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10th Standard, Karnataka Social/ Geography, CHAPTER 29 – INDIA – NATURAL DISASTERS

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10th Standard, Karnataka Social/ Geography CHAPTER – 29

INDIA – NATURAL DISASTERS

EXERCISES

I. Answer the following questions in brief:

1. What are natural disasters?

Answer: Many incidents occurring in Nature are beyond human control. Preventing these and predicting their occurrence at a certain place is beyond science too. Naturally-occurring destructive incidents resulting in loss of human life and property are called natural disasters.

2. What are the effects of cyclones?

Answer: The effects of cyclones are as follows.

  1. Cyclones are very destructive. Sometimes, the life of the people of cyclone-hit areas gets totally changed.
  2. They cause large scale deaths.
  3. Ocean tides inundate the inland water-bodies and make them salty.
  4. Crops get totally destroyed.
  5. Transport links, electricity supply and the daily life of the people get affected badly.
  6. Cyclone-hit areas suffer from infectious diseases, leading to huge casualties.

3. What are floods?

Answer: When there is heavy rainfall and excessive melting of ice, the volume of water increases in the river leading it to overflow. This is called “floods”.

4. What is Landslide?

Answer: Land mass sliding down the slopes from mountains or hills are called land slide.

5. What is Earthquake?

Answer: Vibration or movement of the upper layers of the earth due to the pressure created inside is called Earthquake.

6. What are the causes of floods? Describe flood-prone areas in India.

Answer: The causes of floods are,

  1. The uncertainty of monsoon rainfall sometimes gets heavy rainfall causes floods.
  2. Accumulation of silt in the rivers leads to overflowing of water on either side of the river, causing floods.
  3. Breach of dams or retention walls leads to sudden release of large quantity of water resulting in floods.
  4. Rivers changing their course can also cause floods.
  5. Heavy rainfall during cyclones can also lead to floods.
  6. Earthquakes in the sea are also causes floods.

Apart from the natural causes mentioned above, man-made causes like deforestation, improperly built dams, weak retention walls, and illegal encroachment of land are also important causes.

Flood-prone regions are found all over the country.

  1. The Ganges and its tributaries Yamuna, Gandak, Kosi and Ghagra rivers cause floods in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
  2. Damodar and Suvarnarekha rivers cause floods in Chattisgarh and West Bengal states.
  3. Brahmaputra and its tributaries Dibang, Dihang, Subansiri and Lohit rivers cause floods in Assam.
  4. Cloudburst often causes abrupt floods in the Himalayas.
  5. Narmada, Tapti, Sabaramathi and Mahi rivers cause floods for some days in a year in the state of Gujarat.
  6. Krishna, Tungabhadra, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Dhoni, Bennehalla etc. cause floods during rainy season in Karnataka.

7. What is Coastal Erosion? Mention its management.

Answer: The erosion of land by the waves in the coastal areas is called coastal erosion. Prevention or management of Coastal erosion can be done as follows.

  1. Prohibiting sand mining in coastal areas.
  2. Constructing retention walls along the length of coast wherever waves are strong.
  3. Stocking of large rocky boulders along the coast to reduce the impact.
  4. The most effective method of preventing coastal erosion is by growing mangrove forests along the coast.

8. Write about the effects of earthquake and precautions to be taken.

Answer: The effects of earthquake are,

1 . The loss of life and destruction of property, 2. Obstruction to transport, 3. Spread of infectious diseases, 4. Increased tidal activity, 5. Tsunamis, 6. Change in river’s direction.

The precautions to be taken to earthquake are,

  1. Restricting construction of multi-storied building in earthquake-prone areas.
  2. Using very light material for construction of houses in these areas.
  3. Constructing houses to ensure stability.
  4. Providing basic amenities to the quake-affected areas.
  5. Disconnecting power supply in the event of an earthquake. Remedies during natural disasters

III. Project:

  1. With the help of your teacher, make a list the flood affected places in India.

Answer: The flood affected places in India are West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Kerala, Haryana, Assam and Uttar Pradesh. Flood prone areas in India are in the areas beside the major rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Mahanadi, Teesta, Brahmaputra etc. India is one of the most natural disaster prone countries in the world.

Some more Questions.

Fill in The blanks

  1. Naturally-occurring destructive incidents resulting in loss of human life and property are called Natural disasters.
  2. When there is heavy rainfall and excessive melting of ice, the volume of water increases in the river.
  3. Land mass sliding down the slopes from mountains or hills are called land slide.
  4. Landslides are common in the mining areas.
  5. The erosion of land by the waves in the coastal areas is called coastal erosion.
  6. Vibration or movement of the upper layers of the earth due to the pressure created inside is called Earthquake.

Answer the following Questions.

  1. What are the preventive measures for cyclones?

Answer: The preventive measures can be taken for cyclones are,

  1. Evacuation of people from low-lying areas.
  2. Ready to keeping generators, boats, helicopters and other transport facilities.
  3. Re-routing trains and buses from the cyclone-prone areas.
  4. Keeping people constantly informed about the movement of the cyclone.
  5. Keeping the army battalions ready.
  6. Ready to keeping food, potable water and clothes ready.
  7. Ready to keeping medicines and medical facilities ready.
  • What are the Effects of floods?

Answer: The Effects of floods are as follows.

  1. Floods are causes, loss of shelter, property, land and crops of the people.
    1. Telecommunication, electricity supply and transport facilities get affected.
    1. Besides washing away the fertile upper layers of soil, a lot of trees are destroyed.
    1. Stagnant water in the low lands leads to dangerous diseases.
  2. Mention the Flood control measures.

Answer: The Flood control measures are,

  1. To control floods, bunds should be constructed on either side of rivers.
    1. Constructing dams across rivers, collecting water in reservoirs and directing the water to other places.
    1. Establishing centers to issue flood warnings.
    1. Afforestation in the river basins will prevent soil erosion, and also reduce accumulation of silt in the rivers there by reducing the chances of floods.
  2. What are the causes for Landslides?

Answer:  The causes for Landslides are,

  1. In the mountainous areas and coasts, constantly flowing water and tides remove soil creating slopes leading to landslides.
    1. When railways, roads and canals are constructed in the steep mountainous areas, the slopes become steeper leading to landslides.
    1. Collection of loose soil on clay soil layer can enhance steep slope formation leading to landslide.
    1. Landslides are common in the mining areas. Excavation of earth to reach the ore deposits deep down can cause landslides.
    1. Deforestation and deep tilling of the slopes can cause landslides.
  2. What are the effects of Landslides?

Answer: The effects of Landslides are,

  1. Flowing small rivers are checked by landslides.
    1. Transportation is affected.
    1. Streams and many plants get submerged.
    1. Landslides can cause loss of life and damage to property.
  2. Mention two effects of Coastal Erosion

Answer: The two effects of Coastal Erosion are,

  1. Large amount of land mass submerg into the sea due to coastal erosion by waves.
    1. Many houses and also property get loss and damaged.
  2. What are the reasons for earthquake?

Answer: The reasons for earthquake are,

  1. Pressure increases in the interior of the earth.
    1. Change in the Magma from one part to another.
    1. Urbanisation.
    1. Deforestation, Construction of Dams, Mining activities etc.,
  2. Mention the places of India which earthquakes are happened?

Answer: The occurrence of earthquakes is fairly widespread. The northern Himalayas, East Assam, Gujarat in the West have witnessed most of the earthquakes. In South India, Koyna, Latur and other places have experienced some earthquakes.

  • What are the measures can be taken in the case of Natural disasters?

Answer: Distribution of food, drinking water, distribution of medicine, temporary shelter facilities, necessary basic amenities, essential services to be provided in the case of Natural disasters.

10th Standard, Social Science (Political Science), Chapter 22 – WORLD ORGANIZATIONS

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10th Standard, Social Science (Political Science) – Chapter – 22

WORLD ORGANIZATIONS

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. UN has been established in __________.

Answer: 24th October 1945

2. The Headquarters of UN is situated in the city of __________.

Answer: New York

3. The organ of the UN resembling the Cabinet is __________.

Answer: General Assembly.

4. Tenure of Judges of International Court of Justice is __________ years.

Answer: 9 Years.

5. The head office of FAO is at ______________.

Answer: Rome of Italy.

6. International Court of Justice is at __________.

Answer: Hague of Netherland. 

7. The present Secretary General of UN is __________.

Answer: Antonio Guterres

8. World Health Organisation has been started in the year __________.

Answer: 1948

9. SAARC has been established in the year __________.

Answer: 1985

II. Discuss in group and answer in two or three sentences.

10. Who are responsible for the formation of UN?

Answer: When the time of Second World War, leaders like Winston Churchill of England, Joseph Stalin of Russia, and Franklin D. Roosevelt of America decided to have a new global organization is called United Nations (UN). So they are responsible for the formation of UN.

11. Which are the main organs of UN?

Answer: The main Organs of UN are,

 1) General Assembly

2) The Security Council

3) The Economic and Social Council

4) Trusteeship Council

5) International Court of Justice

6) The Secretariat

12. Who are the permanent members of Security Council?

Answer: U.S.A., Russia, Britain, France and China are the permanent members of Security Council.

13. What are the objectives of WHO?

Answer: The objectives of WHO are,

  1. W.H.O. strives to eradicate epidemics like Cholera, plague, malaria, small pox and COVID-19 etc. It fights against AIDS, Cancer and similar global level health hazards.
  2. To eradicating small pox from the world.
  3. In its agenda there are issues like population explosion, environment protection, hunger and malnutrition.

14. Prepare the list of activities of International Labour Organization?

Answer: The activities of International Labour Organization are,

  1. The welfare of the working class.
  2. Solving the issues like social security, protection from health hazards, standard of living etc. of working classes comes under the purview of I.L.O.
  3. Providing the maternity benefits of women labour, minimum wage, housing benefits etc.

15. Expand the word SAARC.

Answer: SAARC – South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

III. Discuss in group and answer in 6 to 10 sentences.

16. List out the objectives of UN.

Answer: The objectives of UN are,

1) To maintain international peace and security

2) To develop friendly relations among nations.

3) To establish faith in fundamental human rights.

4) To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character.

5) To establish justice and respect for international obligation and

6) To function as a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.

17. Explain the formation of General Assembly.

Answer:

  1. General Assembly is the general body consisting of all the members of the U.N.
  2. Each member country can send 5 members but have only single vote.
  3. The Assembly at its first session elects a President for a term of one year.
  4. It also elects 17 vice Presidents and 7 Chairmen for the 7 standing Committees.
  5. The ordinary session normally commences in September and lasts until mid December.
  6. A two third majority of members present and voting is required on all important questions.
  7. It is playing a prominent role in almost all global issues as ‘a World Parliament’.

18. What are the activities of Economics and social Council?

Answer: The activities of Economics and social Council are,

  1. To study and report about international economic, social, cultural, educational, health and related matters. Accordingly issues like that of refugees, status of women, housing etc come under its purview (functional area).
  2. It makes recommendations for the observance of human rights and fundamental freedom.
  3. A number of issues such as the status of refugees, women and housing issues come under the purview of this board.
  4. The Council coordinates the wok of specialized agencies like International Labour Organization (I.L.O.) Food and Agricultural Organization (F.A.O.) World Health Organization (W.H.O.) etc.
  5. It can conduct (convene) international conference pertaining to human resources, culture, education etc.

19. Explain the role of UN in maintaining world peace.

Answer: Security Council of UN is primarily aiming at solving international disputes through peaceful means. If there is a necessity, it may direct the UN peace keeping force (IPKF) for international peace and security. It elects the judges of the International Court of Justice and recommends the name for the post of the Secretary General.  UN is working to maintain international peace and security and to develop friendly relations among nations.  UN is also establishing justice and respect for international obligation and working to function as a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.

20. What are the functions of UNESCO.

Answer: The functions of UNESCO are,

  1. UNESCO is a prominent specialized organ mainly dealing with the promotion of science, education, and culture throughout the globe.
  2. It aims at the development of technical education, information technology, creative thinking, cultural and environment studies.
  3. In the development of knowledge and its dissemination UNESCO assists state and non-state institutions all over the World.

21. Explain the role of IMF in solving the economic problems of the World.

Answer: IMF aims at solving international economic problems. It strives to promote world trade, economic stability and sound balance of payment situations. This Institution consists of Board of Governors, Executive Directors and Managing Directors. The functioning of IMF has been widely appreciated for its efficiency and transparency. It may be described as Central Bank of central banks of different countries. It strives to harmonize the economic relations of advanced and poor nations.

22. List out the objectives of Commonwealth of Nations.

Answer: The objectives of Commonwealth of Nations are,

  1. Upholding of democracy, liberties,
  2. ‘Commonwealth of Nations’ assists to eradicate poverty.
  3.  Promotion of world peace, sports, science, and cultural ties
  4. This Organization helps to promote friendly ties among the member states.

23. Explain the European Union.

Answer: The European Union or EU is a Union of 27 European countries. It was established in 1992 by the Treaty of European Union in Maastricht (A city in the Netherland). It implements a common single market, a single currency, common agricultural and trade policy etc.

The most important EU institutions are

  1. The Council
  2. The Commission
  3. The European Parliament
  4. The European Court of Justice
  5. European Central Bank.  

       As such EU may resemble a federation or Confederation. Supporters of the European Union agree that it is a force for peace and democracy. Its head office is at Brussels of Belgium.

7th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 16 – FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE (1857 – 58 C.E)

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7th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 16

FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE (1857 – 58 C.E)

EXERCISES

I Fill up the blanks with a suitable word.

1 Common Military Service Act was enforced by Lord Canning.

2 The Indian soldier who refused to use the fat-smeared rifle in Barackpore was Mangal Pandey.

3 The mutiny was lead by Kunwar Singh  in Bihar.

4. 1857 protests were called “the First war of Independence by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar.

II Answer the following in a word or a sentence each.

1 What was the immediate cause of the 1857 C.E. struggle for Independence?

            Answer: The immediate cause of the 1857 C.E. struggle for Independence are as follows.

1 . In 1857 C.E. a new kind of gun (Enfield Rifle) that was brought into the army became the immediate cause for the revolt.

2 . Before the cartridges were loaded into these guns by the soldiers, the paper covering them had to be torn off with their teeth.

3. A news spread like wild fire that pig and cow fat were smeared on this paper coverings.

4. This hurt the religious sentiments of both Hindu and muslim soldiers.

5. When the soldiers showed reluctance to use such cartridges, they were punished by the British.

2 Mention the results of the 1857 C.E. revolt.

            Answer: The results of the 1857 C.E. revolt are as follows.

1 . As a result of this revolt, the rule of the East India Company ended.

2 . The British Queen took over the administration of India.

3 . In 1858 C.E. Queen Victoria issued a ‘Proclamation’. This proclamation promised to respect the rights, customs and traditions of the Indians.

4 . It also emphasized that there would be no interference in the religious life of the people.

5. The 1857-58 C.E. war paved the way for the modern national movement for independence. It became a constant source of inspiration for the freedom struggle.

3 Which were the states that were occupied by the British, under the doctrine of Subsidiary Alliance?

Answer: The provinces annexed by the British through the subsidiary alliance system include Hyderabad, Mysore, Awadh, Tanjore, the Peshwa’s territories, the Bhonsle Raja of Berar, and several Rajput states like Jodhpur, Jaipur, and Bundhi. These states lost their sovereignty and came under British control, allowing the British to maintain troops at the local rulers’ expense.  

III Write short notes on.

1 The causes for freedom struggle.

2 Jhansi Rani Laxmibai

3 Bahadur Shah II

1 . The causes for freedom struggle: India’s economy had weakened due to the long period of British rule. People of different classes were subjected to great suffering. Farmers were crushed under the burden of taxes. Cottage industries had been destroyed and the professions being followed traditionally had lost their relevance. People had become destitutes. The causes for the revolt can be classified into political, economic, social, religious, administrative and military in nature. Some of these were direct causes whereas others were indirect.

2 . Jhansi Rani Laxmibai: Jhansi Rani Laxmibai the Queen of Jhansi, was a pivotal and fearless leader in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, resisting the British East India Company’s oppressive rule. After her husband’s death in 1853, the British East India Company’s Governor-General, Lord Dalhousie, applied the “Doctrine of Lapse” to Jhansi. When the rebellion broke out in 1857, angered Rani organized and led her troops, which included both men and women, to defend Jhansi against a British siege. In March 1858, British forces under General Hugh Rose attacked Jhansi. When Jhansi fell in the battlefield, she made a legendary escape on horseback with her young son tied to her back and galloped to Kalpi to join other rebel forces. She and other rebel leaders, including Tatya Tope, successfully captured the fort of Gwalior. However, a British counterattack followed.  Rani Lakshmibai fought her final battle near Gwalior in June 1858. Dressed as a soldier, she was mortally wounded in combat and died on the battlefield. Rani Lakshmibai remains a powerful symbol of Indian independence, women’s empowerment, and defiance against oppression.

3 Bahadur Shah II: Bahadur Shah II, popularly known as Bahadur Shah Zafar, was the last Mughal emperor of India. A ruler in name only, he was a noted Urdu poet and a key symbolic figure in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. His exile by the British in 1858 marked the official end of the Mughal Empire. Born in Delhi in 1775, Bahadur Shah II was the second son of Emperor Akbar II. He succeeded his father to the throne in 1837 at the age of 62. The period of 1857 C.E. in Meerut, soldiers killed each and every European they set their eyes on. The enraged mob screamed ‘Maro farangiko’ (Kill the foreigners!) and advanced towards Delhi. In Delhi, they declared the old and the last Mughal King, Bahadur Shah II as the Emperor of India.

Additional questions:

1 . Which were the states that were occupied by the British, under the doctrine of Lapse policy?

Answer: Doctrine of Lapse made many kings and Nawabs lose their positions. Satara, Jaipur, Sambalpur, Udaipur, Jhansi, Oudh and others had been occupied by British. Due to this problematic situation and political pressures, the Mughal king, Bahadur Shah had been reduced to a name-sake king. The pension of some kings had been withheld. Royal titles of a few kings were cancelled.

2. Name the causes of the revolt of 1857 C.E.

Answer: The causes of the revolt of 1857 C.E. are as follows.

1 . Political cause

2. Economic cause

3. Social cause

4. Religious cause

5. Administrative cause

6. Military cause

7. Immediate cause

Activity: Read the life histories of Mangal Pandey, Jhansi Rani Laxmibai, Tatya Tope, Nana Saheb, Begum Hazrat Mahal, Kunwar Singh, Mundargi Bhimrao and other revolutionaries. (Refer to the Bharata-Bharati series of books).

7th Standard, Social (History) Chapter 18 – UNIFICATION OF KARNATAKA AND BORDER DISPUTES

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7th Standard, Social (History) Chapter 18

UNIFICATION OF KARNATAKA AND BORDER DISPUTES

EXERCISES

I Fill in the blank with a suitable word:

1 The first chairman of Karnataka Vidya Vardhaka Sangha was R.H.Deshpande

2 Alur Venkatarao  was called the Karnataka Kula Purohita.

3 The first Kannada National poet was Manjeshwar Govinda Pai.

4 The first Chief Minister of unified Karnataka was S.Nijalingappa

II Answer in one word or sentence each.

1 Name the Kannada districts that were in Hyderabad province.

Answer: Kalaburgi, Bidar and Raichur districts are the Kannada districts that were in Hyderabad province.

2 Name two organizations that contributed to the unification of Karnataka.

Answer:  Karnataka Vidyavardhaka sangha and Karnataka sabha are the two organizations that contributed to the unification of Karnataka.

III Answer in two or three sentences each.

1 What were the recommendations of the Fazal Ali Commission that the Kannadigas protested?

Answer: The inclusion of Kasaragod in Kerala state and suggestions about Ballari district were the recommendations of the Fazal Ali Commission that the Kannadigas protested. All the parties of the state accepted and respected the committee report. But, Kannadigas vociferously protested against the inclusion of Kasaragod in Kerala state and suggestions about Ballari district.

2 List out the names of the great personalities who fought for unifying Karnataka.

Answer: R.H.Deshpande, Kengal Hanumanthaiah, Venkata Rango Katti , Huyilgol Narayan Rao, Alur Venkatarao, Kuvempu, Manjeshwar Govinda Pai, Kaiyara Kinhanna rai are the great personalities who fought for unifying Karnataka

IV Write short notes on.

Alur Venkatrao, Fazal Ali Commission.

Alur Venkatrao: The most prominent person who struggled for the progress of Karnataka state, Kannada language and Kannada culture was Alur Venkatarao. Seeing the sorry plight of Karnataka, he had exclaimed: “Where is Karnataka?… Who will sew up Karnataka into a single piece which is now like a ragged cloth torn in many places? Who has so much pride in his state?” Making Kannada people understand the glory of their land and language was the objective of Venkatarao. He wrote and published the book ‘Past Glory of Karnataka’ with his own funds. It was an inspiring book. Hyderabad – Kannadigas felicitated him (1941) and gave him the title, ‘Karnataka Kulapurohita’ (family saint).’

Fazal Ali Commission:  There was a demand for reorganizing of India based on languages. The Central government appointed a committee called State Re- Organisation Committee to give a report. The President of the committee was S. Fazal Ali and the committee was called Fazal Ali Committee. Other members of this committee were H.N. Kunzru and K.M. Panikkar. This committee gave its report in 1955. Accordingly, the reorganization of states was based on the language and convenience of administration. All the parties of the state accepted and respected the committee report. But, Kannadigas vociferously protested against the inclusion of Kasaragod in Kerala state and suggestions about Ballari district. Mysore assembly decided that Ballari should not be separated from Mysore and that the new state should be called ‘Mysore State’. Fazal Ali report had recommended that most parts of Ballari be handed over to Andhra State.

V Discuss.

Suggest solutions for the border disputes between Karnataka, Kerala and Maharashtra. (Take the help of your teacher)

Solutions for the border disputes between Karnataka, Kerala and Maharashtra:

There were definitely solutions to the boundary disputes between the states at that time. But now the disputes have escalated to an intractable level. That means then the areas could be easily divided among the states according to the number of speakers of respective languages ​​in the border areas. Perhaps then it seems that novices may stumble upon the task of identifying regions. The following solutions can be considered in relation to boundary disputes.

1. Re-census of the respective speakers in the disputed area.

2. Accordingly, the area will be re-divided into two states.

3. In the context of that allocation, people are given free opportunity to join the state of their choice.

This can lead to a permanent solution to this border dispute.

Additional Questions:

1 . Which is the Dispute between Karnataka and Maharashtra?

Answer: There are many areas in Maharashtra which have a majority of Kannadigas. Among these, Akalkote, South Sholapur and Jat taluks are important. But the main struggle is being fought for Belagavi city. Maharashtra government has been continuously pressurising to make Belagavi, its territory. In 1966, a one-man committee under the Chairmanship of Meherchand Mahajan was appointed by the Central Government to study the border areas between Maharashtra and Karnataka and make recommendations. The Mahajan report recommended that Belagavi should remain a part of Karnataka. The recommendations by the Mahajan report is the ultimate for Karnataka.

2. Which is the Dispute between Karnataka and Kerala?

Answer: The main dispute here is regarding the Kasaragod area. Historically, Kasaragod was under the reign of the Kannada kings. The Keladi provincial king, Shivappa Nayaka and others had established their control over this area. Records prove that the Bekal fort was built by the Ikkeri kings. Thus, Kasaragod which is culturally connected with Karnataka, is caught in a dilemma. The main reason for this is the recommendation of the State Re-Organization Commission (1955) to merge Kasaragod with Kerala. Many organizations including Karnataka Committee and others were formed to protest against this decision.

 

6th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 12 – ANCIENT DYNASTIES OF NORTH INDIA

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6th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 12

ANCIENT DYNASTIES OF NORTH INDIA

Exercises

Mauryas and the Kushans

I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word:

1. An ambassador sent by Seleucus to the court of Chandragupta Maurya was Megasthenes.

2. The emperor who said ‘the subjects are like my children’ was Ashoka.

3. Our national emblem is the Lion Capital.

4. Kanishka began a new era called Shaka (Shalivahana Shaka), to commemorate his accession to the throne.

II. Answer the following questions.

1. Who founded the Mauryan Empire?

Answer: Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan Empire.

2. Which city was the capital of Mauryan Empire?

Answer: Pataliputra (now Patna – the capital of Bihar) was the capital of Mauryan Empire.

3. Which book did Kautilya write?

Answer: Kautilya wrote the book ‘Arthashastra’ tells many facts related to politics.

4. Which book did Megasthenes write?

Answer: Megasthenes wrote the book called ‘Indica’ in which he has recorded his experiences in India.

5. What were the functions of Dharma Mahamatras?

Answer: The functions of Dharma Mahamatras are as follows.  

  1. ‘Dharma Mahamatras’ were promoting good moral conduct among the people.
  2. They were also responsible for looking after the welfare of orphans, widows and the aged.

6. Where did Kanishka hold the ‘Boudha Maha Sabha’?

Answer: Kanishka held the ‘Boudha Maha Sabha’ in Kundalvana located in Kashmir.

III. Discuss in group and answer:

1. Write about the significance of Kalinga war.

Answer: Ashoka declared war on the state of Kalinga in the eighth year of his accession to power. This was a significant event in his life. Thousands of people lost their lives in the war. One lakh people were injured. One and a half lakh enemy soldiers were captured. Ashoka was moved by the gruesome scenes of death and pain in the battlefield. Ashoka felt painful and decided not to wage wars from then onwards. There is no other emperor in the history of the world who has changed his mind in this way. Ashoka is called Mahashaya out of respect, as he followed the path of Dharma instead of the path of war.

VI. Match the contents of list A with list B

A                                              B

1 . Ashoka                                a) Kanishkapura

2 . Kanishka                             b) Buddha Charitha

3. Ashwagosha                        c) Kala Kendra

4. Gandhara                            d) Devanampriya

Answer:

A                                              B

1 . Ashoka                                d) Devanampriya

2 . Kanishka                             a) Kanishkapura

3. Ashwagosha                        b) Buddha Charitha

4. Gandhara                            c) Kala Kendra

Activity

  1. Make a list of places where Ashokan inscriptions are found in Karnataka.

Answer: The places where Ashokan inscriptions are found in Karnataka were as follows.

Seventeen inscriptions of Ashoka are found in nine places of Karnataka.

1 . The Maski inscription of Raichur.

2 . Brahmagiri, Chitradurga district

3 . Siddapura, Chitradurga district

4. Jatinga-Rameshwara, Chitradurga district

5 . Gavimath and Palkigundu, Koppal district

6 . Nittur, Bellary district

7 . Udegolam, Bellary district

8. Sannati, Gulbarga district 

9. Ashoka’s relief sculpture, Kanaganahalli

GUPTHAS

Exercises

 I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate:

1.  The capital of Gupta’s Pataliputra.

 2.  The Gupta king who hailed the title ‘Kaviraj’ was Samudragupta.

 3.  The work Mudrarakshasa was written by Vishakha Datta.

 4.  Mahakavi who had the title of ‘Kavikulaguru’ was Kalidasa.

 II. Answer the following questions:

  1. Which emperor’s details are there in the pillar inscription of Allahabad?

Answer: The details of a great warrior Samudragupta are there in the pillar inscription of Allahabad.

  • Who was the Chinese pilgrim who visited India during Gupta period?

Answer: Fa-hein was the Chinese pilgrim who visited India during Gupta period.

  • Name any one play of Kalidasa.

Answer: ‘Abhijnana Shakunthalam’is the one of the great play of Kalidasa.

  • Who wrote ‘Mricchakatika’?

Answer: Shudraka who wrote ‘Mricchakatika’.

  • Which dictionary was composed by Amarasimha?

Answer: ‘Amarakosha’ dictionary was composed by Amarasimha.

  • Who was the famous mathematician of Gupta period?

Answer: Aryabhata was the famous mathematician of Gupta period.

 III. Discuss in group and answer:

  1. Describe the achievements of Samudragupta.

Answer: Samudragupta was a great warrior. Samudragupta defeated nine kings of North India. Realizing his great military power, many kings surrendered themselves. The Kushana rulers of distant Afghanistan and Satraps (Shakas) of Gujarat acknowledged Samudragupta’s supremacy. Later Samudragupta undertook an expedition to Southern India and defeated twelve kings of the South. Among them one of the kings was of Kanchi. He performed the Ashwamedha yaga (horse sacrifice) to commemorate this expedition. Himself a poet and musician, Samudra Gupta was accorded the title ‘Kaviraja’ (king of poets). Coins have been found depicting him playing the veena. Samudra Gupta’s coins reflects the power, prosperity and glory of Gupta dynasty.

  • Explain the contributions of the Gupta’s to Sanskrit literature.

Answer: During the Gupta period Sanskrit language developed well due to royal patronage. Kalidasa was a great poet of the Gupta times. He is one of the best playwrights of the world. He was one of the nine Jewels men, the ‘Navaratna’ who adorned the court of Chandragupta II. Kalidasa had composed four epics and three dramas. ‘Abhijnana Shakunthalam’ is his great play. He has been hailed as ‘Kavikula Guru’.

Shudraka who wrote ‘Mricchakatika’ and Vishakha Datta who wrote ‘Mudrarakshasa’ were other famous dramatists of that time. Vishnu Sharma’s ‘Panchatantra’ belongs to this period. Amara Simha’s ‘Amarakosha’ a dictionary is a rare work. It is still in use today.

IV. Match the list of list A with B

            A                                              B

   1)  Kaviraj                              a) Fo-kwo-ki

   2)  Vikramaditya                   b) Astronomy

   3)  Fa-hein                             c) Samudragupta

   4)  Meharouli                        d) Chandragupta – II

   5)  Varahamihira                  e) Iron pillar

Answer:

A                                              B

   1)  Kaviraj                              c) Samudragupta

   2)  Vikramaditya                   d) Chandragupta – II

   3)  Fa-hein                             a) Fo-kwo-ki

   4)  Meharouli                        e) Iron pillar

   5)  Varahamihira                  b) Astronomy

Activities

 1.  Collect pictures of ancient Indian architecture and sculpture with details.

 2.  Read about the lives of Samudra Gupta, Chandra Gupta, Vikramaditya, Kalidasa, Aryabhata, Varahamihira and Vagbhata.

VARDHANAS

Exercises

 I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1.  The Chinese tourist who was very close to Harshavardhana was Hu-en-Tsang.

 2.  Hiuen Tsang’s travelogue was ‘Si-yu-ki’.

 3.  Nalanda University was in present Bihar state.

 4.  Harshavardhana was defeated on the banks of river Narmada by the king Pulikeshi II

II. Answer the following questions:

  1. Name Harshavardhana’s elder brother and younger sister. 

Answer: Harshavardhana’s elder brother was Rajavardhana and younger sister was Rajyashree.

  • Which was the capital of Harshavardhana?

Answer: Kanauj of Moukhari was the capital of Harshavardhana.

  • Who wrote Harshacharita?

Answer: Banabhatta wrote ‘Harshacharita’, a biography of Harshavardhana.

 4.  Mention the plays written by Harshavardhana.

Answer: Priyadarshika, Ratnavali and Nagananda are the Sanskrit plays written by Harshavardhana.

 5.  Which is the most famous ancient Indian University and where?

Answer: Nalanda University is the most famous ancient Indian University and in Bihar State at present.

KARKOTA EMPIRE OF KASHMIR

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word: 

1   The prominent ruler of Karkota Dynasty was Lalithaditya.

2   The poet who composed Gita Govinda was Jayadeva.

3   Ahom Dynasty ruled over the parts of modern Assam.

4   The Arab traveller who visited the court of King Bhoja, the prominent ruler of Gurjara Pratihara was Sulaiman.

II. Answer the following questions: 

1  State the qualities of the Rajputs.

Answer: Rajputs were well-known for their adventure and power. They claim to be Kshatriyas belonging to Surya vamsa and Chandra vamsa. They were the ones who fought bravely against the military march and facing boldly the Arabs, Turks and the Mughals.

In Indian history Rajputs have a distinctive place. They felt it was their bounden duty to protect the cows, orphans, weak and women. They defended those who sought protection. They sought inspiration from the songs composed over the heroic deeds of their ancestors.

The Rajput women were very brave. When women lost their husbands in war thinking that death would be better than living in disgrace, they would sacrifice themselves in mass. This pratice is called ‘Johar’.

2  Name any three famous architectural structures of the Rajput Age. Where are they located?

Answer: The famous architectural structures of the Rajput Age are as follows.

1 . The world famous Khandoraya Mahadeva temple is at Khajuraho.

This temple is located in Madhya Pradesh.

2 . Konarak (Odisha): The magnificent Sun Temple at Konarak is one of the grandest and largest temples in India.

3 . Dilwara (Rajasthan): The Marble temples at Dilwara on Mount Abu is world famous for its fascinating micro carvings.

4 . The Lingaraja temple at Bhubaneshwar is 1000 years old. This temple is located in Bhubaneswar (Odisha).

5 . The gigantic Gwalior fort has been called as the ‘‘The pearl among the Indian forts’’. This fort is located in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh.

6 . The five-storeyed Hawa Mahal at Jaipur is an attractive structure.

7 . The palace in the scenic city of Udaipur, India is the largest in Rajasthan.

3  Write a short note on Prithviraj Chauhan.

Answer: Prithviraj III was the well-known ruler among the Chauhans. Delhi was his capital city. Prithviraj opposed the invasions of Muhammad Ghori. United many Rajput kings. However Jayachandra of Kannauj refused to join him. Prithviraj defeated Muhammad Ghori in the battle but pardoned him. The next year Prithviraj was defeated in a war between them. Prithviraj was known for bravery and valour. Prithiraj’s heroic deeds have been described in the Hindi poem called Prithviraj Raso by Chand Bardai. The fascinating story of Prithviraj Chauhan marrying Samyukta, the beautiful daughter of Jayachandra, the king of Kannauj, has been narrated in several literary works. Samyuktha was very beautiful.

4  Who was Bappa Rawal?

Answer: Among the Rajputs Guhilas (Guhilots) belong to a lineage of great warriors. Khommana, a ruler of the dynasty, defended his kingdom from the Arab military expedition and took the title of Bappa Rawal.

5  Write a short note on Rana Sangram Singh.

Answer: Rana Sanga or Rana Sangrama Simha was another famous ruler of the Guhilas. A hero of a hundred battles. He had 80 scars of war on his body. He constantly fought against the sultans of Delhi. He known for his courage, resilience, and resistance to foreign invasions, he is celebrated as one of the last great independent Hindu kings of northern India. His empire stretched over vast areas of present-day Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.

  •  Write a note on the social conditions during the Rajput Age. 

Answer: The social conditions during the Rajput Age are as follows.

1 . During the period of Rajputs social classes in society were based on their professions.

2 . Women were held in high esteem in the society. Women were experts in literature, dance, music, painting and embroidery work.

3 . Rajputs believed that taking bath in holy places was sacred. Pushkar, the centre of worship of Brahma near Ajmer, was an important place of pilgrimage. Every year a huge camel fair was held here and it is famous even now.

Activities 

1 Collect the photos of Rajput temples, palaces and forts and write a short note on each. 

2 Mark the centres of Rajput architecture on the map. 

3 List the names of writers and poets of the ancient Kashmir and their works.

4 Read the biography of Lachit Borphukan.

6th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 13 – Sultans of Delhi

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6th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 13

Sultans of Delhi

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable word:

1 In the first battle of Tarrain, Muhammad Ghori was defeated by Prithivi Raj Chauhan.

2 Allaudin Khilji built a fort named Siri in Delhi.

3 Ibrahim Lodi was defeated in the first battle of Panipat by Babur  

II. Answer the following questions in a sentence:

1 Against whom did Muhammad Ghori win the second battle of Tarrain?

Answer: Muhammad Ghori win the second battle of Tarrain against Prithivi Raj Chauhan.

2 Who built Qutab Minar?

Answer: Qutbuddin Aibak built Qutab Minar at Mehrauli near Delhi.

3 Who was the only woman who ruled during the Delhi Sultanate?

Answer: The only woman who ruled during the Delhi Sultanate period was Raziya Sultana.

4 Who was the general of Allauddin Khilji who attacked South India?

Answer: Malik Kafur was the general of Allauddin Khilji who attacked South India.

5 From where to where did Muhammad bin Tughlaq shift the capital?

Answer: Muhammad bin Tughlaq shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri. Realizing that he had committed a great mistake, he shifted his capital from Devagiri back to Delhi.

6 Who was the Sultan of Delhi who claimed to be the ‘representative of God’?

Answer: Balban was the Sultan of Delhi who claimed to be the ‘representative of God’.

III. Discuss in groups and answer

1 What were the results of Mahmud Ghazni’s invasions?

Answer: About three centuries after the invasion of Arabs, Muhammad Ghazni of Turkish origin attacked India. Being the Sultan of Ghazni, a small kingdom in Afghanistan, he attacked India seventeen times. As a result, several wealthy cities in India were destroyed. Religious centres were destroyed. These include Sri Krishna temple of Mathura and Somanath temple of Gujarat.  

2 State the achievements of Qutb-ud-Din Aibak.

            Answer: After the death of Ghori, Qutbuddin Aibak started ruling Delhi independently. Qutbuddin was a slave to Muhammad Ghori. Hence his dynasty was called ‘Slave Dynasty’. He strengthened the Turkish rule in India by defeating his enemies.To mark his victory he started constructing Qutb Minar at Mehrauli near Delhi.

3 State the policies of Alauddin Khilji and their results.

Answer: Alauddin Khilji introduced several reforms in administrative, military and economic fields. He regulated the price of commonly consumed goods. He banned consumption of liquor and gambling. The guilty were severely punished. To conquer south India, he sent Malik Kafur, a slave with a huge army.  Finally, Malik Kafur, out of greed for power, killed Alauddin and declared himself as Sultan.

4 Why did the policies of Muhammad bin Tughlaq fail?

Answer: The policies of Muhammad bin Tughlaq failed because he was shrewd, hasty by nature, lacked practical knowledge and had a strange temperament. It was Muhammad’s belief that instead of making Delhi as the capital, Devagiri which was in central part of India would be the centre of an empire. He passed strict orders that residents of Delhi should move there. Many people died on the way. Realizing that he had committed a great mistake, he ordered people to return back to Delhi.

Another experimental reform of Muhammad was that in place of silver coins he issued token coins of copper with the same face value. Consequently, people themselves began to mint copper coins. This experiment proved a great failure and weakened the financial condition of the state.

5 What were the social and economic conditions during the rule of the Sultans of Delhi?

     Answer: During the rule of the Sultans of Delhi the burden of land tax fell heavily on the peasants. Muhammad bin Tughlaq further increased the land tax and collected it strictly. Consequently, peasants revolted.

Weaving was a major occupation of the people. The cities provided employment to a large number of workers on account of brisk construction work. The sultans were mainly importing war horses.

6 What were the contributions of the Delhi Sultans to architecture and literature?

Answer: The contributions of the Delhi Sultans to architecture and literature:

The main structures of the Delhi Sultans were the famous Qutb Minar (71 m tall), Alai Darwaza, an impressive entrance, Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque and the fort of Siri.

During the sultanate period, the Urdu language evolved. Amir Khusrau and Amir Hasan were great Persian poets of the period. Khusrau was a great musician and designed musical instruments such as tabla, sitar and others. The poet Jayasi wrote Padmavat, a sufi poem in Urdu. Ramananda, Kabirdas, Raidas and Meerabai were devout saints of this period.

IV. Match the contents in List A with List B and write.

A                                              B

1. Jayasi                                   a) Alai-Darwaza

2. Daulatabad                          b) Sitar

3. Alauddin Khilji                     c) Padmavat

4. Amir Khusrau                      d) Devagiri

Answer:

A                                              B

1. Jayasi                                   c) Padmavat

2. Daulatabad                          d) Devagiri

3. Alauddin Khilji                     a) Alai-Darwaza

4. Amir Khusrau                      b) Sitar

Activities

1 Collect the pictures with details of the monuments of the period of Delhi Sultans.

2 Locate historical places of the Sultans of Delhi on a map.

8th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 18 – SOUTH INDIAN DYNASTIES: SHATHAVAHANAS, KADAMBAS, GANGAS

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8th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER-18

SOUTH INDIAN DYNASTIES: SHATHAVAHANAS, KADAMBAS, GANGAS

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. Simukha made Srikakulam his capital.

2. The literary work written by Hala is Gathasaptashati.

3. The first inscription in Kannada is Halmidi inscription.

4. Banavasi, the capital of the Kadambas, is in today’s North canara district.

5. The prominent king among the Gangas was Durvinita.

6. The literary work written by Chavundaraya is Chavunda Purana.

II. Answer the following questions in brief:

7. Who was the last king of the Shatavahanas? How did their dynasty become weak?

            Answer: Yajnashri Shatakarni was the last king of Shatavahanas dynasty. During his time, on account of continual attacks by the Shakas, the empire become weak and declined.

8. Write about the art of the Shatavahanas.

            Answer: Shatavahanas promoted art, literature and education. The Ajanta and the Amaravati paintings belong to the period of the Shatavahanas. Temples, viharas and chaityalayas were also constructed. A chaityagraha was built in Karle by the Banavasi merchant Bhootapala.

9. What were the values which influenced the Ganga society?

            Answer: Though the society at the time of the Gangas had been divided into different sects and castes, they were all interdependent. The practice of a patriarchal undivided family was common. The people of the Ganga society followed Social values like honesty, loyalty, bravery and patience. These values were prominent among the people.

10. Name four literary works of the period of the Gangas.

            Answer: The literary works of the period of the Gangas are as follows.

            1 . Madhava II wrote commentary on Dattaka Sutra.

     2 . Durvinita wrote the Sanskrit work ‘Shabdavatara’, and translated Gunadhya’s ‘Vaddakathe’ into Sanskrit.

3. Sree Purusha wrote ‘Gajashastra’.

4. Shivamara II wrote ‘Gajashtaka’, a Kannada work.

5. Poet Hemasena wrote ‘Raghava Pandaviya’.

6. Vadibasimha wrote ‘Gadya Chintamani’ and ‘Shatra Chudamani’.

7. Nemichandra wrote ‘Dravyasara Samgraha’.

8. Chavundaraya wrote ‘Chavunda Purana’.

Additional Questions:

1 . Write about the art and architecture works of the period of the Gangas.

Answer: The Ganga kings encouraged art and architecture. They built beautiful temples and basadis. The Kapileshwara temple at Manne, Pataleshwara and Maruleshwara temples at Talakad, Kolaramma temple at Kolar, Nageshwara temple at Begur and the statue of Gomateshwara at Shravanabelagola are examples of their architecture. The significant contributions of the Gangas were the tall pillars called Manastambhas and Brahmamanasthambas.

2. Describe the administration system of the Gangas.

Answer: The king had a council of ministers to help him. The ministers supervised different branches of administration. The administration in the villages was very systematic. The village committee looked after land revenue, justice, sanitation and defence. Agriculture was the main occupation. There were other occupations like weaving and black smith. They had trade relations with other countries.

3. Which are the education centres of Gangas?

Answer: Mathas, Ghatikas, Brahmapuris, Agraharas and Chaityalayas were centres of education. Talakadu, Shravanabelagola, Bankapura and Peruru have been named as centers of learning.

4. Write about the art and architecture works of the period of the Kadambas.

Answer: The Kadambas laid the foundation for architecture in Karnataka. They built many temples and basadis in Banavasi. During this period, educational centers like Mathas, ghatikas, brahmapuris and agraharas were established. The main agraharas of that time were found in Talagunda and Balligave. The agraharas were like residential schools.

5. Describe the administration system of the Kadambas.

Answer: The Kadambas made special contributions to Karnataka and Indian culture. There was political unity for around three hundred years under the Kadamba rule. Mandalikas, Royal priests, ministers and military generals played a significant role in administration. For administrative ease, provincial officers had been appointed to look after the provinces. Land revenue was the main source of income in the kingdom.

6. Describe the administration system of the Shatavahanas.

Answer: During the Shatavahana rule, the king was supreme. The kingdom had been divided into provinces called Janapada for purpose of administration and officers had been appointed to look after them. The cities and villages were looked after by self-governing institutions. There was no discrimination on the basis of varna in the society. Even women held high offices and had status in society.

III. Activities:

  1. Discuss with your teacher the way to read inscriptions.

Answer: To read an inscription, you must learn epigraphy, the study of inscriptions, and apply methods like linguistic analysis, contextual understanding, and, if needed, techniques such as rubbing or tracing to enhance readability. The process involves identifying the language and script, analysing its structure, considering the historical context, and using tools or methods to bring out the inscription’s details. 

Inscriptions are writings on durable materials like stone, metal, or clay, and studying them is called epigraphy.

An epigraphist must first determine the language and the script used in the inscription. 

To make faded inscriptions clearer, place a piece of paper or tin foil over the inscription and rub it gently with a soft eraser or crayon. The dye or crayon will be pressed into the inscription’s crevices, revealing the letters.

Similar to rubbing, tracing can be done to make a copy of the inscription. Modern techniques involve photographing the inscription and using digital tools to adjust contrast and bring out the engraved details. 

Examine the inscription for patterns in grammar, word usage, and overall language structure to understand the text.

Consider the inscription’s historical, cultural, and geographical context to gain a deeper understanding of the message it conveys.

Compare the inscription to other known texts and scripts from the same period or region to aid in decipherment. 

8th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 17 – GUPTAS AND VARDHANAS

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8th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER-17

GUPTAS AND VARDHANAS

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The Guptas began their reign from the place Magadha.

2. Chandragupta I was called Maharajadhiraja.

3. One of the great plays of Kalidasa is Abhijnana Shakuntala.

4. Vishakadatta’s literary work is Mudrarakshasa.

5. The literary work written by Sudraka is Mricchakatika.

6. The founder of Vardhana dynasty was Pushyabhuti.

II. Answer in brief the following questions:

7. Write about Chandragupta II.

            Answer: Chandragupta II expanded the kingdom of Samudragupta and brought stability. He defeated the Sakas and made Western India a part of the Gupta Empire. He developed relationships with many Indian royal families through matrimonial alliance and became very influential. He earned the title of Vikramaditya. His reign is memorable more for the encouragement given to literature and art, rather than battles. The famous Sanskrit poet and dramatist, Kalidasa, belonged to this age. Meghadoota, Raghuvamsha, Kumarasambhava and Ritu Samhara are his lyrical contributions. Abhijnana Shakuntala is one of his noteworthy plays. Sudraka’s Mricchakatika and Vishakhadatta’s Mudrarakshasa are the other literary works of this period.

8. What were the reasons for the downfall of the Gupta Empire?

            Answer: The reasons for the downfall of the Gupta Empire are as follows.

1 . The Gupta Empire was subjected to continuous attacks of the Huns and thus, declined soon.

2. The Guptas did not have a fully equipped large army. The vassal kings would fulfil the requirements during times of war. Hence, the vassals had become very powerful.

3. During this period, the trade that the Guptas had with the westerners collapsed. Consequently, their economic system suffered. The collapse of trade led to the decline of the trade centres. Pataliputra got reduced to the size of a village.

4. The local people, farmers and artisans began to be controlled by the landlords. In this way, society grew more and more complex.

9. Name the great scientists of the Gupta Age.

Answer: The great scientists of the Gupta Age are as follows.

1. Dhanwantari

2 . Varahamihira

3 . Bhaskara-I

4. Aryabhata

5. Charaka

6. Sushruta

10. How was the administration during the Vardhana rule?

Answer: The king’s rule was assisted by the council of ministers. The bureaucracy consisted of the Mahasandhivigraha (the negotiator), Mahabaladhikruta (military general), Bhogapati (tax official) and Doota. The kingdom had been divided into provinces. Land tax was the major source of income for the kingdom. Feudatory chiefs paid tribute to the king. The king gave them land, grants and in return, got the help of their armies. When the king became weak, the feudatory chiefs became independent. Land grants were given to other communities and religious people as well.

11. Write a note on Nalanda University.

Answer: Nalanda University is famous as an ancient university. Buddha had visited Nalanda. Mention has been made of the 25 metre tall bronze image of Buddha that Harshavardhana gifted to Nalanda. Kumaragupta had made contributions to a fine arts school here. Nagarjuna the Chief exponent of middle path, and Dharmapala were the other famous scholars who taught here. The Chinese traveller, Hiuen Tsang, visited this place and stayed for some time. He has given a detailed description of this place. There were stupas, chaityas, viharas, rest houses, benches here and there to sit and rest awhile, meditation rooms, lecture rooms and many other structures reveal the glory of this place. The Gupta kings and Harshavardhana have been the famous patrons of this place. An accidental fire destroyed many texts at Nalanda.

III Activities:

1. Collect details about the works of Kalidasa.

            Answer: The famous Sanskrit poet and dramatist, Kalidasa, belonged to the Gupta period. Meghadoota, Raghuvamsha, Kumarasambhava and Ritu Samhara are his lyrical contributions. Abhijnana Shakuntala is one of his noteworthy plays.

Kalidasa, a classical Sanskrit writer from ancient India, authored several celebrated works, including three plays: Abhijnana Shakuntala, Malavikagnimitra, and Vikramorvashiya, two epic poems like Raghuvamsha and Kumarasambhava and two lyric poems are Meghaduta and Ritusamhara. His works are known for their mastery of language, elegant prose, and themes often revolving around romance, nature, and Hindu mythology.  

2. Collect information and pictures of the scientists of the Gupta period.

Answer: The scientists of the Gupta period:

1. Dhanwantari: He was a famous scholar in the field of medicine. He was a specialist in Ayurveda. He is the father of Indian Medicine. His chief contribution to the medical field is the Ayurvedic dictionary.

2. Charaka: He was a medical scientist. His major contribution to the field of medicine is the Charaka Samhita.

3. Sushruta: He was a surgeon. He was the first Indian to explain the process of surgery. He has recorded that in those days, there used to be a separate wing to treat soldiers. Like modern surgeons Sushruta was a well-known surgeon of yester years and contributed significantly to the field of surgery.

4. Aryabhata: He was a famous astronomer and mathematician. He is the prominent scientist who come after Varahamihira. His contribution to Astronomy and Mathematics is highly significant.

This is the reason that the Aryabhata award is being presented by the Indian Government to great scientists. The first Indian satellite has been named after Aryabhata. He is believed to have invented ‘the zero’. He was the first Indian to master algebra. He reiterated the fact that solar and lunar eclipses happen not due to Rahu but solar eclipse is caused when the moon is between the sun and the earth. Lunar eclipse – when the earth is between the sun and the moon.

5. Varahamihira: He was a famous astronomer. He wrote a book on astronomy named Panchasiddhantika. In addition to this, he wrote Bruhat Samhita, Bruhat Jataka and Laghu Jataka. He was a scholar in many fields like astronomy, astrology, geography, metereology, etc.

8th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 16 – MAURYAS AND KUSHANS

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8th Standard, Social, History, Chapter-16

MAURYAS AND KUSHANS

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words: 

1. Chanakya came to be known as Kautilya.

2. The capital of the Mauryas was Pataliputra.

3. The founder of the Kushan dynasty was Kujalakadphisus.

4. The new era of Kanishka’s reign is called the Shaka.

II. Answer to the following questions in brief:

5. Name the important cities of Ashoka’s period.

Answer: Pataliputra, Taxila, Ujjain, Kalinga and Suvarnagiri are the important cities of Ashoka’s period.

6. Describe Ashoka’s administration.

Answer: Ashoka divided his vast empire into different provinces and ruled. His politics and aspirations were expressed through edicts. He spread the teachings of Buddha throughout the country. He appointed Dharma Mahamatras for this purpose. We see extensive growth in trade and agriculture during this time. The government had adopted various measures to improve agriculture. Special tax concessions were given towards this end. There were many officials to carry on the administration of the vast empire. A permanent army was also found necessary. To carry out all these activities, taxes were needed. Land tax was the main source of income for the king and various officials served in collecting taxes. Spies kept the king informed. They had established control over trade and commerce by regulating sea and land routes.

7. Which dynasty did the Kushans belong to?

Answer: An important dynasty after the Mauryas is that of the Kushans. They found their own dynasty known as Kushans dynasty. They were basically from a nomadic tribe which had migrated to India from Central Asia. They were the progeny of Yuchi. 

8. What was the extent of Kanishka’s empire?

Answer: Kanishka’s rule had spread up to Sanchi in the south and Banaras in the east. His kingdom, which included Central Asia too, was a vast empire. Purushapura was his capital. Mathura was another significant town of his time. Kanishka’s empire was one of the Kushan dynasty’s largest, stretching from Central Asia (including parts of present-day Uzbekistan and Afghanistan) down through the Indian subcontinent, covering modern-day Pakistan and northern India as far as Sanchi and Banaras. Key territories included Gandhara, Punjab, Kashmir, and parts of the Magadha region. 

III. Activities:

1. Collect more information about Gandhara Sculpture art.

Answer: Gandhara art emerged from the cross-cultural interactions between Greek, Roman, Central Asian, and Indian traditions, following Alexander the Great’s conquests. The style reached its peak during the Kushan Empire (1st-7th century CE), a period of great prosperity and patronage for Buddhist art. Unlike earlier styles, Gandhara art featured naturalistic, realistic, and human-like figures with anatomical accuracy, especially in the human body, clothing folds, and facial features. Figures wear draped garments similar to Roman togas, and the drapery is characterized by deep, flowing folds. While Mudras (hand gestures) were used, the Buddha was often shown with hands folded or resting, differing from some other Indian schools of art. 

2. Collect information from your teacher about the Buddhist Conference which took place during Kanishka’s rule.

Answer: The Buddhist conference during Kanishka’s rule was the Fourth Buddhist Council, held in Kundalvana in Kashmir around 72 AD under his patronage. Deliberations were conducted in Sanskrit. The council was organized to systematize the Sarvastivadin Abhidharma texts and translate them from Prakrit to Sanskrit. The council played a crucial role in the formal separation of Buddhism into two major branches like Mahayana and Hinayana ((now often referred to as Theravada) Schools. The council resulted in the compilation of the Vibhasa Shastras, a collection of commentaries on difficult topics and the foundation for the philosophical depth of Mahayana Buddhism. The council was presided over by Vasumitra, with Ashvaghosha serving as his deputy.

6th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 12 – ANCIENT DYNASTIES OF NORTH INDIA

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6th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 12

ANCIENT DYNASTIES OF NORTH INDIA

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word:

1. An ambassador sent by Seleucus to the court of Chandragupta Maurya was Megasthenes.

2. The emperor who said ‘the subjects are like my children’ was Ashoka.

3. Our national emblem is the Lion Capital.

4. Kanishka began a new era called Shaka (Shalivahana Shaka), to commemorate his accession to the throne.

II. Answer the following questions.

1. Who founded the Mauryan Empire?

Answer: Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan Empire.

2. Which city was the capital of Mauryan Empire?

Answer: Pataliputra (now Patna – the capital of Bihar) was the capital of Mauryan Empire.

3. Which book did Kautilya write?

Answer: Kautilya wrote the book ‘Arthashastra’ tells many facts related to politics.

4. Which book did Megasthenes write?

Answer: Megasthenes wrote the book called ‘Indica’ in which he has recorded his experiences in India.

5. What were the functions of Dharma Mahamatras?

Answer: The functions of Dharma Mahamatras are as follows.  

  1. ‘Dharma Mahamatras’ were promoting good moral conduct among the people.
  2. They were also responsible for looking after the welfare of orphans, widows and the aged.

6. Where did Kanishka hold the ‘Boudha Maha Sabha’?

Answer: Kanishka held the ‘Boudha Maha Sabha’ in Kundalvana located in Kashmir.

III. Discuss in group and answer:

1. Write about the significance of Kalinga war.

Answer: Ashoka declared war on the state of Kalinga in the eighth year of his accession to power. This was a significant event in his life. Thousands of people lost their lives in the war. One lakh people were injured. One and a half lakh enemy soldiers were captured. Ashoka was moved by the gruesome scenes of death and pain in the battlefield. Ashoka felt painful and decided not to wage wars from then onwards. There is no other emperor in the history of the world who has changed his mind in this way. Ashoka is called Mahashaya out of respect, as he followed the path of Dharma instead of the path of war.

VI. Match the contents of list A with list B

A                                              B

1 . Ashoka                                a) Kanishkapura

2 . Kanishka                             b) Buddha Charitha

3. Ashwagosha                        c) Kala Kendra

4. Gandhara                            d) Devanampriya

Answer:

A                                              B

1 . Ashoka                                d) Devanampriya

2 . Kanishka                             a) Kanishkapura

3. Ashwagosha                        b) Buddha Charitha

4. Gandhara                            c) Kala Kendra

Activity

  1. Make a list of places where Ashokan inscriptions are found in Karnataka.

Answer: The places where Ashokan inscriptions are found in Karnataka were as follows.

Seventeen inscriptions of Ashoka are found in nine places of Karnataka.

1 . The Maski inscription of Raichur.

2 . Brahmagiri, Chitradurga district

3 . Siddapura, Chitradurga district

4. Jatinga-Rameshwara, Chitradurga district

5 . Gavimath and Palkigundu, Koppal district

6 . Nittur, Bellary district

7 . Udegolam, Bellary district

8. Sannati, Gulbarga district 

9. Ashoka’s relief sculpture, Kanaganahalli

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