × x × x × y × y × 3 (z – 2 × 2 × 2)

= 27x2y2 (z – 8)

9x2y2 (3z – 24) ÷ 27xy(z – 8) = 27x2y2(z – 8) / 27xy(z – 8)

= xy

(v) 96abc (3a – 12)(5b – 30) ÷ 144(a – 4)(b – 6)

Answer: 96abc (3a – 12) (5b – 30) = 96abc ×(3 × a – 2 × 2 × 3) × (5 × b – 5 × 2 × 3)

= 96abc × 3(a – 2 × 2) × 5(b – 2 × 3)

= 1440abc (a – 4) (b – 6)

96abc (3a – 12)(5b – 30) ÷ 144(a – 4)(b – 6) = 1440abc(a – 4)(b – 6) / 144(a – 4)(b – 6)

= 10abc

4. Divide as directed.

(i) 5(2x +1) (3x + 5) ÷ (2x +1)

Answer:  5(2x +1) (3x + 5) / (2x +1)

= 5(3x + 5)

(ii) 26xy(x + 5) (y – 4) ÷ 13x(y – 4)

Answer: 2 × 13 × xy(x + 5) (y – 4) / 13x(y – 4)

= 2y(x + 5)

(iii) 52pqr (p + q) (q + r)(r + p) ÷ 104pq(q + r)(r + p)

Answer:  2 × 2 × 13 × p × q × r × (p + q) × (q + r) × (r + p) / 2 × 2 × 2 × 13 × p × q × (q + r) × (r + p)

= r (p + q) / 2

(iv)  20 (y + 4) (y2 + 5y + 3) ÷ 5(y + 4)

Answer: 2 × 2 × 5 × (y + 4) × (y2 + 5 y + 3) / 5 × (y + 4)

= 4(y2 + 5 y + 3)

(v) x (x +1)(x + 2)(x + 3) ÷ x(x +1)

= (x + 2) (x + 3)

5. Factorise the expressions and divide them as directed.

(i) (y2 + 7y + 10) ÷ (y + 5)

Answer: (y2 + 7y + 10) = y2 + 2 y + 5 y +10 = y(y + 2) + 5(y + 2)

= (y + 2)(y + 5)

 (y2 + 7y + 10) ÷ (y + 5) = (y + 2)(y + 5) / (y + 5)

= y + 2

(ii) (m2 -14m – 32) ÷ (m + 2)

Answer: m2 + 2m -16m – 32 = m(m + 2) -16(m + 2)

= (m + 2)(m – 16)

 (m2 -14m – 32) ÷ (m + 2) = (m + 2)(m – 16) / (m + 2)

= m – 16

(iii) (5p2 – 25p + 20) ÷ (p -1)

 Answer: 5(p2 – 5p + 4) = 5(p2 – p – 4p + 4)

= 5[p (p – 1) – 4(p – 1)]

= 5(p – 1) (p – 4)

 (5p2 – 25p + 20) ÷ (p – 1) = 5(p – 1)(p – 4) / (p -1)

= 5(p – 4)

(iv) 4yz (z2 + 6z -16) ÷ 2y (z + 8)

Answer: 4 yz (z2 – 2z + 8z -16) = 4 yz [z(z – 2) + 8(z – 2)]

= 4 yz (z – 2)(z + 8)

4yz (z2 + 6z -16) ÷ 2y (z + 8) = 4 yz(z – 2)(z + 8) / 2y(z + 8)

= 2z (z – 2)

(v) 5pq (p2 – q2) ÷ 2p (p + q)

Answer: 5pq (p – q) (p + q) [Using identity a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)]

Thus, 5pq (p2 – q2) ÷ 2p (p + q) = 5pq(p – q)(p + q) / 2p(p + q)

= 5q (p – q) / 2

(vi) 12xy (9x2 -16y2) ÷ 4xy (3x + 4y)

Answer: 12xy [(3x)2 – (4y)2] = 12xy(3x – 4y)(3x + 4y)  [Using identity a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)]

= 2 × 2 × 3 × x × y × (3x – 4y) × (3x + 4y)

12xy (9x2 -16y2) ÷ 4xy (3x + 4y) = 2 × 2× 3 × x × y × (3x – 4y) × (3x + 4y) / 4xy (3x + 4y)

= 3(3x – 4y)

(vii) 39y3 (50y2 – 98) ÷ 26y2 (5y + 7)

Answer: 3 × 13 × y × y × y × [2 × (25y2 – 49)] = 3 × 13 × 2 × y × y × y × [(5y)2 – (7)2]

= 3 × 13 × 2 × y × y × y (5y – 7) (5y + 7) [Using identity a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]

26y2 (5y + 7) = 2 × 13 × y × y × (5y + 7)

39y3 (50y2 – 98) ÷ 26y2 (5y + 7) = 3 × 13 × 2 × y × y × y (5y – 7) (5y + 7) / 2 × 13 × y × y × (5y + 7)

= 3y (5y – 7)

9th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 20 – REVOLUTION AND RISE OF NATION STATES

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9th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER – 20

REVOLUTION AND RISE OF NATION STATES

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The 13 colonies established by England on the Atlantic coast was called “New English 
colonies”.

2. The representatives of the 13 colonies met in 1774 at Philadelphia.

3. The first President of United States of America was George Washington.

4. The writer of ‘Spirit of Laws’ was Montesque.

5. The party ‘Young Italy’ was formed by Joseph Mazini. 

6. The philosophy of ‘blood and steel’ was advocated by Otto-Von-Bismarck.

II. Answer the following questions.

7. Mention the reasons for American War of Independence.

Answer: The reasons for American War of Independence are as follows.

1 . The rise of nationalism among the people of the colonies.

2. The desire for independence among the colonies.

3. The effects of the 7 years’ war.

4. The naval regulations.

5. Influence of writers like Thomas Paine, John Adams, Samuel Adams, John Edward Coke and Benjamin Franklin.

6. The Quebec regulation, the Townshend taxes.

7. The Boston tea party.

8. Explain the significance of the American war of independence.

Answer: Along the Atlantic coast of North America, 13 colonies were established by England. These were called the “New English colonies”. France and England competed with each other to establish the colonies in North America. The American War of Independence (1775–1783) was a defining historical event that established the United States as the first independent, modern, democratic, and constitutional republic, breaking free from British colonial rule. The colonies had no option but to fight the British with the local arms. In this manner, on 19th April 1775 at Lexington, when a troop of the colonies attacked the British, the American war of in­dependence began. The Philadelphia Conference appointed George Washington as its commander. With the help of the French army, George Washington defeated the British army in battle of Yorktown. British commander, Lord Cornwallis surrendered with his army. In the year 1783, as per the Paris agreement, Britain accepted that the 13 colonies were independent. Since the declaration of independence was made on 4th of July, it became a day of great significance to the Americans.

9. How were economic factors responsible for the French revolution?

Answer: The economic factors responsible for the French revolution are as follows.

1 . France was an agriculture-dominated nation. In spite of advances in agricultural practices, the yield from land was very low. The farmers were the most affected. As a result, there used to be revolts and riots for food.

2. Industries were under the control of trade unions. Due to internal strife and interference from authorities, the development of these unions was sluggish. Hence the industrial productivity was low.

10. What was the role of Garibaldi in Italy’s unification?

Answer: Garibaldi was a soldier and fighter. He Garibaldi joined the Young Italy army and assumed leadership of the revolution. After that he constituted an army called “Red Brigade” and with the help of Sardinia, fought with Austria. In 1860, he fought against the twin states of Sicily using his Red Brigade. By conquering the same, he hastened the national integration and pressed for democratic reforms.

11. Who was the architect of unification of Germany? Write a note on him.

Answer: The architect of the Unification of Germany was Otto-Von-Bismarck, he was the chief minister of the King of Prussia, Williams I. He built a powerful army. His next aim was to drive out Austria from German states association. He achieved his aim by associating with Austria. Later, Bismarck made an agreement with Italy according to which, in the event of war with Austria, he would seek their support. The well-formed German armies defeated Austria in the year 1866 and “North German States Association” was formed. Even after driving Austria from the German soil, the unification of Germany was not complete. 16 German states in the south attached to France were still out of this association. Bismarck realized that war was inevitable with France to achieve unification of Germany. Bismarck began war preparations. When Napoleon declared war on Prussia, southern German states defeated him. Due to this, he was able to merge the remaining states with the German states’ association.

Additional Questions:

1 . What are the Effects of American War of Independence to French revolution?

Answer: The Effects of American War of Independence to French revolution are,

1 . Many of the French who fought against the British in America returned to their motherland. They encouraged the rebels by giving them all support and played a pivotal role in the revolution.

2. Due to all these events, the French king had to call a session of ‘States Generals’, a legislators’ assembly that had not been called in the previous 175 years.

3. The members of the third class declared themselves as the National Assembly. They invited the members of the other two classes to join them.

4. The National Assembly made all the rules and passed orders. In the year 1789, 27th August, the Declaration of Human and Civilian Rights was adopted. The king’s rule was replaced by a democratic government.

2 . How were social factors responsible for the French revolution?

Answer: The social factors responsible for the French revolution are,

1 . In the French society, inequality prevailed in all spheres. It was unbearable and inhuman. The pain of this inequality turned into a burning rage in the hearts of the citizens and led to the French revolution.

2. The first two classes enjoyed all the facilities and were few in number. Exempted from paying any taxes, they led a luxurious life. The third class was deprived of all facilities. Intellectuals, agriculturists, labourers and professionals were there in this class. Their income was less but taxes were more. Their life was in a bad state. These people did not command respect in society. They had no political rights and had to tolerate insults. They did not have either religious or political rights or freedom. These were the people who were the unhappiest of all in France. They were waiting for an opportunity to overthrow the old system.

3. How were political factors responsible for the French revolution?

Answer: The King was an inexperienced king. He led a life of luxury and wasteful expenditure. He was not bothered about the routine administrative work. He had a queen named Marie Antoinette who was the princess of Austria. She was squandering money for her personal indulgences and festivals. She had no concern for the problems of the people. She was interfering in the administration of the nation. People hated her since she was a foreigner and had no love for the French people. The king could not control her. Eventually the situation went beyond control and led to revolution.

III. Activities:

1. Discuss in detail with your teacher about the philosophers of the French Revolution period.

2. Discuss in groups the factors responsible for Italy’s unification along with your teacher.

IV. Projects:

1. Collect the pictures of the thinkers during the French revolution and prepare an album. 

2. Prepare a project showing the revolutionaries of Italy’s unification.

8th Standard, Social Science, Business Studies, CHAPTER 30 – LARGE SCALE BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS

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8th Standard, Social Science, Business Studies, CHAPTER–30

LARGE SCALE BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The formation of co-operative societies is regulated as per The Indian Co-operative Act of 1912.

2. The first co-operative society in the world was started by Robert Owen in England (country).

3. The First co-operative society was stated in Karnataka at ‘Kanaginahala’ in Gadag.

4. The Multinational corporations were first started in U.S.A country.

5. The examples of multinational corporations with Indian origin are Tata and Birla.

6. The first share market was started in India at Mumbai.

II. Answer the following questions:

7. Mention the characteristics of co-operative societies.

Answer: The characteristics of Co-operative Societies are as follows.

1. They are voluntary organizations.

2. The membership is open to all adults (above 18 years) irrespective of caste, religion, creed and gender.

3. There is no upper limit for membership.

4. There is democratic management. All the members attend the General Body Meeting and each member has one vote irrespective of share of capital invested.

5. Profit is distributed in proportion to the share of their capital equally among all the members not less than 6.25%.

6. One portion of the profit is transferred to general fund.

7. Their status and management are supervised by the Government.

8. What are the different types of co-operative societies?

Answer: The different types of Co-operative societies are as follows.

1. Credit Co-operative societies.

2. Marketing Co-operative societies.

3. Producers Co-operative societies.

4. Consumers Co-operative societies.

5. Farmers’ Co-operative societies.

6. House building Co-operative societies.

7. Co-operative societies for different services such as – supply of drinking water, improvement of education, etc.

9. List out the advantages and disadvantages of co-operative societies.

Answer: Advantages of Co-operative societies are as follows.

1) It is easy to form Co-operative societies.

2) There is no need of heavy capital.

3) There is no discrimination among the members.

4) All the members have equal rights and responsibilities. It runs on democratic principle. 

5) Each member has one vote.

6) The liability of the members is limited.

7) They help the members to develop habits of savings.

8) The Co-operative societies are via media arrangements between capitalism and socialism.

9) The main motto of the Co-operative societies is “One for all and all for one”

Disadvantages of Co-operative Societies:

1) The societies have limited capital resource. So large scale business is not possible.

2) It is very difficult to get suitable staff.

3) There are chances of mismanagement.

4) There are chances of misuse of money

5) There are chances of corruption and favouritism.

10. What are the advantages of multinational corporations to home country?

Answer: The Advantages of multinational corporations to home country are as follows.

1. They obtain raw materials from host countries at low prices.

2. They may also obtain the technological and administrative skills from host countries.

3. They export raw materials and finished products to host countries thus their profit is more.

4. It is possible to earn ample income through profit, royalty and through administrative agreements with host countries.

5. They create more employment opportunities in the home country.

11. What are the important functions of stock exchanges?

Answer: The capital of a joint-stock company is divided into small units called shares. The joint stock companies can also raise capital through issue of debentures. There is a provision to sell and buy these shares and debentures. The share or debenture holders can sell their shares or debentures at any time. For this purpose Stock Exchanges are established. 

Nowadays Kolkata and Bengaluru stock exchanges facilitate to carry out their business through electronic media. All the stock exchanges are controlled by a Board called Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).

Additional Questions and Answers:

1. Describe the Co-operative Movement in India.

Answer: The Co-operative Movement was started in India by passing the Co-operative Act in 1904. An act was passed in 1912 and registration was made compulsory. After independence under Five Year Plans the Co-operative societies came to prominence. Today we have about eight lakh Co-operative societies in our country. In Karnataka state the first Co-operative society was started at ‘Kanaginahala’ in Gadag Taluk now a District. The Bengaluru City Central Co-operative society was started in 1905. Dharwad district of our state gave more importance for top prominence to Co-operative movement and hence Dharwad district is called ‘The cradle of Co-operative movement’.

2. Define Joint Stock Company.

Answer: Joint Stock Company is defined as a business organization created by law, having a separate legal entity with a perpetual succession and a common seal. Haney defines Joint stock companies as “a voluntary organisation of individuals for profit having its capital divided into transferable shares. The ownership of which is the condition of membership” 

A joint stock company is a business that is owned by its investors. The shareholders buy and sell shares and own a portion of the company. The percentage of ownership is based on the number of shares that each individuals own in the company.

3. Explain the Meaning and explanation of Multinational Corporations.

Answer: A Multinational corporation owns and manages business in two or more countries. According to ILO (International Labour Organisation) report, the essential management of the multinational enterprises lies in one country and they carry on their business in a number of other countries e.g. Sony (Japan) Coca-cola (USA), Samsung (S. Korea), 

Hindustan unilever (U.K), Philips (Holland), Glaxo Smith Kine (U.K), etc. The nation with the Headquarters is called Mother country. The nations come under its jurisdiction are called patron Nations.

4. What are the features of multinational corporations?

Answer: The features of multinational corporations are as follows.

1. They are large Corporations. Their assets and transactions are also of large scale.

2. They operate their business at least in six countries. 

3. They produce goods even in the countries where they operate their business.

4. They have centralised control from head office.

5. They have production, marketing and other facilities in several countries.

6. They play an important role in International Trade.

7. They provide technological facilities in the countries which come under their preview.

5. What are the advantages of multinational corporations to host country?

Answer: The advantages of multinational corporations to host country are as follows.

Advantages for depending or host countries (Patron countries)

1. The capital investment increases even in host countries.

2. If the host countries are developing countries, the home country provides technology and through administrative procedures, it causes a revolution.

3. The host countries are helped by the increase of exports and decrease of imports.

4. It is possible to produce high quality products.

5. The important opportunities to increase in host countries, research and developments are promoted in host countries. 

6. They help the utilisation of internal resources.

6. What are disadvantages of Multinational Corporations?

Answer: The disadvantages of Multinational Corporations are as follows.

1 . Home country gets lion’s share in the profits. They develop dominance in host countries. 2. The competition in host countries may vanish and monopoly of multinational corporations may increase. 

3. There are many complaints against these corporations that they are not respecting human rights.

4. There is a chance for reduction of natural resources in host countries.

5. Many a time they follow unscrupulous methods to avoid paying taxes.

6. They exploit the labour force in host countries. Many a time they do not transfer technology in a proper way.

7. They try to interfere in the political affairs of the nation. 

III. Activity:

1. With the help of your teachers start a co-operative society in your School.

8th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 19 – THE CHALUKYAS OF BADAMI AND THE PALLAVAS OF KANCHI

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8th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 19

THE CHALUKYAS OF BADAMI AND THE PALLAVAS OF KANCHI

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The Pallava king who was defeated by Pulakeshi is Mahendravarma.

2. The army of Chalukyas of Badami was called as Karanatabala.

3. The writer of the Sanskrit drama ‘Hara Parvatiya’ is Shivabhattaraka.

4. The Pallava king who earned the title ‘Vatapikonda’ is Narasimhavarma I.

5. The painting ‘The Meditation of Arjuna’ is at Mahabalipuram.

II Answer the following questions in brief:

6. How did Pulakeshi II extend his empire?

Answer: Pulakeshi II. Overpowering the Gangas, Kadambas and Alupas, he extended his empire. The Pallavas were at the peak of glory in South Deccan. Since Mahendravarma did not accept the sovereignty of Pulakeshi, Pulakeshi defeated him. When Harshavardhana, who was ruling in North India, he advanced upto the banks of river Narmada, Pulakeshi stopped him and earned the titles of ‘Dakshinapatheshwara’ and ‘Lord of the Peninsula’ for his daring act.

7. Describe the administrative system of the Badami Chalukyas.

Answer: They ruled around 200 years. The king was actively involved in administration. The kingdom was divided into districts called vishaya and the vishayadhipati used to look after it. The village was the smallest unit of the administration. The village leaders looked after the village accounts and administration. The Chalukyas encouraged all traditions and sects like that of the Shaivas, Vaishnavas and the Jains. They supported the construction of Jain temples and Buddhist viharas too.

8. The Chalukyas were lovers of literature. Explain with examples.

Answer: The Chalukyas of Badami patronized literature. Kannada and Sanskrit developed very well. Kannada was their state language. During this period, the tripadi form of poetry came into existence. Though there are no literary works produced in Kannada at this time, there are many inscriptions written in Kannada. One of the poems in the inscription of Kappe Arabhatta of Badami is in tripadi form.

9. How did the Pallavas encourage Sanskrit and Tamil?

Answer: The Pallavas encouraged both Sanskrit and Tamil. Kanchi was the center of Sanskrit literature. Bharavi (the author of Kiratarjuniya) and Dandi (the author of Dashakumar Charita) were the poets in the Pallava court. King Mahendravarma himself wrote a social drama, ‘Matta Vilasa Prahasana’ and a book Bhagavadajjukam.

10. Explain the contributions of Pallavas to art and architecture

Answer: The Pallavas were lovers of art and architecture. They built many temples in their kingdom, which are noteworthy for their artistic skill. Many temples carved in rocks can be seen in Mahabalipuram. Wonderful monolithic sculptures have been carved in these temples. They tell the stories from Mahabharata and Bhagavata. The Pancharathas are the famous monolithic temples. The carving of ‘Arjuna’s Meditation’ has emerged as an excellent work of art. The temples of Kailasanath, Ekambarnath and Vaikunta Perumal at Kanchi, and the coastal temple at Mahabalipuram are excellent examples of ancient Indian architecture.

Additional Questions and Answers:

1 . What is ‘Chalukyas of Vengi’?

Answer: Pulakeshi II could not rule the whole of his kingdom from one centre. He appointed his younger brother, Kubja Vishnuvardhana, as the provincial head of Vengi province. Vengi region is in a modern Andhra Pradesh. Kubja Vishnuvardhana, who was appointed as governor by his brother, the Western Chalukya King Pulakeshi II. The capital was initially Vengi (near Eluru) and later moved to Rajahmundry. Later on, Chalukyas ruled the kingdom for around five centuries under the name ‘Chalukyas of Vengi’.

2. Who visited to Chalukya Capital when the ruling of Pulakeshi II? How he described the rule of Pulakeshi II?

Answer: Hiuen Tsang visited the Chalukya capital. He has given a detailed description of Pulikeshi II and the Chalukya kingdom. He said that the king was just and kind. The army was disciplined and the soldiers were courageous warriors who were not afraid of death. The subjects were lovers of truth, contented, self-respecting, prosperous and loyal to the king. They respected the king very much, and the king loved his subjects.

3. What are the contributions of the Badami Chalukyas to the Kannada land and culture?

Answer: The Chalukyas developed the Kannada land, language and culture, and protected its religion, literature, art and architecture. Their army was famous as ‘Karanatabala’ The reign of the Badami Chalukyas is a great and glorious period in the history of Karnataka. This age is noteworthy not only for its military exploits but also for its art and literature. The Chalukyas of Badami patronized literature. Kannada and Sanskrit developed very well. Kannada was their state language.

4. What are the contributions of Chalukyas of Badami to art and architecture?

Answer: The Chalukyas of Badami were great builders as well as art-lovers. They built beautiful temples at Badami, Aihole and Pattadakallu. They developed a special style or ‘Vesara style’ of sculpture called ‘The Chalukya Style’ in Indian architecture. They built cave-temples in the rocks of Badami. They encouraged many artists and sculptors. The best temples in the Chalukya style are in Aihole and Pattadkallu. Aihole was one of the cradles of temple architecture. Evolution of the series of temples architecture was first experimented here. This style found its full experssion at Pattadakallu. Thus we see the famous temples of Lokeshwara (Virupaksha) and Trilokeshwara (Mallikarjuna) here. We get conclusive proof of the Chalukyas’ artistic achievement in the towering sculptures of Vishnu, Varaha, Harihara and Ardhanarishwara in the caves of Badami. Even painting received encouragement.

5. Describe the administration system of Pallavas of Kanchi.

Answer: They introduced systematic administration in Tamil Nadu. Their contributions are significant in literature, religion, art, architecture and education. When the Chalukyas reigned in Vatapi and the Pallavas in Kanchi, it was a heroic age in the South. Their kingdom was strong and organized. There were ministers and provincial officers. The kingdom had been divided into mandala, nadu and grama. The gramasabha dealt with the problems of the village. The gramabhojaka looked after the village administration.

III. Activities:

  1. Discuss in groups the contributions of the Badami Chalukyas to Kannada language.

2. Learn about tripadisfrom your Kannada teachers and by reading Kannada books.

3. Pay a visit to Kanchipura and Mahabalipuram.

IV. Projects:

1. Pay a visit to a place of historical importance and collect information about it.

2. Draw pictures and make an album of important temples of Badami, Aihole and Pattadakalu.

5th Standard, English, Second Language, Unit 6, Prose – Dignity of Labour

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5th Standard, English SL, Unit – 6, Prose

Dignity of Labour

Words to Know:

lazy : one who does not want to work

responsible : one who can take up work and finish it

realise : become aware or understand something

labour : hard work

scare : get frightened

melt : get softened

wisdom : knowledge

supper : meal eaten at night

accept : agree

tremble : shake due to fear or excess work

ache : pain

rashes : red marks on the skin

Vocabulary 

V1 Write the other genders of the words underlined, and complete the sentences.

1. Raju’s father and mother went to the market.

2. My uncle and aunt came to our house.

3. My grandfather and grandmother go for a walk.

4. Boys and girls play in the playground.

5. The wife was cool and calm but her husband was tensed.

V2 Match the following:

             A                                   B

1. businessman           two rupees

2. mother                    rich

3. sister                        gold coin

4. son                          one rupee

5. shopkeeper             lazy

A                                     B

1. businessman                       rich

2. mother                                gold coin

3. sister                                    one rupee

4. son                                      lazy

5. shopkeeper                         two rupees

V3 Some words are given below. They refer to the father and the son in the lesson. Select the appropriate words and write them in the right column:

Scared, lazy, wise, guess, tears, sweat, happy, rashes, strict, ache, value of hard work, promised

 Father                                      Son

Scared                                       lazy

Strict                                         ache

Wise                                          tears

guess                                        sweat

happy                                        rashes

                                                 value of hard work

                                                promised

Comprehension

C1 Answer the following questions and share your answers with your partner. Then write.

1. What kind of a boy was the businessman’s son?

Answer: The businessman’s son was a lazy boy. 

2. What did the businessman tell his son?

Answer: The businessman told his son to go out and earn something. Otherwise he would not be given food on that night.

3. Why did the mother give her son a gold coin?

Answer: The businessman told his son to go out and earn something. This demand by his father scared him. He went crying to his mother. Her heart melted at the sight of tears in her son’s eyes. She gave him a gold coin. 

4. What did the father ask the son to do with the coins?

Answer: The father asked the son to throw the coins into the well in front of their house.

5. Why did the son go to the market?

Answer: The third time there was no one to help the son. Therefore he went to the market in search of work. 

6. How did he earn two rupees?

Answer: A shopkeeper offered him two rupees for carrying his bag to his house. He was sweating a lot by the time he finished the work. Then the shopkeeper given two rupees for him.

7. Why was the boy not ready to throw the two-rupee coin into the well?

Answer: The two rupee coin was the own earning of the boy. That is why the boy not ready to throw the two-rupee coin into the well.

C2 Discuss with your friends and answer the following questions in four to six-sentences each.

1. Describe the attitude of the boy towards work.

Answer: The boy was very lazy. The boy was not believed in hard-working and he is irresponsible. He did not realise the value of labour. The lazy boy was not used to doing any kind of work. 

2. “… you are asking me to throw my hard earned money into the well!” Explain the feelings of the boy when he said this.

Answer: The boy cried out in pain and said, “… you are asking me to throw my hard-earned money into the well!” He felt that his father asking to throw his money which he earned by hard working. This was very painful to the boy. He cried so much and realised the value of hard work. 

Language Exercises:

L1 The mark ( ’ ) is an apostrophe which shows where the letters are left out. Now read after the teacher: 

Cannot – can’t

We will – we’ll

Do not – don’t

We are – we’re

They have – they’ve

You are – you’re

There is – there’s

Who is – who’s

Is not – isn’t

a) Write the short forms for the following:

 • Has not – Hasn’t

 • Are not – Aren’t

 • Have not – haven’t

 • They are – They’re

 • I will – I’ll

b) Write the full forms for the following:

 • Weren’t – Were not

 • Doesn’t – Does not

 • I’ve – I have

 • What’s – What is

 • She’ll – She will

L2 Speech sounds ‘oi’ as in ‘oil’.

A noise irritates a boy. But doesn’t his temper boil. Now, say these words.

boil, coil, soil, spoil, coin, join, voice, choice.

5th Standard, English Second Language, Unit 6, Poetry – Results And Roses

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5th Standard, English SL Unit 6, Poetry

Results And Roses

Words to Know:

attain : to reach or succeed in getting something; to

achieve

repose : to rest or stay

seek : to try to find or get something

fair : beautiful

Comprehension

C1 Answer the following questions and share your answers with your partner. Then write.

1. What do these words from the poem refer to: fair, small, big?

Answer: These words from the poem refer to the garden.

2. What does this poem mean?

Answer: Poem means that we should work hard for our success. Behind every success, there is a story of hard work. 

3. What should the man (you) do to get beautiful roses?

Answer: The man should bend his back and dig from week to week to get beautiful roses. We should work hard to get Results or Roses.

4. Who is the poet of this poem?

Answer: The poet of this poem is Edger A. Guest.

Activity

A1 Complete the sets of rhyming words. One has been done for you.

Fair – there 

Big, worth, reposes, attain, seek 

Answer: 

Fair – there

Big – dig

Worth – earth

Reposes – Roses

Attain – gain

Seek – week

A2 Identify the words from the jumbled letters. One is done for you.

a) mslal – small

b) forelsw –  flowers

c) ogla –  goal

d) utrlses – result

e) cabk – back 

f) renagd – garden

5th Standard, English Second Language, Unit 7 Prose – A Great Coachman

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5th Standard, English Second Language, Unit – 7, Prose

A Great Coachman

Words to Know:

coach : horse-drawn carriage

desire : wish

scholar : a learned person

wandering : moving from place to place

monk : a holy man

social evils : evils that affect the society,

¸ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಪಿಡುಗುಗಳು 

caste system : different groups in the society 

superstitions : blind faith, ಮೂಢನಂಬಿಕೆಗಳು 

religions : systems of faith and worship

brotherhood : a feeling that all belong to a family and

are brothers and sisters, ¸ಸೋದರಭಾವ 

motto : That expresses the aims and beliefs of

a person, ಸೂಕ್ತಿ, ಧ್ಯೇಯವಾಕ್ಯ 

achievements : great works

Vocabulary 

V1 Make as many words as possible from each of the words below.

UNDERSTAND

Answer: under, stand, duster, dare, are, red, run, tune, stun, ran, nude, nurse, rat, set, sat, end, rest, ant, aunt, dust

EXPERIENCE

Answer: rice, pen, ice, pin, per, prince, expire

Fill in the blanks with suitable words, choosing them from the box below.

with to under for on 

A mouse ran to the wall and hid under the table. I poked it with a stick. It jumped on the stool and was there for sometime. Later it ran out and disappeared. 

Comprehension

C1 Answer the following questions in two to three sentences each.

1. What did Naren tell his mother one day?

Answer: Naren told his mother one day that he wants to be a coachman, because it is nice to drive a coach for him.

2. What picture did the mother show him?

Answer: His mother showed him a picture of Krishna (Gitopadesham) when he wanted to be a coachman, symbolizing a guide for others.

3. When was Naren born?

Answer: Narendra was born on 12th of January 1863.

4. Who was Narendranath’s guru?

Answer: Ramakrishna Paramahamsa was the guru of Narendranath.

5. What is the motto of Ramakrishna Mission?

Answer: The main motto of Ramakrishna Mission is “Work is Worship”.

C2 Discuss in groups and answer the following questions in five to six sentences each.

1. “…you should be a coachman like Krishna.” What did Naren’s mother mean? 

Answer: Naren’s mother means that he should be a coachman like Krishna who guided Arjuna and showed the path to the innocent people of the universe. Little Naren could not understand his mother’s words quite clearly. Later on he became what his mother wished for. Narendra became famous as Swami Vivekananda.

 2. What did Vivekananda tell in the Parliament of World Religions at Chicago?

Answer: Vivekananda made a great speech in the Parliament of Religions at Chicago. He said that all religions in the world preached the same truth. Therefore everyone in the world should develop a sense of brotherhood and love each other. He came back to India and began to teach tolerance and love.

3. Collect pictures of Swami Vivekananda and write about Swami Vivekananda’s life.

Answer: Narendra was born on 12th of January 1863. His parents were Vishwanath Dutta and Bhuvaneshwari Devi. They considered the child was a gift from Lord Veereshwara. So they named the child Veereshwara. Later they gave him the name Narendranath Dutta. 

He was sent to school at the age of six. He read stories from Ramayana and Mahabharatha. He had a desire to study more and become a scholar. He wanted to see God. Naren excelled academically but sought spiritual truth, asking many if they had seen God. He met his guru, Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, who confirmed God’s existence, drawing Naren to him for spiritual guidance until Ramakrishna’s passing. After Ramakrishna’s death, Naren took monastic vows, becoming Swami Vivekananda, and travelled India as a wandering monk, witnessing widespread poverty and resolving to uplift his nation. With help, he travelled to America, represented Hinduism at the Parliament of Religions, and captivated the world with his opening, “Sisters and brothers of America,” preaching universal brotherhood and Vedanta. He lectured extensively in the US and Europe, meeting figures like Ikola tesla gaining disciples (like Sister Nivedita), and establishing Vedanta societies, spreading Hindu philosophy. 

He returned a hero, establishing the Ramakrishna mission to serve humanity, emphasizing that service to man is service to God. He inspired patriotism and social reform through spiritual strength, before passing away young in 1902. 

Language Exercises

L1 Fill in the blanks with the correct words given in brackets.

1. I went in (in / into) the park.

2. I saw a lot of (of / off) children playing in (on / in) the playground.

3. A little girl wanted to (too / to) read a book.

4. Her parents asked her to go out (out / in) and play.

5. But she said that she would continue to (to / for) sit in her room and read a book.

L2 Complete the following dialogue.

“Hello Nayana, where are you going ?”

“I’m going to the doctor.”

“Why what happened?” “Who is with you?”

“My mother is with me. She have stomach ache.”

“Will you come to school?”

“Yes, I’ll get some medicine and then come to the school.”

L3 Speech sounds.

‘oo’ as in ‘school’.

Say this aloud.

Linda is dressed in blue

Brinda too is dressed in blue

Blue is lovely too 

You know it is true

Brinda looks best in blue.

Say these words.

moon, toon, soon, spoon, glue, true.

Vocabulary 

V1 Make as many words as possible from each of the words below.

1. What did Naren tell his mother one day?

2. What picture did the mother show him?

3. When was Naren born?

4. Who was Narendranath’s guru?

5. What is the motto of Ramakrishna Mission?

1. “…you should be a coachman like Krishna.” What did Naren’s mother mean? 

 2. What did Vivekananda tell in the Parliament of World Religions at Chicago?

3. Collect pictures of Swami Vivekananda and write about Swami Vivekananda’s life.

L1 Fill in the blanks with the correct words given in brackets.

L2 Complete the following dialogue.

L3 Speech sounds.

Paper Boats

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5th Standard, English, Second Language, Unit 7, Poetry

Paper Boats

Words to Know

stream : flowing water 

strange : unknown 

shiuli flowers : white and orange parijatha flowers

blooms : bud opening into flower

dawn : time of first sunshine

launch : send

bulging : swollen

playmate : a friend

fairies : beautiful, charming ladies who live in

the other world

lading : load

Comprehension

C1 Answer the following questions in two to three sentences each.

1. How many boats did the child float?

Answer: The child floats many boats day by day, one by one down the running stream.

2. Why did the child write its name on the boat?

Answer: The child write its name on the boat because the child hope that someone in some strange land will find them and know the child.

3. What did the child load the boat with?

Answer: The child load its little boats with shiuli flowers from its garden. 

4. What did the child dream at night?

Answer: When night comes the child dream that her paper boats float on and on under the midnight stars. The fairies of sleep are sailing in them, and the lading is their baskets full of dreams.

C2 Pick out words or phrases from the poem that mean the following:

• flowing water stream.

• flowers that blossom in the early morning shiuli.

• set the paper boats afloat launch.

• imaginary friend playmate.

Activity

A1 RIDDLE: 

I go up and down a lot, 

Whether it is cold or hot 

Sometimes I am on the ground

Other times I am in the clouds 

My name rhymes with daughter 

I am your friend named ______________ 

Answer: Water

A2 Make a paper boat and decorate it.

7th Standard, English Second Language, Unit 6 – JOURNEY TO THE TOP

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7th Standard, English Second Language, Unit 6

JOURNEY TO THE TOP

Vocabulary:

V1. The following are the meanings of words that you have read. Find out the word from the text and fill in the blanks. As a clue, the first letter of the word is given. One is done for you.

After a period of time or delay (para 1.) eventually

1. The highest point of a mountain (para7) s – summit

2. An experienced and trusted adviser (para 5) m – mentor

3. A mass of snow and ice, tumbling rapidly down a mountain (para 7) a – avalanche

4. A personal account of one’s own life (para 9) a – autobiography,

5. A journey or a voyage for a particular purpose especially exploration, scientific research or war (para 6) e – expedition.

V2. Pick out the words from paragraph two which describe Bachendri Pal. One is done for you.

Answer:

1. rebellious

2. active

3. independent

4 fearless.

Work in pairs:

V3. Write three words which describe you and your friend.

Answer:

 You                                            Friend

1. Shy                            1. Naughtier

2. Caring.                     2. Rash

3. Friendly                    3. Funny

C2. Answer each of the following questions and compare your answers with those of your partner.

1. Describe the trade of Bachendri Pal’s father.

Answer: Bachendri Pal’s father was a border tradesman who would take wheat flour and rice from India to Tibet on mules, horses and goats.

2. Write about Bachendri’s love for adventure and the mountains.

Answer: Always a rebellious child, Bachendri loved wandering in the snow-clad Garhwal 

Himalayas. She dreamt of flying in aeroplanes and meeting famous people and this always amused her family. She was an active child and did well in her studies at school. She excelled in sports too. She was independent and fearless. She climbed, together with a group of 12-year old classmates, 4000 m (13,123 feet) height during a picnic. As she could not come down before nightfall, she had to spend the night there, without food or shelter along with the others.

3. Why did Bachendri apply to NIM for a course?

Answer: Her B.A. graduation thrilled her parents, who had wanted her to be the first girl in the village with a degree. She eventually did an M.A in Sanskrit and then B.Ed. In spite of these achievements, the job offers that came in were only temporary and junior-level positions. Inspired by her love for the mountains, Bachendri decided to apply to the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering (Uttarkashi) for the Basic Mountaineering Course. She was judged the best student in the course, and much to her surprise, was marked down as ‘Everest Material’! 

4. Name the awards given to Bachendri Pal.

Answer: The awards given to Bachendri Pal are as follows.

1. Bachendri’s mountaineering excellence has been honoured by the Government of India with the country’s highest sports award, the Arjuna Award,

2. The highly coveted ‘Padmashri’

3. The National Adventure Award. 

4. Among the other major awards, Bachendri was awarded the ‘Yash Bharathi’ award by the Government of Uttar Pradesh.

5. ‘Gold Medal’ by the Indian Mountaineering Foundation.

6. Award from the Department of Education, Uttar Pradesh State.

7. The Lifetime Achievement Award by Kolkata Sports Journalists Association.

5. As students, what do we learn from Bachendri Pal’s life?

Answer: Bachendri Pal was the first Indian woman to climb the summit of Mt. Everest. The middle one of five children, she was born in 1954 at Nakuri, a small village in the Garhwal Himalayas in the present Uttarakhand. Bachendri was from a modest background. Bachendri loved wandering in the snow-clad Garhwal Himalayas. She dreamt of flying in aeroplanes and meeting famous people and this always amused her family. She was an active child and did well in her studies at school. She excelled in sports too. She completed her Advanced Mountaineering Course too with flying colours. Bachendri climbed the Gangotri (6672 m/21900 ft) and Rudugaria (5819 m/19,091 ft.) in an advanced camp (1982) during her time at NIM. However, Bachendri Pal continued her climb to reach the peak on May 23rd 1984. Bachendri conquered the summit of Sagarmatha (the Nepali name for the highest peak in the world) at 1:07 p.m. It was a difficult climb of over 29028 ft. (8848 m). Her dream had come true. Bachendri’s mountaineering excellence has been honoured by many awards.

From Bachendri Pal’s life, students can learn the importance of perseverance, courage, and never giving up on your dreams, even when faced with challenges like financial difficulties or societal expectations. Her journey shows that with determinationand hard work, it is possible to achieve seemingly impossible goals. She also teaches that challenges can be opportunities for growth and that believing in yourself is key to success. Her life shows how hard work and the will to succeed can raise one to greater heights.

6. In which paragraphs do you find the following information about Bachendri Pal? Discuss

a. She was not only interested in mountaineering but also in education.

Answer: Paragraph number 4.

b. Her mountaineering excellence was recognized.

Answer: Paragraph number 6

c. Her greatest contribution to the poor women with mountaineering skills. 

Answer: Paragraph number 5

Check your understanding: C1. Answer each of the following questions in a word, a phrase or a sentence as required.

1. What amused the family of Bachendri Pal?

Answer: Always a rebellious child, Bachendri loved wandering in the snow-clad Garhwal Himalayas. She dreamt of flying in aeroplanes and meeting famous people and this always amused her family.

2. Where was Bachendri Pal born?

Answer: Bachendri Pal was born in 1954 at Nakuri, a small village in the Garhwal Himalayas in the present Uttarakhand.

3. Where did Bachendri Pal apply for her Basic Mountaineering Course?

Answer: Bachendri applied to the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering (Uttarkashi) for the Basic Mountaineering Course.

4. Who was Brigadier Gyan Singh?

Answer: Brigadier Gyan Singh was the mentor of Bachendri Pal. He is the Director of the National Adventure Foundation (NAF), came to Uttarkashi in February 1983 to run an adventure course for teachers at the NIM.

 5. For what purpose was the ‘Bhagirathi Seven Sisters Adventure Club’ established?

Answer: “Bhagirathi Seven Sisters Adventure Club” was set up for help poor girls like through Bachendri Pal and the other poor could use their mountaineering skill to make a living.

Check your understanding:

1. What was Bachendri Pal selected for?

Answer: Bachendri was selected for the Indian Everest Expedition in 1984. This was the first mixed expedition and its prime aim was to provide Indian women the opportunity to face the challenge of climbing Mt. Everest.

2. What is the Nepali name for the highest peak in the world?

Answer:  Sagarmatha is the Nepali name for the highest peak in the world.

3. Which is the country’s highest sports award that was given to Bachendri?

Answer: The country’s highest sports award, the Arjuna Award, the highly coveted ‘Padmashri’ as well as the National Adventure Award was given to Bachendri.

4. Name the autobiography of Bachendri Pal.

Answer: “Everest – My Journey to the Top.” is the autobiography of Bachendri Pal.

Language in use:

G1. Work in pairs:

Look at the following sentences from the text ‘Journey to the Top’:

a. He eventually settled near Uttarkashi where he got married. (Para 1)

b. Her graduation thrilled her parents who wanted her to be the first girl in the village with a degree. (Para 4)

In the sentences above, the words printed in bold letters relate the two parts of the sentence. These connecting words are called relative pronouns /conjunctions.

who, which, where, why and what can be used as relative pronouns.

G2. Find out sentences from the text with relative pronouns.

Answer:

1 . Her father was a border tradesman who would take wheat flour and rice from India to Tibet on mules, horses and goats. (Para 1)

2. But her determination to study impressed her parents who allowed her to finish high school. (Para 3)

3 . The principal of her school persuaded her family to send her to college, where she defeated both boys and girls in rifle shooting and other competitions. (Para 3)

4 . Bachendri, whose family was under economic pressure, became an instructor here and reduced their financial burden. (Para 5)

5. ‘‘My thoughts went to my father and mother who taught us the value of struggle and the value of efforts.’(Para 7)

G3. Read the following sentences.

1. I do not distrust my faithful and loving friends.

2. A teacher is always fair and impartial.

3. An experiment is an unending quest.

The addition of a syllable at the beginning of a word is called a prefix. Prefixes like un, in, dis, im, etc., can be used.

G4. Add a prefix and make the word mean the opposite

*active x inactive 

1. dependent x independent

2. expected x unexpected

3. like x unlike

4. honour x dishonour

5. employed x unemployed

6. experienced x inexperienced

7. complete x incomplete

Writing Practice

Work in pairs: One student asks questions and the other writes it down.

W1. Choose an artist, dancer, sculptor, craftsman in your locality and collect the following information about them.

a) What is the full name of the person?

b) What is his/her art/craft?

c) Where was she/he born?

d) Who supported her and helped her/him?

e) Who trained him/her?

f) What awards/prizes has she/he won?

g) Does he/she train others?

Now, write a paragraph based on the information collected about the person and read it to the class.

W2. Write down a few questions you would like to ask ‘Bachendri Pal’ if you would meet her.

1. When you reached the summit of Mount Everest and looked down, what was the very first emotion or thought that came to your mind?

2. What is your inspiration?

3. What is your advice to the young generation to achieve the goal?

4. How did the lessons you learned on your life and work after the climb, particularly in inspiring and leading other women?

W3. Expand the following abbreviations. Add two more of your choice: 

 One is done for you. 

S.S.L.C – Secondary School Leaving Certificate.

1. B.A. – Bachelor of Arts

2. B.Ed. – Bachelor of Education

3. M.Sc. – Master of Science

4. B. E – Bachelor of Engineering

5. M.B.B.S – Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery

W4. Make a list of the qualities you admire in your parents. Have you inherited them? If yes, write it in your notebook.

W5. Discuss in groups: Add a few more awards given in our country other than the ones mentioned in the lesson.

1. Arjuna Award is a national award given to recognize excellence in sports.

2. Padmashri award is the fourth-highest civilian award of the India after the Bharath Rathna, the Padma Vibhushan and the Padma Bhushan.

3. Bharath Rathna is India’s highest civilian award, given for exceptional service and performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavour.

4. Padma Bhushan is the third-highest civilian award in India, awarded for “distinguished service of a high order” in any field.

5. Padma Vibhushan is the second-highest civilian award in India, given for “exceptional and distinguished service” in any field of activity.

Project work: Work in groups

Find out the things used by mountaineers, collect pictures and prepare an album.

Suggested Reading:

1. Himalayan Journal – Himalayan Club

2. Tenzing Norgay and the Sherpas of Everest – Tashi Tenzing, Judy Tenzing.

8th Standard, English First Language, SUPPLEMENTARY READING – SECTION 19 – THE MISER

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8th Standard, English First Language, SUPPLEMENTARY READING – SECTION 19

THE MISER

Glossary:

miser : a person who loves wealth for his own sake and spends as little as possible, stingy.

barns : building for storing grains, hay, …..

dowdy : dull, unfashionable

gruel : simple dish made of oatmeal

raisins : dried sweet grape

ingredients : the list of items combined to make a particular dish

crave : to have a strong desire for something

drool : let saliva flow from the mouth with a wish to eat something.

rumble : make a deep heavy continuous sound

groan : deep sad sound, complain irritably

misery : great suffering or discomfort

appall: horror or deep shock

remorse : sense of regret for having done something wrong

crumb : a very small piece.

delight : great pleasure, joy

impostor : person pretending to be somebody else

solemn : done in a serious and committed way

hoard : carefully collected and guarded store of money or other objects

plunder : steal, rob

rage, wrath : violent or extreme anger

deceiver : person who misleads or misguides purposefully

reluctant : unwilling

ordeal : difficult or painful experience

Comprehension

I. Answer in a sentence or two each:

1. What was there in Surender’s hoard to call himself wealthy?

            Answer: There was three huge barns heaped high with gold and silver, rare diamonds and precious stones in Surender’s hoard to call himself wealthy.

2. What did he see in the market place one day?

Answer: He saw a man eating a ladoo in the market place one day.

3. How did he savour the thought of having a ladoo?

Answer:  It was a large, soft, yellow ladoo rich with raisins and cashew nuts. Surender’s mouth began to water. It looked so delicious! Surender could almost feel its sweetness tickling his tongue. He wanted to eat and thought of having a ladoo.

4. How did Surender’s longing for a ladoo make him suffer?

Answer:  When he got home, Surender found that his craving for a ladoo would just not go away. He wanted to eat one so badly that he began to drool. His legs grew weak and his stomach began to rumble loudly.

5. Why was Vandana happy when Surender asked for a ladoo?

Answer: Vandana thought that she can makes dozens of Ladoos. Then they can share them with their children and neighbours and servants, too. So she was very happy when Surender asked for a ladoo.

6. Why didn’t Vandana’s happiness last long?

            Answer: Surender did not allowed to make ladoos for not only for neighbours and servants but also Vandana and his children too. That is why Vandana’s happiness didn’t last long.

7. How many ladoos did Vandana finally make? Why?

Answer: Vandana made only one ladoo finally. Because Surender did not allowed to make ladoos for not only for neighbours and servants but also Vandana and his children too.

8. Who was witnessing the whole course of Surender’s miserliness?

Answer:  Sakka, the King of the Gods and Ruler of the Heavens was witnessing the whole course of Surender’s miserliness.

9. When did Sakka assume Surender’s own form and walk into his house?

Answer: The next day, when Surender went for his morning walk, Sakka assumed Surender’s own form and walked in through his front door.

10. Why was Vandana astonished?

Answer:  “Today I am going to share my wealth,” said by Surender to Vandana. That is why Vandana astonished.

11. What was the warning given by the make- believe Surender to the crowd at his barns?

Answer: The make- believe Surender warned the crowd that do not be afraid if an impostor who looks like him comes to threaten and stop them. He told the crowd to drive him away fearlessly.

12. What was the real Surender’s complaint to his Majesty?

            Answer: Surender complained that he was robbed and looted of all his treasure by the people of the town. He also complained that the people began chased him when he had protested.

13. Whom did the puzzled king request to decide on the two look alike Surenders?

   Answer: The puzzled king requested Vandana, the wife of real Surender to decide which one is her husband Surender.

14. What was Vandana’s trial?

Answer:  Vandana asked the question to both Surender. She asked the both Surenders “Is it better to be generous to yourself, your family, your neighbours and friends, or your servants?” That was the trial of Vandana.

15. How did Sakka convince Surender to mend his miserly ways?

Answer:  Sakka convinced Surender to overcome from his miserliness. Because of his miserliness even his own wife and children did not want him. Sakka said that only hope for salvation is for Surender to stop being a miser. Sakka also ordered to Surender to be a lot more generous in his life.

16. How did Vandana want to celebrate when the ordeal was over?

Answer: Vandana decided to make dozens of ladoos for celebrate when the ordeal was over.

II Answer the following questions in about fifty words each:

  1. Explain Surender’s miserliness.

Answer:  Surender was so wealthy that he had three huge barns heaped high with gold and silver, rare diamonds and precious stones. But he was a terrible miser, too. He was so stingy that he was loathe to spend any of his carefully hoarded treasure. He bought the cheapest and the dowdiest and the most ordinary clothes for his children. For food, he stopped just short of starving his family. They supped on gruel most of the time, so that more money could be saved.

  • Why didn’t Surender ask his wife to make a ladoo?

Answer: His wife, Vandana, was an excellent cook and Surender knew that if he asked her, she would make him a ladoo. But she would naturally make one for herself, too, and one for each of their four children, and perhaps some for their servants and their friends, too. The thought of wasting all that money on the ingredients made him quite ill. That is why Surender decided didn’t ask his wife to make a ladoo.

  • How did Sakka, the King of the Gods teach a lesson to Surender?

Answer:  Sakka, the King of the Gods and Ruler of the Heavens was witnessing the whole course of Surender’s miserliness and decided to teach him a lesson. The next day, when Surender went for his morning walk, Sakka assumed Surender’s own form and walked in through his front door. He told Vandana that he will share all his wealth to the people of the city. He asked Vandana to open the doors of all his treasure houses, and invite all the townsfolk to take what they wish. As per the instruction of the Sakka, the people began to chase the real Surender. Surender ran to the king’s palace complained about the whole incident before the king. The king sent a messenger to Surender’s house and soon the make – believe Surender arrived with Vandana and the children. The King asked Vandana to identify the real Surender. She asked one question both of the Surender and decided that Sakka is her husband. Then God Sakka reverted to his original form and convinced the real Surender to be generous because of his miserliness even his own wife and children did not want him. Surender promised to be a more generous. That is how Sakka, the King of the Gods teach a lesson to Surender.

  • Describe Surender’s ordeal in the King’s palace.

Answer: Surender ran to the king’s palace complained about the whole incident before the king. The king sent a messenger to Surender’s house and soon the make – believe Surender arrived with Vandana and the children. Now there are two Surenders. The puzzled king looked from one to the other. The King asked Vandana to identify the real Surender. She asked one question both of the Surender and decided that Sakka is her husband. She asked the both Surenders “Is it better to be generous to yourself, your family, your neighbours and friends, or your servants?”

‘To all!’ Sakka replied promptly. But real Surender replied “To none!”

After these answers from both, Vandana drew close to God Sakka and told the king the he is her husband and he is the real Surender. The real Surender let out an agonized cry of grief and disbelief. Then God Sakka reverted to his original form and convinced the real Surender to be generous because of his miserliness even his own wife and children did not want him. Surender promised to be a more generous.

III Vocabulary:

Fill the missing letters to get the synonyms of the following:

1. stone:               p_b _l_

2. inactive:           p_s_ _ ve

3. forgive:             p_ _ d_ n

4. suffering:          p _ _ n _ ul

5. location:           p_ _c_

6. choose:            p _ _f_ _

7. artist:               p _ _ nt _r

8. couple:             p _ _r

9. picture:            p _ o _ o _ r _ _ h

10. strong:            p _w _ _ f _l

Answer:

            1 . pebble

            2. passive

            3. pardon

            4. painful

            5. place

            6. prefer

            7. painter

            8. pair

     9. photograph

     10. powerful

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