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10th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 5 – Social and Religious Reform Movements

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10th Standard, Social, History, Chapter – 5

Social and Religious Reform Movements

EXERCISES

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The 19th Century is called the period of ‘Indian Renaissance’.

2. Raja Ram Mohan Roy started the newspaper ‘Samvada Kaumudi’.

3. The founder of Prarthana Samaj was Atmaram Panduranga

4. Freedom was the basic necessity of every individual was believed by Jyotiba Phule.

5.  Swami Vivekananda’s guru was Ramakrishna Paramahamsa.

6. Young Bengali movement was started by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio.

II Discuss the following in groups and write the answers:

7. What were the preachings of the Brahmo Samaj?

Answer: Brahmo Samaj was in the forefront of the social and religious reformation in the 19th Century. It attempted to bring in reforms in the traditions and customs in Hindu religion. It opposed idol-worship and polytheism, and encouraged monotheism. It condemned performance of yagas and rituals. Since English education exposed Indians to Western political thought, it enabled the development of nationalism among Indians.

The teachings of the Brahmo Samaj centered on monotheism, rejecting idol worship, Sati, and the caste system, while promoting women’s emancipation and education, and universal brotherhood. It emphasized the importance of human reason and conscience over scriptures and rituals, advocating for prayer and meditation as paths to worship the eternal God.

8. Analyse the call of Dayananda Saraswati to return to the Vedas.

Answer: Dayananda Saraswati travelled throughout the country giving lectures and emphasized that the Vedas were the source of truth and knowledge. In this context, he advised people to ‘Back to the Vedas’.

He encouraged widow marriage. He urged people to use swadeshi goods. He propounded his teachings in a book called ‘Satyartha Prakasha’. ‘Purification Ritual’ was the main activity of Arya Samaj. 

9. Explain the reforms propagated by Satyashodhak Samaj.

Answer: Satyashodhak Samaj urged for prohibition of liquor. It vehemently opposed gender inequality, denial of human rights, and exploitation of people and practice of untouchability. It started a movement for social justice. Jyotiba Phule established a primary school for girls. He condemned the slavery being forced on shudras and casteless classes including dalits, and denounced the people responsible for such slavery. He advocated free and compulsory education in order to bring about reform in the social system. It began struggles on behalf of farmers. Phule wrote in detail about exploitation in his book ‘Ghulamagiri’ (‘Slavery’).

10. Analyse objectives of the Aligarh Movement.

Answer: The Aligarh Movement aimed at promoting harmony of Eastern and Western ideas through transformation of the Muslims in their political, social, educational, religious and philosophical beliefs. The leadership of this movement was borne by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. With an intention to provide modern education to the Muslim community, he started ‘The Anglo-Oriental College’. Later on, this college was renamed as ‘Aligarh Muslim University’. Its main objective was to provide religious education along with western education, and to create a modern society through western education. Sir Syed remained outside the National Congress and brought the Muslim community together. He supported female literacy and condemned polygamy and ideas against widow marriage.

11. Explain the vision of Ramakrishna Mission.

Answer: Swami Vivekananda established Ramakrishna Mission in order to propagate the ideals of his teacher, Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. The main objective of this organization was to spread the message of equality of all religions and to put that into practice. 

Ramakrishna Ashram has many branches all over the world. The mingling of ancient, modern and western thinkers can be seen here. 

Ramakrishna Mission is continuing to nurture culture through education and social service. Vivekananda emphasized that nation and religion were like the two faces of a coin. He tried his best in his lifetime to free India from casteism, poverty, illiteracy and unawareness. He believed that the desire of Vivekananda was to educate people. The educated people will bring reforms in the society. He wanted the formation of legislation and through legislation, social reforming rules must be implemented. He urged to stop the blind following of westerns.

12. Which were the reforms brought about by Annie Besant?

Answer: Annie Besant, an Irish lady started the activities of Theosophical Society in India and gave it new vitality. She aroused pride in Indian culture through her lectures. She attempted to establish equality, universal brotherhood and harmony in society. Annie Besant gave her full support to the freedom struggle. She started a newspaper called ‘New India’. In 1916 C.E, she started Home Rule movement. She was the President of the Congress Session in 1917. She contributed immensely to Indian philosophy and the Independence struggle.

 13. Explain the contributions of Sri Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana Yogam.

Answer: The caste differences were too much in Kerala and there were many prohibitions in place. During that period, all were not allowed to use facilities like tanks and roads. They were barred from wearing footwear. Restrictions were there on women’s dress also. They were not allowed to schools. These communities had to lead a suffocating life without basic human rights. In order to address this issue, Sri Narayana Guru started Dharma Paripalana Yogam movement. One Caste, One Religion and One God for human beings was the basic idea of Sri Narayana Guru. Education is the only path to achieve this he declared. He built alternate temples for the backward communities as they were denied entry into temples.

14. List out the highlights of Periyar movement.

Answer: ‘Self-Respect Movement’ led by E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker became a new force in South India. Ramaswamy who came out of Congress in 1925, started Self Respect League in 1926. He was called Periyar (Senior Person) out of love by people. Periyar believed that Congress was in favour of Varna system and started a new movement based on Dravida Racial Identity. He said Tamil was the language of Dravidians. He championed equality and criticized caste and gender-based discrimination. He participated in the temple entry movement in 1924 held at Vaikom of Kerala. He became the president of the Justice Party in 1939. He started an association called ‘Dravida Kazhagam’. He also started an English magazine under the tittle ‘Revolt’.

Even today, Periyar remains as the ideological symbol in Tamil Nadu politics. This is more evident in all the political parties of Tamil Nadu retaining the word ‘Dravida’ with their names.

15. Which were the principles advocated by Derojio?

Answer: ‘Young Bengal Movement’ movement was started by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio. The principles advocated by Derojio was as follows.

  1. Derozio worked towards spreading the message that only rational thinking would liberate people from the clutches of superstitions and social discrimination.
  2. The young Bengal movement held discussions and debates on issues like nature, humanism, God and other various topics.
  3. Derozio was an advocate of Women Rights and opposed caste based discrimination. This grew into a new movement, but the influence of this movement was limited to Calcutta and a few areas of Bengal.
  4. He also worked towards creating text books to inculcate new education system. This angered many traditionalists.

16. What are the contributions of Swami Vivekananda to the Society?

Answer: The contributions of Swami Vivekananda to the Society are as follows.

  1. Swami Vivekananda established Ramakrishna Mission in order to propagate the ideals of his teacher, Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. The main objective of this organization was to spread the message of equality of all religions and to put that into practice.
  2. He stressed the significance of the individual, his presence and ability. He maintained that apart from prayer and practice of yoga, social service was also necessary for achievement of salvation (moksha).
  3. Ramakrishna Mission is continuing to nurture culture through education and social service. Vivekananda emphasized that nation and religion were like the two faces of a coin.
  4. Swami Vivekananda tried his best in his lifetime to free India from casteism, poverty, illiteracy and unawareness.
  5. He urged to stop the blind following of westerns.
  6. In 1893, at the Chicago Conference of World Religions, Swami Vivekananda upheld the greatness of India by advocating tolerance of all religions, and maintaining that all religions were true.

III Activity:

1. Visit Ramakrishna Ashram and collect information about the views of Swami Vivekananda.

IV Projects:

1. Visit libraries and read books of social reforms. With the help of your teacher, collect information from the internet on the subject. 

2. Learn from your teacher about the organizations working towards social reform.

6th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 6 – ANCIENT DYNASTIES OF SOUTH INDIA

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6th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 6

ANCIENT DYNASTIES OF SOUTH INDIA

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Thirukkural was composed by Thiruvalluvar.

2. The great poet of Sangam period is Thiruvalluvar.

3. The famous king of the Sathavahana dynasty was Gowthameeputra Saatakarni

4. The capital of Kadamba was Banavasi.

5. The Halmidi inscription is the earliest Kannada inscription.

6. Pulakeshi III defeated the Harshavardhana North Indian emperor.

7. The place Aihole is known as ‘Cradle of Temple’.

8. The Idol Gomateshwara at Shravanabelogola was built by Chavundaraya, Prime minister of King Rachamulla

9. The famous ruler of Ganga was Durvineetha,

10. Chavundaraya wrote ‘Chavundaraya Purana.

II. Answer the following questions in one sentence.

1. Who was the heroine of the epic Shilappadigaram?

Answer: Kannagi is the heroine of the Tamil epic ‘Silappadigaram’ 

2. Name two epics of the Sangam Age.

Answer: The two epics of the Sangam Age are, 

1. ‘Manimegalai’

2. ‘Thirukkural’

3. What is a ‘‘Chaitya’’?

Answer: Sathavahanas contributed considerably to architecture. Three types of Buddhist structures that developed during their time are Chaityas, Viharas and Stupas. Chaityas are the prayer halls of Buddhists.

4. Where do you find ‘Chaityas’ of Sathavahana times?

Answer: The Chaitya found near Karle in Maharashtra is very big and beautiful. The Chaitya found near Kanheri is famous.

5. Where do you find ruins belonging to Sathavahana times in Karnataka?

Answer: We can see Sathavahana architecture at Sannati and Banavasi in Uttara Kannada of Kalburagi districts.

6. What is a ‘Shreni’?

Answer: There were guilds called ‘Shrenies’ in cities. Associations formed to protect the interests of trades like ‘Dhanika Shreni’ for corn merchants. Likewise, there were Shrenis for oil millers, black smiths, bronze-smiths, potters and others, each shreni had a leader called Shreshti or setty.

7. Who was the famous king of the Kadambas?

Answer: Mayura sharma was the founder and famous king of this dynasty. 

8. Which was the capital of the Chalukyas of Badami? In which district it is located?

Answer: The capital city of Badami Chalukyas was Vatapi (Badami). It is located in Bagalkote district. 

9. Mention three places where Badami Chalukyan architecture found.

Answer: The places where Badami Chalukyan architecture found are,

1. Badami

2. Aihole, 

3. Pattadakal

4. Mahakoota and Nagarala

10. Who was the most famous king of Pallavas? What was the title he had assumed?

Answer: Narasimha Varma was the most famous king of Pallavas. He had assumed the title ‘Mahamalla’.

11. The capital of Gangas Talakadu, is in which district?

Answer: The capital of Gangas Talakadu, is in Kolar district.

II. Discuss.

1. “All persons are equal by birth” – How is this saying of Thirukkural relevant even today?

Answer: Thiruvalluvar’s statement, “All persons are equal by birth,” is relevant today as it champions humanism by emphasizing that a person’s worth comes from their actions, not their birth circumstances. This ancient ideal challenges the persistence of caste-based discrimination and inequality, offering a rational basis for treating everyone with compassion and respect, aligning with modern human rights principles of equality and social justice. Thirukkural has 1300 stanzas. It has many cryptic statements like: Dharma is having a spotless mind. All human beings are equal by birth.

2. Factors that were responsible for prosperity during Sathavahana’s time.

Answer: The factors were responsible for prosperity during Sathavahana’s time are as follows.

( i) Agrahars were established for the education among them in Shivamogga district (Sthana Kunduru) was an important center of education. 

(ii) Sathavahanas contributed considerably to architecture. Three types of Buddhist structures that developed during their time are Chaityas, Viharas and Stupas.

(iii) Sathavahanas time was prosperous due to internal and external trading. 

(iv) The East and West coasts of the empire had a number of ports. Bharukacha (present boach), Sopara and Kalyana near Mumbai and there were many such ports on the West coast. 

(v) India’s trade relations with the Roman Empire of Europe was well-established during the Sathavahanas period. As many commodities were exported to Europe from India, so in return, gold was imported in large quantities.

(v) There was a foreign trade carried through the ports of east coast. Sathavahana kingdom became much prosperous due to lucrative foreign trade.

3. What might have been the reasons for the decline of the ancient royal dynasties?

Answer: Ancient royal dynasties declined due to various internal and external factors. They are, 

1. A strong empire could collapse if the rulers who followed a capable king were weak or incapable of managing the vast territory and challenges. 

2. Financial difficulties could arise from excessive spending on the army and bureaucracy, large grants to religious groups.

3. Attacks from powerful foreign groups, such as the Indo-Greeks, Sakas, or Kushanas, could weaken an empire and claim its territory. 

4. The growth of powerful regional kingdoms or groups within and around the empire could challenge and ultimately overthrow the ruling dynasty. 

4. Write a short note on Pampa, Ponna and Srivijaya.

Answer: Pampa, also known as Adikavi, wrote classic epics like Adi Purana and Vikramarjuna Vijaya, while Ponna wrote Santipurana and earned the title “supreme poet in two languages” for his command of Kannada and Sanskrit. 

Pampa: Pampa was the greatest Kannada Poet, He composed the first epic poem in Kannada. Hence, Pampa is called ‘Adi Kavi’ of Kannada. The Kannada poems composed before Pampa was not found so far. Pampa was in the court of Arikesari of Vemulavada, ‘Adipurana’ and ‘Vikramarjuna Vijaya’ are Pampa’s greatest epics that influence other major Kannada poets. Ponna is another Kannada epic poet who belongs to this period.

Ponna: Sri Ponna was another celebrated 10th-century Kannada Jain poet. His main work is Santipurana, a biography of the 16th Jain Tirthankar, Shantinatha. He was patronized by King Krishna III of the Rashtrakuta dynasty and was honored with the title Ubhaya Kavichakravathi (“supreme poet in two languages”) for his mastery of both Kannada and Sanskrit. 

Srivijaya: Sri Vijaya, a poet in the court of Amoghavarsha Nrupathunga, a Rashtrakuta king. 

Some historians believe Kavirajamarga may have been co-authored by a poet in the king’s court, the Kannada language theorist Sri Vijaya.

It was influenced by or written in part by the famous King Amoghavarsha I of Rashtrakuta, and some historians say it is based in part on Kavyadarsha, the Sanskrit text. Kavirajamarga has been co-authored by the Kannada language theorist Sri Vijaya, a poet in the king’s court.

5. What is special about Kailasa temple and Elephanta cave? 

Answer: The Kailasa Temple of Ellora is a Monolithic Temple carved out of 100 meters high rock. The credit for its construction goes to Krishna I of Rashtrakuta King. Such an architecture is not seen anywhere in the world. It is a feast for the eyes to see the wonderful sculptor. The story of Ravana lifting mount kailasa, the sculptor is picturesque.

The glory of the Rashtrakuta sculptural wealth is best seen in the rock-cut cave at Elephanta. Elephanta is a tiny island near Mumbai port. At Elephanta one is wonderstruck by the relief work depicting three-faced Mahesha, which is also called Trimurti.

6. State the military achievements of Govinda III.

Answer: Govinda III was the ablest among the Rashtrakuta emperors. He established supremacy of the Rashtrakutas in south India. Thereafter, he led a military expedition in north India and victoriously marched upto the Himalayan region. His court poet described the victory thus: “Govinda’s war-elephants tasted the holy waters of the Ganga”.

7. Why is Amoghavarsha considered a notable emperor? 

Answer: Amoghavarsha Nripathunga was the son of Govinda III. When he ascended the throne he was a youth of fourteen. He ruled for more than 60 years. He was a scholar. Amoghavarsha Nripathunga was deeply concerned with the welfare of his subjects. He built the city of Manyakheta (Malkhed in Kalburgi district) which became the Rashtrakuta capital. Sulaiman, a foreign traveller who visited the Rashtrakuta Empire, stated that Rashtrakuta Empire was one among the four mighty empires of the world. (The other empires being the Roman, the Arab and the Chinese).

8. Why is Vikramaditya VI considered the greatest emperor of the Kalyana Chalukya dynasty? 

Answer: The greatest emperor of the dynasty was Vikramaditya VI. His long rule witnessed remarkable progress in Karnataka. During his reign Chalukya-Vikrama saka was commenced. Vikramaditya VI patronised several eminent scholars. Bilhana, who was one among them, wrote Vikramankadeva-charita, a biography of Vikramaditya VI. Vignaneshwara was another outstanding scholar in his court. His work Mitakshara samhite is considered an authority on the Hindu law.

9. Write short notes on Vikramankadeva-charita, Mitakshara Samhite and Manasollasa.

Answer: Vikramaditya VI patronised several eminent scholars. Bilhana, who was one among them, wrote Vikramankadeva-charita, a biography of Vikramaditya VI. Vignaneshwara was another outstanding scholar in his court. His work Mitakshara samhite is considered an authority on the Hindu law

The reign of Someshwara III, son of Vikramaditya VI, was marked by peace and prosperity. 

The emperor patronised arts and literature. He wrote Manasollasa in Sanskrit which deals with several branches of knowledge. Being a renowned scholar he was aptly called 

Sarvana Chakravarti.

10. Which temple is known as the Emperor among the Temples? Why?

Answer: The Mahadeva temple at Itagi (Koppala district) is known as the Emperor among the Temples. Because this temple is the best among the Chalukya temples. An inscription describes this temple as “the Emperor among the Temples”.

11. Mention any two features of the Hoysala temples.

Answer: The main features of the Hoysala temples are as follows.

1. Not only the platform but also the walls, sanctum and tower of the Hoysala temples are star-shaped. A star-shaped wall surface gives scope for the play of light and shade in a very effective way. As a result the sculptures appear sharper and more projected outward.

2. Hoysala temple. Unlike other temples, it stands on a high platform (jagali) which is star-shaped.

3. The main attraction of this temple are the madanika sculptures. Madanikas are delicately carved female figurines in different poses.

12. What is meant by Bhuvaneshwari?

Answer: The four pillars of Navaranga in Belur Chennakeshava temple are lathe-turned. The delicately carved ceiling of Navaranga is called Bhuvaneshwari.

13. Where do we find the great temples of the Hoysalas?

Answer: There are about 100 Hoysala temples found in Hassan, District, The most important among them are at Halebidu and Beluru and Somanathapura. Most of the Hoysala temple are located in Hassan, Tumkuru and Mandya District.

14. Name the great poets and their literary works of the Hoysala period.

Answer: The notable poets of the Hoysala period were Janna, Harihara and Raghavanka. Janna was the greatest among them and he was called Kavichakravarti. Harihara wrote in a style known as ragale. He also wrote an epic. Raghavanka wrote several poems which set a new trend in the development of Kannada language. Andayya wrote literary works in Achha Kannada. During this period, the vachanas enriched Kannada literature.

15. Why is the Brihadishvara temple famous for?

Answer: The Chola’s contribution to architecture is also remarkable. The Brihadishvara temple at Tanjavur is world famous, it is 1000 year old. The tall vimana of Brihadishvara temple is the tower which is raised above the sanctum. The vimana rises in thirteen storeys as if touching the sky. Its height is 61 m (200 feet). The Brihadishvara is the largest and the tallest of all Indian temples. It is recognised as the world Heritage site. It is a common feature to install a statue of bull (Nandi) right in front of Shiva temples. The single-stone bull at the Brihadishvara temple is the largest in south India.

16. What are the achievements of Rajaraja Chola?

Answer: Rajaraja Chola was a powerful ruler and an able administrator. His vast empire included all the regions south of the Tungabhadra as well as Sri Lanka and the Maldives. To keep his empire secure, he built a strong army and navy. The marvellous Brihadishvara temple is his contribution.

17. What are the special features of the Chola village administration?

Answer: The village administration under the Chola Empire was exemplary. The administration was largely left to the village assemblies. The assemblies were elected bodies. For day to day administration, various committees were formed with specific functions. They were required to submit accounts periodically. They use to remove disqualified members out of the assembly. On the whole, the committees functioned more or less on the lines of the present day village panchayats.

Activities:

  1. Collect pictures of artefact’s of Pallava and Chalukya times with information.
  2. Read life-stories of Harshavardhana and Pulikeshi-II (Source: Bharatha Bharati Pustaka Sampada).
  3. Collect the pictures of the structural monuments of the Rashtrakuta and the Kalyana Chalukya Age with short description. 
  4. Locate on the map the capitals and architectural centres of the Rashtrakutas and the Kalyana Chalukyas.
  5. Make a model of Gommata using clay or any other material.
  6. If you have chance to visit shravanabelagola enjoy the artifacts at Shravanabelagola. View and gather information about Veeragallu’s around you.
  7. Collect the pictures of the Hoysala and the Chola sculptures and architecture with brief description. 
  8. Locate on the map the historical places associated with the Hoysalas and the Cholas.

6th Standard, Social, Geography, Chapter 11 – MAJOR LANDFORMS

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6th Standard, Social, Geography, Chapter 11

MAJOR LANDFORMS

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The various terrestrial features of the earth are called landforms.

2. The highest point of the mountain is called Peak.

3. The Himalayan Mountain is an example of variety of Fold Mountains.

4. In the desert, ground water comes out in the form of spring is called Oases.

5. The area with a flat top and steep sides are called Plateaus

II. Answer the following questions in one sentence.

  1. What is a mountain?

Answer: Mountains are the uplifted portions of the Earth’s surface and are much higher than the surrounding areas. They have steep slopes and small peaks, rising to more than 1000 metres above sea level.

  • What is a mountain range?

Answer: A line of mountains, with or without peaks, is known as a ‘mountain range’.  

  • What is a plateau?

Answer: Plateaus are elevated flat lands with steep sides. They are also called tablelands. Generally they rise above the surrounding areas. They have uneven surface.

  • Which is the highest plateau in the world?

Answer: The Plateau of Tibet is the world’s highest plateau and is known as the ‘Roof of the World’.

  • What is a plain?

Answer: Extensive areas of flat or undulating land, usually lowlands are called ‘plains’.

  • What is a desert?

Answer: Deserts are hot during the day and quite cold at night. Deserts get very little rainfall and therefore deserts are mainly dry. Therefore extensive dry lands are called ‘Deserts’.

  • Name any island that belongs to India.

Answer: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep Islands are the major islands of India.

  • What are natural regions?

Answer: The regions which have similar climatic conditions, relief features, soil, vegetation, animal life, human occupations, etc. are called ‘Natural Regions’. Areas having similar natural features are called ‘Natural Regions’.

Additional Questions:

  1. What are the types of Landforms?

Answer: The types of Landforms are,

  • Mountains
  • (ii) Plateaus
  • (iii) Plains.

2 . Mention the Types of Mountains:

Answer: the Types of Mountains are as follows.

(a) Fold mountains

(b) Block mountains

(c) Volcanic mountains.

3. What are the Importance of Mountains?

Answer: The Importance of Mountains are,

  1. Mountains are form natural boundaries between countries.
  2. They are storehouse of resources.
  3. They provide water for the generation of hydro-electricity.
  4. Mountains are origin of rivers.
  5. They have good effect on climate.
  6. They have scenic beauty, hence they are tourist centres.
  7. They are ideal for plantation crops.

4. Name the Types of Plateaus.

Answer: Plateaus can be divided into three types. They are,

(a) Intermontane Plateaus

(b) Piedmont Plateaus

(c) Continental Plateaus

5. What are the Importance of Plateaus?

Answer: The Importance of Plateaus are,

  1. Plateaus are a storehouse of minerals wealth.
  2. They are very suitable for the generation of hydro-electricity
  3. They have fertile soil which is suitable for agriculture
  4. They are useful for animal rearing.

6 . Mention the types of Plains.

Answer: There are three types of plains. They are, 

(a) Structural Plains

(b) Erosional Plains

(c) Depositional Plains

7. Mention the Importance of Plains.

Answer: The Importance of Plains are as follows.

  • Plains have vast level land and fertile soil
  • They are very useful for agriculture and Industries
  • They are favourable for the development of transport.
  • They have been centres of civilization
  • Plains encourage the growth of towns and cities.

8 . Describe the Importance of Deserts.

Answer: Deserts are inhabited by nomads who go from place to place with their herds of animals. The desert soil is not very fertile. But wherever water is available, crops can be grown. e.g. Nile valley of Egypt. Most deserts are rich in minerals like petroleum. They are Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, etc.

9 . Mention the Types of Natural regions.

Answer: The Types of Natural regions are,

1. Equatorial Region or Amazon type

2. Tropical Grassland Region or the Sudan type

3. Tropical Monsoon Regions

4. Tropical Oceanic Regions

5. Tropical Deserts or the Sahara type

6. Temperate Deserts Regions

7. The Mediterranean Regions

8. The warm Temperate Regions (China type)

9. Cool Temperate Oceanic Regions (West European type)

10. Temperate Grassland Regions or Prairie type

11. Cool Temperate East Coastal Regions (St. Lawrence type).

12. The Cold Continental Region or Taiga type

13. The Cold Desert or Tundra type.

Activities:

Prepare models of different types of landforms.

Collect pictures of the different mountains, plateaus or plains of the world.

With the help of the teacher identify the major Mountains, Plateaus and Plains found in different continents on the world map.

6th Standard, Social, Civics, Chapter 9 – TYPES OF GOVERNMENT

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6th Standard, Social, Civics, Chapter 9 – TYPES OF GOVERNMENT

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blank with the suitable words.

1. The government is a system in which the representatives have been elected by the people is called democratic government.

2. The feeling that we all are one is equality.

3. The dictatorship government is the system where one person or group opinion is final.

4. The Karl Marx was the propagator of communist government.

II. Answer the following questions.

1. What is governance?

Answer: A systematic administration which is necessary for a happy and peaceful life of the citizens of a nation is called governance.

2. What is a Dictatorship government?

Answer: A system the entire power of the state is concentrated in one person or a small group is called Dictatorship government. A dictatorial government system stands in the opinion of a single person or a group without any restrictions.  

3. What is Communist government?

Answer: We call the system of government that advocates the principle that the sources of production such as land, labour and capital belong to the community and that each person should work according to his ability and get according to his needs. Such government we call Communist Government.

4. Explain the basic principles of democracy.

Answer: Democracy is a type of government. Here, the government through representatives elected by the people is called democratic government. Freedom of choice for citizens to choose their representatives is the life of democracy. Democracy in its true sense is a system that guarantees a person the necessary individual freedom, freedom of expression, and the freedom of establishing an association and arranging the relationship of the individual with the state.

5. List the characteristics of Dictatorship government.

Answer: The characteristics of Dictatorship government are,

  1. In Dictatorship government system the entire power of the state is concentrated in one person or a small group.
  2. A dictatorial government system stands in the opinion of a single person or a group without any restrictions.
  3. Democracy upholds freedom while dictatorship opposes it. A dictator can rule as he pleases.
  4. In such a government justice, religion, economy and social policies are all decided by the dictator’s command.
  5. Citizens do not have the power to question and oppose it.

6 . List the characteristics of communist government.

Answer: The characteristics of communist government are as follows.

  1. The system of government that advocates the principle that the sources of production such as land, labour and capital belong to the community and that each person should work according to his ability and get according to his needs.
  2. Private property is not allowed here. Communism based on the principle of equality, is a pro-human system without distinctions between rich and poor in society.
  3. Private property gradually widens the gap between the rich and the poor creating inequality in the society.
  4. Ultimately majority of the working people win. Then a communist society without any discrimination will be created.

III. Discuss.

1. India is a large democratic country. Discuss with the help of the teacher how the basic principles of democracy are applied here.

Answer: India is a representative democracy, meaning people elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. All adult citizens in India have the right to vote, a process called universal adult franchise, which ensures that everyone can participate in selecting their leaders. The principle of equality means everyone is treated without discrimination and is given equal opportunities in society. Citizens have the freedom to hold different ideas and to participate in the affairs of their country. Citizens have a right to be involved in decisions made by the government, especially since these decisions affect their lives. The government is answerable to the people for its actions and decisions. The Parliament, made up of elected representatives, works to control and guide the government. General elections are held every five years, allowing citizens to change their representatives if they are not satisfied with the government’s performance.

2. Share in your class, how you as a citizen, will govern if you become a representative of the people.

Answer: If I become a representative of the people I will serve the people as follows.

  • Participating in every debate and vote on legislation, proposing new laws or amending existing ones to create the laws that govern the country.
  • By asking questions, debating government policies, and examining the government’s actions to ensure they are efficient and effective. 
  • Serve as a voice for my electorate, bringing their views, needs, and aspirations to the national parliament. 
  • I will participate in parliamentary debates on current issues and government policies, ensuring that the voices of their constituents are heard in the policymaking process. 

Activities:

  1. List the difference between democratic, dictatorial and communist governments.
  2. Do you agree with this statement, ‘citizens are lords in a democracy’? Discuss in the class.
  3. What is your favourite type of government? Write about how it contributes to the prosperity of the country.
  4. Collect more information about Dictatorship government.

9th Standard, Social, Economics, Chapter 15 – Sectors of Indian Economy

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9th Standard, Social, Economics, Chapter – 15

Sectors of Indian Economy

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1) Main occupation of India is Agriculture.

2) Health and Education come under Tertiary sector.

3) The total Geographical land of Karnataka is 1,91,791 Sq Kms.

4) SBM was established by Sir M Vishweswaraiah in 1913.

5) Manufacturing activities belong to Secondary sector.

6) The coastline area of Karnataka is Karavali and 320 km. long

7) To expand higher education Karnataka government has established ‘Karnataka knowledge commission.

8) New Economic Policy was introduced in 1991.

II. Answer the following questions with group discussion. 

9)  Define primary sector.

Answer: The primary sector includes agriculture and its allied activities like Sericulture, Horticulture, Animal husbandry, Poultry, Fishery, and Floriculture etc. which provide raw materials to agro-based industries.

10) Explain the importance of Indian agriculture sector.

Answer: Agriculture is a major occupation in India. Still it is the backbone of our economy. Its importance can be briefed as follows,

1. People are still depending on agriculture, directly and indirectly for their livelihood.

2. It provides raw materials for agro-based industries. 

3. It provides food for human beings and fodder for animals.

4. It helps in the capital formation through the savings of the farmers.

11) Explain the importance of Industrial sector.

Answer: The importance of Industrial sector are as follows.

1) It brings higher income to the nation.

2) It provides employment to the people. 

3) Standard of living of the people will be increased. 

4) It helps to modernise the agriculture as it provides tractors, machineries, fertilisers etc.

5) Reduces the pressure of population on agriculture. Many will migrate to cities & towns. 

6) It helps to earn more foreign exchange. 

7) Industrial regions also develop as centres of trade, education, transport, Banking etc.

12) Which districts of Karnataka are called as cradle of Banking?

Answer: Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of Karnataka are called as the Cradles of banking industry.

13) What is Education according to Gandhiji?

Answer: According to Gandhiji ‘Education brings all round development in personality of the child’.

14) State the group of Industries.

Answer: The industries can be classified into three groups. They are as follows.

a) Agro-based Industries 

b) Forest-based Industries

c) Mineral-based Industries.

15) List the important irrigation projects of Karnataka.

Answer: The important irrigation projects of Karnataka are, 

  1. Tungabhadra Dam
  2. Upper Krishna Project (Almatti and Narayanpur dams)
  3. Kabini Dam, KRS Dam
  4. Hemavathi Project
  5. Harangi Project, and the innovative Ramthal Drip Irrigation Project. 
  6. Upper Bhadra
  7. Mahadayi projects

16) What is Health according to W.H.O.?

Answer: According to World Health Organization- Health refers to “the person, who is free from physical, mental, social and intellectual disorders”.

Additional Questions:

1 . What is Tertiary sector? What are the types of Tertiary sector?

Answer: Tertiary sector is also called service sector. At present the world economy is dominated by service sector. The types of Tertiary sector are as follows.

  1. Banking
  2. Insurance
  3. Trade
  4. Transport and communication
  5. Health
  6. Education and training etc.

2. The condition of farmers is not yet satisfactory. Why?

Answer: Though agriculture is the main occupation, the condition of farmers is not yet satisfactory due to the following reasons.

1) Majority of farmers are small and marginal.

2) Large portion of cropped area is rain fed.

3) Productivity in agriculture is very low.

4) Majority of farmers are ignorant about the modern tools and new techniques of production.

5) Farmers do not get the correct price for their products due to the existence of middlemen.

3. List the Industries which are located in Karnataka.

Answer: The Industries which are located in Karnataka are,

  1. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
  2. National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL),
  3. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL),
  4. Indian Telephone Industries (ITI),
  5. Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML),
  6. Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL),
  7. Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT)
  8. TVS motor cycle manufacturing Plant at Mysuru,
  9. Tata motors at Dharwad,
  10. Electrical equipments manufacturing companies like Kirloskar, ABB, Kavika, Larsen and Turbo (L&T)
  11. . Infosys and Wipro are the leading IT (Information technology) Companies from Karnataka.

III. Activities: 

1) “The Third sector is in top position in the world.” Give a real picture with supported information about this statement.

2) List the industries that are in your locality and classify.

IV. Project:

1) Prepare a project on Karnataka Economy by explaining the different Economic activities.

9th Standard, Social, Political Science, CHAPTER, 8 – THE JUDICIARY

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9th Standard, Social, Political Science, CHAPTER – 8

THE JUDICIARY

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The Supreme Court came into existence on January 28, 1950.

2. The number of writs that can be issued under Article 32 of the constitution is 5 types.

3. Criminal courts came into existence on 1st April, 1974.

4. The lowest Revenue court is the Tahsildar Court.

II. Answer the following questions.

5.How are the judges of the Supreme Court appointed and what are their qualifications?

Answer: The President appoints the Chief Justice and the other judges of the Supreme Court. The qualifications of a Supreme Court judge are as follows.

1. Should be a citizen of India.

2. Should have served as a High Court Judge for at least 5 years, or should have been an advocate of the High Court for at least 10 years.

3. Should be a distinguished jurist. In the view of the president of India.

6. What are the functions of the High Court?

Answer: The functions of the High Court are as follows.

1. Original jurisdiction to settle disputes relating to matrimonial relations, death certificate and contempt of court.

2. Appellate jurisdiction to entertain and dispose of appeals against judgments passed by subordinate courts.

3. It has the power to supervise cases in subordinate courts falling within the jurisdiction of the High court, to direct them to observe certain rules and to collect all records. Apart from these, it handles recruitment and control of staff, protection of fundamental rights, receiving various writ petitions and providing justice.

7. Which are the subordinate courts under the Civil Courts?

Answer: The subordinate courts under the Civil Courts are,

1. Court of Subordinate Judges

2. Court of Additional Subordinate Judges

3. Court of Munsiffs

4. Court of Additional Munsiffs

8. What was the purpose of establishing Lok Adalats? When did they come into existence?

Answer: In India, the legal procedure is time-consuming and expensive. As an alternative, the Government has set up other forms of legal institutions which function faster and are less expensive. This was the purpose of establishing Lok Adalat. These institutions came into existence in 1985.

Additional Questions.

1 ) What are the powers and functions of the Supreme Court?

Answer: The powers and functions of the Supreme Court are as follows.

  1. Original Powers: Resolving the disputes between the Union and the States, and between the States; interpreting the provisions of the Constitution vested with Supreme Court.
  2. Appellate Powers: Citizens may file cases in the Supreme Court against the judgements given in the lower courts.
  3. Advisory Powers: The Supreme Court has the authority to advise the President on matters of public importance, constitutional importance and legislative importance.
  4. Powers of Judicial review: The Supreme Court has the power to review whether the statutes enacted by the legislature and the orders and decisions of the executive are constitutional or not. If these are in violation of the constitution they are declared unconstitutional and invalid. This is called judicial review.
  5. Protection of Fundamental Rights: The Supreme Court protects fundamental rights by issuing special order (writs) under Article 32 of the constitution of India. So the Supreme Court is the guardian of the fundamental rights.

2 ) Describe the Appointment, Tenure and Removal procedure of Supreme Court Judges.

Answer: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and other judges are appointed by the President. The Sitting Chief Justice recommends the most senior judge of the Supreme Court for the appointment of the next chief justice. On this recommendation, the President appoints the chief justice of the Supreme Court. Other judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the president, on the recommendation of the collegium comprising of the chief justice of India and other four senior judges of the Supreme Court and on the advice of the union cabinet. His retirement age is 65 years but he can submit his resignation to the president even before that. He may be removed by the president on the recommendation of a definite majority of both the houses of the Parliament on the grounds of proven misconduct or incapacity.

3.How are the judges of the High Court appointed and what are their qualifications?

Answer: The chief justice of the High Courts are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the collegium consisting of the chief justice of India and other four senior judges of the Supreme Court and on the advice of the union cabinet. Other judges of the High Court are appointed by the president on the recommendation of a collegium comprising the chief justice of the Supreme Court and two other senior judges.

The qualifications for becoming a High Court judge are:

1. Should be a citizen of India.

2. Should have served as a judge for 10 years in any subordinate court in India or must have served as an advocate for 10 years in one or more high courts.

4. Describe the Appointment, Tenure and Removal procedure of High Court Judges.

Answer: The chief justice of the High Courts are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the collegium consisting of the chief justice of India and other four senior judges of the Supreme Court and on the advice of the union cabinet. Other judges of the High Court are appointed by the president on the recommendation of a collegium comprising the chief justice of the Supreme Court and two other senior judges. The retirement age of the chief justice of the High Court judges is 62 years. He can submit his resignation to the President even before that. He can be removed by the President on the recommendation of a definite majority of both the houses of the Parliament on the grounds of proven misconduct or incapacity.

5. Which are the other courts functioning under criminal court?

Answer: The other courts functioning under criminal court are,

  1. Chief Magistrate Court
  2. First Grade Magistrate Court
  3. Second Grade Magistrate Court
  4. Third Grade Magistrate Court

6. Describe about Revenue courts. Name the different Revenue courts.

Answer: There are Revenue courts in every district. They take up cases related to land tax, land records etc. Revenue Courts comprise the following courts.

  1. Tahsildar Court
  2. Assistant Commissioner Court
  3. District Revenue Court or District Magistrate Court
  4. Commissioner’s Court

III. Activities:

1. Meet an advocate in your locality and learn more about the Supreme Court.

2. Visit the nearest court in your area. Watch the proceedings of the court and prepare a brief report on your experience.

IV. Project:

1. Collect reports of High Court judgments from newspapers and prepare an album.

9th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 4 – VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE AND BAHAMANI KINGDOM

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9th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER – 4

VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE AND BAHAMANI KINGDOM

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Vijayanagara Empire was established in the year 1336.

2. The poetess, who wrote Madhuravijaya is Gangadevi.

3. Praudhadevaraya’s minister was Lakkanna Dandesha.

4. The king who wrote Amukta Malyada in Telugu was Krishnadevaraya.

5. The minister who established a famous madrasa at Bidar was Mohammad Gawan.

6. The king who wrote Kitab-E-Navarasa was Ibrahim Adil Shah II.

II. Answer the following questions after discussing in your group.

7. Name the four dynasties who ruled Vijayanagara Empire.

Answer: The four dynasties who ruled Vijayanagara Empire are,

  1. Sangama
  2. Saluva
  3. Tuluva
  4. Araveedu

8. What were the achievements of Devaraya II?

Answer: The achievements of Devaraya II are as follows.

  1. Devaraya II had earned the title of ‘Elephant Hunter’.
  2. Devaraya II defeated the king Kapilendra of Gajapathi dynasty of Orissa and seized Kondaveedu.
  3. He expanded the kingdom up to Krishna River in the north east. Later, he defeated the Kerala ruler and received royalties from Kerala and Sri Lanka. This earned him the title “Dakshinapathada Chakravarthi” (the Emperor of the South).
  4. Devaraya II chased the traditional foe Sultan Ahmed Shah of Bahamani till Bijapur and occupied Mudgal and Bankapura.
  5. Being a poet himself, he had in his court the Sanskrit scholar, Dindima and the Kannada scholar, Lakkana Dandesha.

9. What were the problems Krishnadevaraya had to face when he ascended the throne?

Answer: The problems Krishnadevaraya had to face when he ascended the throne was as follows.

  1. When Krishnadevaraya came to power, the kingdom faced various complicated internal and external problems.
  2. The Europeans who had arrived through new sea-route established their colonies.
  3. The five Shahi kingdoms of the Bahamani dynasty plunged into wars with Krishnadevaraya.
  4. The kings of Ummatthur and Orissa were a constant source of threat.

10. What are the contributions of Vijayanagara Empire to the economic system and society?

Answer: The contributions of Vijayanagara Empire to the economic system and society are as follows.

Economic system: The Vijayanagara kings constructed wells, tanks and canals to encourage irrigation and agriculture. There were five kinds of practices of land holdings like geni, guttige, siddhaya, vara and gadi (tenancy, lease holdings and other kinds). The Vijayanagara empire achieved great progress in the field of industries and commerce. Spices like pepper, cloves and cardamom, salt petre, iron ore, diamonds, granulated sugar, musk, sandal perfume etc. were exported by them. There were important textile industries. Coins of different denominations like gold coins, gadyaana, pagoda, silver coins and copper coins were in use. Bhatkal, Honnavara and Mangaluru were the important ports of Vijayanagara, and foreign traders from Arab, China and Portugal had trade relation with the Vijayanagara Empire.

Society: There was also occupation-based caste system. There were many skilled artisans, blacksmiths, goldsmiths, bell-metal smiths, carpenters, weavers and cobblers in the society. The practices of child marriage, sati and devadasi systems were prevalent. Though monogamy was the common practice, kings and rich people had many wives. Women enjoyed a dignified status in society. There were female wrestlers and female palace guards. Holi, Deepavali and Dasara festivals were celebrated publicly. Dasara festival used to be celebrated with pomp and glory at Hampi under royal patronage. As an evidence of this Mahanavami dibba can still be seen. Music and dance enjoyed great popularity.

11. Describe the art and architecture of the Vijayanagara period.

Answer: The art and architecture of the Vijayanagara period was most memorable. The style of constructing huge towers (Gopura) in front of the temples was first started by the kings of Vijayanagara.

  1. During the period of the Vijayanagara kings, temples were built in Hampi, Shringeri, Tirupati, Lepakshi, Karkala, Moodabidri, Bhatkal, Chidambaram, Kanchi, Kalahasti, Nandi, Srishaila, Kolar and other places. The structure of Vidyashankara temple at Shringeri is unique in India.
  2. The most ancient temple of Vijayanagara is Virupaksha temple at Hampi. The Vijaya Vitthala temple of Hampi is known for its magnificent architectural beauty. The saptaswara musical pillars, huge Kalyana Mantapas and the Stone Chariot have enhanced the beauty of this temple.
  3. The Dasara festival was celebrated on the Mahanavami Dibba constructed by Krishnadevaraya
  4. Kamal Mahal, Elephant stable, Queen’s bath are wonderful examples of Indo-Muslim architectural style. Lakshminarasimha, Kadalekalu Ganesha, Sasuvekalu Ganesha and Uddana Veerabhadra’s idols are attractive.
  5. The Vijayanagara kings patronized fine arts like music, dance, drama and yakshagana. Artists enjoyed great respect in the palace and temples. Saint Purandaradasa and Kanakadasa had enriched Carnatic music through kirtanas. Dancers, adorned in exquisite costumes and jewellery, performed dance in the temples and palaces.

12. Mohammad Gawan was an able Prime Minister of Bahamani Kingdom. How?

Answer: Mohammad Gawan was an able Prime Minister of Bahamani Kingdom. As a Prime Minister, he took the Bahamani kingdom to great heights. He learnt Muslim religious verses and law at Kairo, also gained proficiency in Arabic and Parsi languages. He served as the Prime Minister during the rule of Bahamani kings Humayun, Nizam Shah and Mohammad Shah III. He was responsible for enhancing the glory of Bahamani kingdom by his efficient administration and victories. Gawan conquered Konkan, Goa and Belagavi. Later, he invaded Orissa and conquered Kondaveedu. In the year 1481, he invaded Kanchi and plundered its huge wealth. Thus, Mohammad Gawan who was responsible for the all-round development of the Bahamani kingdom. After him, the kingdom became weak and disintegrated into five parts.

13. Describe the administration and taxation system during the rule of the Bahamani sultans.

Answer: the administration and taxation system during the rule of the Bahamani sultans is as follows.

Administration: There were three levels of administration namely Central, Provincial and Village. Among these, there was revenue, judicial and military administration too. The Sultan was the chief of the central administration. The cabinet was called Majlis-E-Ilwith. Top officials, commandants, ulemas and amins, friends and relatives of the Sultan, attended the meeting. Gawan converted the then existing four provinces (Tarafs) into eight units and these provinces were divided into fifteen Sarakars. The Subedar was the administrator in each of these Sarakars. Sarakars were divided into paraganas. Kotwal, Deshmukh and Desai were the administrators of the paraganas. The village head was Patel, Kulkarni and guards as staff. The village units were independent units.

Taxation: Amir-E-Jumlas were the head of the revenue authorities. Land tax was the main source of income for the kingdom. 1/3 to ½ of the agricultural production was collected as land tax. There were 50 kinds of taxes including house, mines, tobacco, grasslands, trade and employment. The money earned by taxation was used for maintaining palaces, wars and bodyguards, construction and maintenance of forts.

14. Explain the education, art and architecture of the Bahamani sultans.

Answer: The educational policy of the Adil Shahis was to propogate Islamic culture. There were schools known as maktabs. They were under the control of mosques. The students in the maktabs were taught the alphabet, religion, law, poetry and rhetoric. The madrasas were centers of higher education. Mohammad Gawan who was a scholar himself, established a madrasa (college) at Bidar to encourage study of the Islamic religion and law. This college was 242 ft. length, 222 ft. width and 56 ft height three-storied magnificent building constructed in the Deccan style. It had a library with around 3000 manuscripts. The college was also a lodge for students, teachers and orthodox people. Astronomy, grammar, mathematics, philosophy and political science were studied in this college.

The Sultans developed Indo-Saracenic style of architecture. The Jamia mosque built by Ali Adil Shah I is a prominent monument even today. Ibrahim Roza, Gol Gumbaz, Gagan Mahal and Asar Mahals are the important monuments of this time. These monuments have made the Adil Shahis world famous. The Gol Gumbaz at Vijayapura is one of the greatest structures in the world. It has an area of 1800 sq.ft. There are 7- storied minarets in the four corners of the building. There is a huge dome in the center.

III. Activities:

1. Collect pictures of the various momuments at Hampi.

2. Read the books which describe the Vijayadashami celebrations on Mahanavami platform at Hampi.

3. Listen to the stories of Tenali Rama from your elders and write them down.

IV. Projects:

1. Visit Hampi and write an essay on the monuments.

2. Write an essay on the market system at Hampi during the Vijayanagara period.

9th Standard, Social, Political Science, CHAPTER 7 – THE STATE GOVERNMENT

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9th Standard, Social, Political Science, CHAPTER – 7

THE STATE GOVERNMENT

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The Union of India comprises 28 States and 8 Union Territories.

2. The Karnataka Legislative Council comprises 224 members.

3. The State Cabinet, comprising the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers is the real Executive.

4. The Governor is appointed by the President.

II. Answer the following questions with group discussion.

5. Explain the structure of the Legislative Assembly.

Answer: Vidhana Sabha is the lower house of state legislature. The strength of the Vidhana Sabha depends on the population of the State. The maximum number of seats of any Vidhana Sabha should not exceed 500 or be below 60. However, the number of seats in small States is less. Sikkim legislative assembly consist of 32 members. Karnataka legislative assembly at present consist of 224 elected members. 224 members are directly elected by the people. 36 seats for scheduled caste and 15 seats for schedule tribes reserved in Karnataka legislative assembly. After the enactment of 128th constitution Amendment bill as an act (Narishakti Vandhana Adiniyam) 33% of seats in legislative assemblies must be reserved to women.

6. Which fields are represented by the members of the Legislative Council?

Answer: The number of members of the Karnataka Legislative Council is 75. These members represent 5 fields. They are,

  1. Some are elected from among the Members of the Legislative Assembly
  2. Elected from Local Bodies
  3. Elected from Graduate’s Constituencies
  4. Elected from Teacher’s Constituencies.
  5. The Governor nominates some Members considering services rendered in the fields of art, science literature, education, social service and co-operative movement.

7. What are the qualifications, and the term of office of the Governor?

Answer: The qualifications of the Governor are as follows.

(1) Should be a citizen of India.

(2) Should have completed 35 years of Age.

(3) Should not hold any office of profit under the Government.

(4) Should not be a Member of either Parliament or State Legislature. If he is a Member of either, parliament or state legislature, he should resign from that post when he is appointed as the Governor.

The term of office of the Governor is 5 years.

8. Write a short note on the powers and functions of Chief Minister.

Answer: The Chief Minister is the Head of the State Government. Success or failure of the State Government depends on his personal charm. He is the repository of all the power of the State. He is the Head of the Council of Ministers, the Legislature, and the Leader of the majority party in the Legislature.

The Functions and Powers of the Chief Minister are as follows.

1. He recommends to the Governor for the formation of the Cabinet.

2. He recommends to the Governor to allocate Portfolios to the Ministers and to change the portfolios allotted to the Ministers.

3. He can recommend to the Governor to remove those Ministers who are not loyal to the Government.

4. As Head of Government, he plays a very important role in formulation of policies.

5. As Head of the Cabinet, he can summon or postpone its meetings.

6. He has the power to co-ordinate and supervise the working of all Departments.

7. He has the power to recommend the governor to dissolve the Legislative Assembly before expiry of its term.

8. He acts as the link between the Governor and the Council of Ministers.

9. He acts as an adviser to the Governor and recommends to the Governor regarding appointment of various posts.

Additional Questions:

  1. What are the Legislative Powers and functions of State Legislature?

Answer: The Legislative Powers and functions of State Legislature are

  1. Financial powers and Functions
  2. Executive powers and functions
  3. Electoral powers and functions
  4. Powers to amend the Constitution
  5. Other powers and functions: The reports of state public service commission, state backward class’s commission, state women commission and reports of other commissions are discussed in legislative assembly.
  6. What are the qualifications of the M.L.C (Member of Legislative Council)?

Answer: The qualifications of the M.L.C are as follows.

1) Should be a citizen of India.

2) Should have completed 30 years of age.

3) Should not hold in office of profit.

4) Should not be sentenced to imprisonment by the court.

5) Should not have mental illness.

6) Should not be bankrupt.

7) Should possess all qualifications from time to time as required by the parliament.

3. What are the Powers and functions of the Legislative Council?

Answer: The Powers and functions of the Legislative Council are as follows.

a. Financial powers and functions: The Legislative council has lesser financial powers than legislative assembly. According to constitution the financial bill should be presented in legislative assembly first. A finance bill passed by legislative assembly is sent for approval of legislative council. Then the council has to return bill with its assent to the legislative assembly within 14 days.

b. Administrative powers and functions: The Legislative Council does not have much control over administration. It can obtain information by Members posing questions to Ministers. If the questions are not answered properly, it can only insist on the Minister’s resignation but cannot move a No Confidence motion.

4 . What are the Powers and functions of the Governor?

Answer: The Powers and functions of the Governor are,

  1. Executive powers and functions
  2. Legislative powers and functions
  3. Financial powers and functions
  4. Judicial powers and functions
  5. Discretionary powers

III. Activities:

1. Visit the Karnataka Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council and prepare a report on it.

2. Like the State Assembly, form the School parliament and observe the proceedings and make the Report.

IV. Projects:

1. Discuss the Assembly proceedings with the M.L.A. of your constituency.

2. Prepare an album of the photographs of Karnataka Chief Ministers till now.

9th Standard, Social, Geography, CHAPTER 13 – LAND RESOURCES OF KARNATAKA

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9th Standard, Social, Geography, CHAPTER – 13

LAND RESOURCES OF KARNATAKA

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Utilising land for different purposes is called ‘land utilization’.

2. Largest net area sown is in Kalburgi district.

3. The Belagavi district is the largest producer of sugarcane in Karnataka.

4. Tobacco contains an intoxicating substance called nicotine.

II. Answer the following questions in brief.

5. Name the different types of land utilization in Karnataka.

Answers: The different types of land utilization in Karnataka are as follows.

1. Net area sown

2. Forest area

3. Land not available for cultivation 

4. Other uncultivated land 

5. Fallow land

6. Write a note on the importance of agriculture in Karnataka.

Answer: The importance of agriculture in Karnataka:

Agriculture is one of the ancient, primary occupations of Karnataka. It is the main source of livelihood for many. It is the backbone of our state’s economy. Economic progress depends on agriculture. Agriculture provides employment to people. It also provides food for the people and raw materials to industries. It is a source of revenue to the state and to earn foreign exchange. Coffee, silk, spices, tobacco, cotton etc are the agricultural products which are exported. Agriculture helps in the development of tertiary occupations like transport, banking, insurance etc. It plays an important role in the political and social systems of the state.

7. What is meant by ‘irrigation’? Name the main crops grown under irrigation.

Answer: Crops grown by using water from canals, tanks or wells is called ‘irrigation’. 

Paddy, Coconut, Arecanut and sugarcane are the main crops grown under irrigation.

8. Explain the main characteristics of ‘mixed farming’.

Answer: The main characteristics of ‘mixed farming’ are as follows.

  1. Mixed cultivation is a series of different crops.
  2. A mixed type of farming is gaining popularity. In addition to growing crops, dairy farming, silkworm rearing, sheep rearing, poultry, bee-keeping, fishery etc. are taken up and it is called mixed farming.
  3. Crops and animals are raised simultaneously.
  4. Two or more crops are grown at a same time in this form of agriculture.
  5. Growing of more than 2 crops will help the farmer to gain at least some profit in one type of crop will damages.
  6. Rotation of crops is also practiced in mixed farming.

9. Write a note on Maize.

Answer: Globally maize is considered as the “Queen of Grains” is the food of South Karnataka. Maize which is grown in plenty in south Karnataka is predominantly used as food for the human beings and fodder for the animals. Jowar and Maize belong to the grass family. It is a tropical crop, requiring moderate rainfall and moderate temperature. Mixed black and red soil and alluvial soil are suitable for jowar. It is a rain-fed crop and grown by using broadcasting method. It depends on the South-West Monsoons.

III. Match the following.

            A                                                          B

i. Coffee                                               a. Vijayapura

ii. Cotton                                             b. Tumakuru

iii. Paddy                                              c. Belagavi

iv. Ragi                                                d. Raichur

v. Jowar                                               e. Haveri

                                                            f. Kodagu

Answer:

A                                                          B

i. Coffee                                               f. Kodagu

ii. Cotton                                             e. Haveri

iii. Paddy                                              d. Raichur

iv. Ragi                                                b. Tumakuru

v. Jowar                                               a. Vijayapura

Additional questions:

  1. What are the major advantages of Mixed farming?

Answer: The major advantages of mixed farming are,

  1. Spread labour requirement
  2. Protects farmers from the loss or poor market price.
  3. Helps in soil fertility.
  4. What are the types of cultivation?

Answer: The types of cultivation are,

  1. subsistence farming,
  2. irrigation farming,
  3. dry farming,
  4. mixed farming,
  5. shifting cultivation,
  6. commercial farming,
  7. Plantation farming etc.
  8. What are the major crops of Karnataka?

Answer: The crops of Karnataka can be classified as follows.

Food crops – paddy, ragi, maize, pulses, millets,

Commercial crops – sugarcane, cotton, tobacco, mulberry.

Oilseeds-groundnut, ningerseed, sesame, sunflower etc.

Plantation crops – coffee, coconut, arecanut, rubber, banana etc.

IV. Activities:

1. Collect samples of the various kinds of food grains and pulses grown in Karnataka.

2. On a map of Karnataka mark the areas where jowar, ragi and other food grains are grown.

V. Project:

1. Note down the names of the crops grown in the surrounding areas of your place. Collect pictures of the same.

8th Standard, Social, POLITICAL SCIENCE, CHAPTER 8 – CITIZEN AND CITIZENSHIP

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8th Standard, Social, POLITICAL SCIENCE, CHAPTER – 8

CITIZEN AND CITIZENSHIP

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1 The people living in India under the British rule were termed as subjects.

2 A temporarily residing foreigner in our country is called an alien.

3 Citizenship Act was passed in the year 1955.

4 The method through which you have acquired citizenship is Citizenship by birth.

II Answer the following questions in brief:

5 What is citizenship?

            Answer: Citizenship refers to the legal status of being a permanent member of a sovereign state, which grants individuals full rights and imposes responsibilities like obeying laws and paying taxes and possesses civil and political rights and owes allegiance to the state to which he belongs.

6 What are the benefits enjoyed by a citizen?

Answer: The benefits enjoyed by a citizen are as follows.

  1. He enjoys security and gets protection from the State.
  2. He enjoys a peaceful life as the state ensures law and order.
  3. In modern times under social welfare schemes he enjoys benefits like education, health, insurance, settlement, employment and such others provided by the state.
  4. He enjoys both the civil and political rights.
  5. He enjoys the fundamental rights guaranteed by the constitution.
  6. He can participate in the Political processes like voting and contesting in the elections.
  7. He is eligible to occupy certain offices such as those of the President of India, Vice-President, Judge of Supreme court, High Courts and such others.
  8. He is eligible for recruitment to all public services.

7 Name the body which has the authority to legislate the laws on citizenship in India.

            Answer: Parliament is the sole authority to legislate the laws on citizenship in our country.

8 Mention the methods of acquiring citizenship.

Answer: There are two methods of acquiring citizenship. They are as follows.

1. Natural Citizenship

2. Naturalised Citizenship

9 Explain the citizenship by naturalization.

Answer: Citizenship can also be acquired through naturalization. According to this method, an alien can become a citizen after fulfilling certain conditions. Though these conditions vary from state to state.

10 What are the methods of losing citizenship?

     Answer: The methods of losing citizenship are as follows.

1. Renunciation: Any Indian citizen can renounce his citizenship voluntarily by submitting an application before the concerned authority.

2. Termination: If any citizen of India acquires the citizenship of any other country his Indian citizenship is terminated by law. This procedure does not require the submission of any application.

3. Deprivation: If any person has obtained the citizenship of India by fraud or if he/she has indulged in anti-national activities or shown disloyalty towards the Constitution of India, the government of India deprives him/her of his/her citizenship. It is forced termination.

11 Mention a situation under which citizenship is terminated.

            Answer: The situations under which citizenship is terminated are as follows.

  1. If any citizen of India acquires the citizenship of any other country his Indian citizenship is terminated by law. This procedure does not require the submission of any application.
  2. If any person has obtained the citizenship of India by fraud or if he/she has indulged in anti-national activities or shown disloyalty towards the Constitution of India, the government of India deprives him/her of his/her citizenship. It is forced termination.

12 Mention the types of citizenship and write the differences between them.

            Answer: There are two types of citizenship. They are single citizenship and dual citizenship.

The differences between single citizenship and dual citizenship are as follows.

  1. Single citizenship: People have only one citizenship that is National citizenship irrespective of the province that they belongs to.

Dual citizenship: Dual citizenship is a system of having separate citizenship for a nation and a state.

  • Single citizenship: There is no separate state citizenship bifurcation in to single and dual for example India. For example we live in Karnataka but we have Indian Citizenship.

Dual citizenship: A person is citizen of the state in which he resides as well as citizen of that nation. For example, dual citizenship exists in the USA where there is a federal state system. If citizen live in state of New-Jersey, he has citizenship of the state of New-Jersey. Along with that there is citizenship of the USA.

13 What are the duties of a citizen towards his nation?

            Answer: The duties of a citizen towards his nation are as follows.

  1. He must respect the Constitution and obey the laws of the government.
  2. He must protect the national honour and dignity by his words and deeds.
  3. He must not indulge in anti-national activities.
  4. He must oppose and check the evil practices like corruption, nepotism, dowry, child marriage, etc., through constitutional means.
  5. He must take part in the political activities of the state as the quality of the government depends on the quality of citizens.
  6. He must place the national interest above the personal interest and work for national progress.
  7. He must be service minded and must be prepared to sacrifice for the sake of nation.
  8. He has the obligation like paying taxes and defending the nation.

Additional Questions:

  1. What are the methods of acquiring citizenship in India?

Answer: The methods of acquiring citizenship in India are as follows.

1. Citizenship by birth

2. Citizenship by descent

3. Citizenship by registration

4. Citizenship by naturalization

5. Citizenship by the incorporation of a new territory

2. What are the conditions for an alien to acquire citizenship through naturalization?

Answer: The conditions for an alien to acquire citizenship through naturalization are as follows.

a) Domicile or Residence: Long residence in a foreign state entitles a person to acquire the citizenship of that state.

b) Marriage: A woman acquires the citizenship of her husband’s country when she marries a foreigner. But the husband does not get the citizenship of his wife’s country.

c) Foreign service: A person appointed in the government service of a foreign state may be granted the citizenship of that country.

d) Application: In all states an alien may be granted citizenship if he applies for it and satisfies certain conditions.

e) Property: A person who purchases property in a foreign country, desires to become a citizen of that country may be granted the citizenship.

3. What are the differences between the citizen and alien?

Answer: The differences between the citizen and alien are as follows.

1. Citizens are permanent residents of their state. Aliens are temporary residents or tourists.

2. Citizens enjoy political rights, aliens are not given political rights like right to vote, right to contest election, right to hold public offices etc. These are not enjoyed by an alien.

3. Citizens owe allegiance to their state. An alien is a foreigner who is a citizen of another state. He should respect and follow the laws of the state in which he is temporarily living.

4. But citizen cannot be driven out of his state. An alien can be asked to leave the country of temporary residence for various reasons such as illegal activities, expiry of visa period, etc.

III Activities:

1 Prepare a pictorial representation of the fundamental duties and exhibit it in your school.

2 Discuss the benefits of fundamental rights under the guidance of your teacher.

3 Discuss the importance of right to equality and right to freedom in India (under the guidance of your teacher).

4 Prepare a pictorial chart showing the methods of acquiring and losing citizenship and exhibit it in your classroom.

5 Discuss the benefits of single citizenship in India.

6 Supposing the dual citizenship as in US is introduced in India, how does it benefit us? Discuss.

IV Projects:

1 Collect information from the newspapers and magazines about the violation of fundamental rights and the remedial measures taken.

2 Collect information from the authorities concerned about the procedure to be followed by an Indian if he wants to stay in a foreign country for a short period of time.

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