1 The landmass nearest to the continent of Antarctica is
Capehorn
2 The one who discovered the continent of Antarctica
was Charles Wills.
3 The person who discovered the South Pole was Shackleton of England.
4 The first research station established by the Indian
team in Antarctica was ‘Dakshina Gangotri.
II Answer the following questions.
1. Mention the location and extent of Antarctica.
Answer: The Location and extent of Antarctica is as follows.
Location : Antarctica is the continent which surrounds the South Pole. Most of the continent lies within the Antarctic Circle or 66030′ South latitude. The uniqueness of the continent is that it is positioned opposite to the Arctic Ocean in the North Pole.
Extent : Antarctica is the fifth largest continent with a total area of 14.2 million km2. It is larger than India and China and is one and a half times larger in area than the USA.
2. Explain the physical settings of Antarctica.
Answer: The continent of Antarctica is surrounded by water bodies. It is often called the Southern Ocean or Antarctic Ocean. It is not a separate water body. Instead, it is formed by the meeting of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Capehorn, the souther most part of
Latin America, is the nearest land to this continent. It is at a distance of 990 km. Antarctica is bound by the Indian Ocean on the East, the Pacific Ocean on the West and the Atlantic ocean on the Northwest.
3. Mention the important mountains and peaks of Antarctica.
Answer: Antarctica has the relief features such as mountains, plateaus, valleys and gorges. Antarctica is the highest continent at an average elevation of 2300 m above sea level. The trans-Antarctic mountain range divides Antarctica into two major physical divisions – (1) East Antarctica and (2) West Antarctica.
i) East Antarctica faces the South Atlantic Ocean
and the Indian ocean; it covers more than half of the continent and is called the greater Antarctica. Along its coast, there are mountains, valleys and glaciers. The central part of the region is a plateau where the South Pole is located.
ii) West Antarctica is towards the Pacific Ocean. Much of its area lies below sea level. The peninsular region of Antarctica is a mountainous ‘S’ shaped fringe of land that points towards South America.
There are several islands near it. In addition, it also has mountain peaks and volcanoes. Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica (5140 m) is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Mt. Erebus, Antarctica’s most active volcano is on Ross Island. Prince Charles mountains is another prominent mountain group. Two large gulfs cut into Antarctica on the opposite ends of the trans antarctic mountain range, namely the Ross Sea and the Weddell Sea.
4. Name the plants and animals of Antarctica.
Answer: Very limited plant life can survive in Antarctica. It mainly consists of mosses, algae and lichens growing on the exposed part of rocks. Only very few animals which can survive the adverse climate, live in Antarctica. But a variety of animal life can be found in the surrounding water bodies. For example, the krills, penguins, whales, seals and a variety of seabirds. The krill, a small fish resembling shrimps and prawns, is found in abundance. Adelie, Emperor and Chinstrap are the chief species of penguins found here.
5. Mention the Indian Research Centres in Antarctica.
Answer: The Indian Research Centres in Antarctica are,
‘Dakshina Gangotri’
‘Maithri’
‘Bharathi’
The first research centre established by the Indian scientists was called ‘Dakshina Gangotri’. It was built in 1983 and was named in 1989. Presently, there are no men here and it is only used for storage purposes. ‘Maithri’ is the second research station. It was set up on the Schirmacher Oasis (1988-89). It is all-weather proof and can accommodate 26 people. 255m from this station. India has built a freshwater lake known as ‘Priyadarshini’. The Maithri Research Centre conducts research on Geology, Geography and Medicine.
India has proposed to build another research center ‘Bharathi’. It intends to do research on Oceanography. Necessary survey has already been completed.
1 The head office of the UN is situated in New York
2 Maintenance of international peace and security is the main function of the Security council of the UN.
3 Total members of the UN Security Council is 15.
4 The International Court of Justice is situated at Hague in the Netherlands.
II Answer the following in one word or sentence each:
1 When did the United Nations Organization start?
Answer: The United Nations Organization started in 24th October 1945.
2 Who was responsible for the establishment of the UN?
Answer: US President Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Churchill and the Russian dictator Stalin, the representatives from 51 nations was responsible for the establishment of the UN.
3 What is called the ‘Parliament of the UN’?
Answer: The General Assembly is called the ‘Parliament of the UN’
4 Who are the permanent members of the UN Security Council?
Answer: United States, Russia, Britain, France and China are the permanent members of the UN Security Council
5 Name two great Indians who have rendered services to the UN.
Answer: Smt. Vijayalakshmi Pandit and Justice Benagal Narsing Rao are the two great Indians who have rendered services to the UN
6 Mention one reason for the declaration of UN Charter of Human Rights.
Answer: The atrocities of World War II are the one reason for the declaration of UN Charter of Human Rights.
III Answer the following in two or three sentences each:
1 What are the basic objectives of the United Nations Organization?
Answer: The basic objectives of the United Nations Organization are,
maintain international peace and security.
develop friendly relations, on the basis of equality, among all the nations of the world.
Co-operated in solving international economic social cultural and humanitarian problems.
promote respect for human rights.
function as a conducive centre to achieve its aims.
2 Explain the functions of the UN Security Council.
Answer: The major functions of the Security Council are to provide suitable suggestions regarding the decisions taken by the General Assembly and to maintain global peace and security. The Security Council consists of representatives from 15 member nations. United States, Russia, Britain, France and China are the permanent members. The approval of the nine member nations is necessary for any resolution to be passed in the Security Council. No decision will be approved even if any one of the permanent members opposes it. The power of the permanent member nation to oppose a decision is called Veto.
3 Make a list of four achievements of the United Nations Organization.
Answer: The achievements of the United Nations Organization are,
Economic contribution: It has given economic aid to various domains such as Health, Transport, Communication, Food, Science, Education etc.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights : The declaration of Human Rights by the UN is their special achievement
Help in rise of new nations: UN has strived to aid the rise of many independent nations which were colonized by foreign rule.
Social contribution: The UN has provided aid to millions of refugees. It has commanded appreciation by providing special needs to infants, mothers and weaker sections of the people.
Establishment of Peace: The UN has brought hope by preventing another world war by establishing world peace, in a world which was shaken by two world wars. Ban on use of nuclear weapon, after 1945, is the greatest achievement of the UNO.
4 Name the specialized agencies of the UN.
Answer: The specialized agencies of the UN are,
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization – UNESCO – Head office is situated in Paris, France.
Food and Agricultural Organization – FAO – Head office is situated in Rome, Italy.
World Health Organization – WHO – Head office is situated in Geneva, Switzerland.
United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund – UNICEF – Head office is situated in New York, USA.
5 What is ‘Veto’?
Answer: No decision will be approved even if any one of the permanent members of Security Council opposes it. The power of the permanent member nation of Security Council to oppose a decision is called Veto.
6 Mention two limitations of the UN.
Answer: The limitations of the UN are,
The Cold War ended with the disintegration of the Soviet Union. United States is claiming to be the world leader and showing its attitude as the big brother of the world in this changed situation. This has threatened the multicultural pattern of life in the world.
The UN has not been able to implement many of its decisions. As the UNO has to enforce peace by using the armed forces of the member nations, the UN has no military of its own.
Since the consent of the permanent members of the Security Council is mandatory, in the absence of acceptance of even one of the permanent member, a decision cannot be implemented.
Additional questions of this lesson:
What are the main bodies of UN?
Answer: The main bodies of UN are,
The General Assembly b) The Security Council c) The Economic and Social Council
International Court of Justice e) The Secretariat f) The Trusteeship Council
Which are the official languages currently being used by the UN?
Answer: English, Russian, Spanish, Chinese, French, Arabic etc. are the official languages currently being used by the UN. It generally uses English.
Who is the present Secretary-General of the UN Secretariat?
Answer: The present Secretary-General of the UN Secretariat is Mr. Antonio Guterres (Portugal).
When UN day is celebrated?
Answer: UN day is celebrated on 24th October, worldwide.
Who are the two Indian judges in International Court of Justice of UN?
Answer: Justice Benagal Narsing Rao and Dr. Nagendra Singh are the two Indian judges in International Court of Justice of UN.
1 The movement started by Sundarlal Bahuguna was Chipko Movement
2 Celebrations of the National Women’s Day started in 1923, February 13.
3 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was given the title ‘Dalit Surya’.
4 The Language Committee was formed under the chairmanship of Dr. Vinayak Krishna Gokak
II Answer in one word or sentence each.
1 Why did the movement ‘Save the source of Tunga’ begin?
Answer: The movement ‘Save the source of Tunga’ begins because the people realized that the river was getting polluted.
2 What is meant by ‘Appiko’ movement?
Answer: The Appiko movement was a protest against deforestation in the Sahyadri and Western Ghats of Karnataka. “Appiko” is a Kannada word that means “hug” or “embrace”. People hugged trees to protest against cutting the trees.
3 What is ‘Social Forestry’?
Answer: The forest department started planting exotic plants like Nilgiri and Acacia. This project is called Social forestry.
4 Who were the first women to get B.A.(Honours) degree in Karnataka?
Answer: In Karnataka, Srirangamma and Rukminamma were the first women to get B.A. Honours degree.
III Answer in two or three sentences each.
1 Why should we save ancient lakes?
Answer: Lakes provides water for people, agriculture activity, animals, birds and all the living beings. Lakes are used for cultural and religious purposes and they are home to many unique species. That is why we have to save ancient lakes.
2 Name the important movements relating to the protection of the environment.
Answer: The important movements relating to the protection
of the environment are,
Sahyadri Mining Protest Forum
Tunga River Protection Drive
Chipko or Appiko Movement
Save Cubbon Park
Movements against mining in Ballari, Tumakuru, Chitradurga, Chikkamagaluru, North Canara, Davanagere, Ramnagara and other districts
3 Why did the Dalit Movement begin?
Answer: Dalits had no place even in the caste system. They were lower than the lowest. They were kept away from the main stream in society for the sole reason that they were born in untouchable families.
The non-Brahmin movements that started in the 20th century did not include the dalits. Protesting against this, the ‘Dalit Movement’ started in the 1970s C.E. and grew into a decisive force.
4 What are the catch words of the Dalit Movement?
Answer: Education, organization and agitation became the catch words of the dalit movements. They became organisationally conscious that the solution to the problems of the dalits was in achieving political goals.
IV Discuss.
1 The achievements of the Dalit movements.
Answer: Education, organization and agitation became the catch words of the dalit movements. They became organisationally conscious that the solution to the problems of the dalits was in achieving political goals. Among the dalits, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was a symbol of self-respect and came to be known as ‘Dalit Surya’. Echoes of all these developments sounded in Karnataka too.
Later in 1976 C.E. an ‘Association of Dalit Writers and Artists’ was formed in Bhadravati. The firm steps of the Karnataka dalit movement can be traced to this association. Subsequently, they founded ‘Karnataka Dalit Sangharsha Samiti’ under the aegis of the association. Its branches including associations of employees, women, municipality workers, students, writers and artists were started. The dalits who traditionally had no land began demanding land. Securing entry into centres of authority through academic growth was another objective of the dalit movement.
9th Standard, Social, BUSINESS STUDIES, CHAPTER – 33
MARKETING MANAGEMENT
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. The place where sellers and buyers meet to sell and buy the goods is generally called Market.
2. The market that is generally restricted to a geographical region is called Regional market.
3. The markets that are regulated by statutory regulations is called Regulated Markets.
4. Storing of goods between the time of production and the time of sale is facilitated by ware housing.
5. The activities that pursue customers to buy the products come under the scope of Promotion mix.
6. The best example for the goods sold by the producers directly to the consumer is Direct selling.
7. For all the brand registered products, on packages ‘R’ in a circle’ (registered trademark symbol) is indicated.
8. The assurance of the standard quality of product to consumers is assured by Quality assurance of goods.
II. Answer each of the following questions in a sentence or two.
9. Mention the four types of markets classified under the basis of area.
Answer: The four types of markets classified under the basis of area are,
1. Local market
2. Regional market
3. National market
4. International market
10. What are money markets? How are they different from capital markets?
Answer: Money market is a specialized market for availing short term finance to business houses. E.g.: Share market, banking systems.
But capital market is different from Money market. Capital market is a specialized market for availing long term finance to business houses, generally through financial institutions and stock exchanges. Eg.: Share Market.
11. What are producers markets and what are consumers markets?
Answer: Goods are purchased for the use in the further process of production is called producers markets.
When goods are purchased for personal consumption is called consumers markets.
12. What is a spot market and how is it different from future market?
Answer: Goods are sold to the buyers on the spot where the sellers agree to sell their products and buyers agree to buy them for consideration is called spot market. Spot market is different from future market because in Future market goods are transferred at a later date.
13. Mention any four types of non-traditional markets.
Answer: The four types of non-traditional markets are as follows.
Mail order houses
Tele shopping
Virtual stores
Catalogue market
Online marketing
14. What do you mean by Marketing mix?
Answer: Formulation and implementing the methods of marketing is called ‘Marketing Mix’.
15. Why is consumer protection required?
Answer: Consumer protection is required because it protect to consumers against the exploitation by the producers and traders. There is a great need for consumer protection. To safeguard the interests of consumers, consumer rights are assured.
16. What is branding of goods?
Answer: This is the act of fixing a symbol or some letter to a product to distinguish it from the products of others. Branding brings down selling costs, widens the market and creates a demand for a particular or branded ‘product’. Brand should be duly registered under the Trade Marks Act. The letter ® within a circle on each product and package indicates that the selected brand is duly registered. Others cannot use this brand name. If used legal action can be taken. e.g.: Reebok shoes, Rin soap, Parker pen etc.
III. Answer each of the following questions in about eight to ten sentences.
17. What are the functions of marketing? Explain any one function briefly?
Answer: Some of the major functions of marketing are as follows.
1. Buying and assembling.
2. Selling.
3. Transportation.
4. Storage and warehousing.
5. Market research.
6. Standardization.
7. Grading.
8. Branding.
9. Insurance.
Explanation of one function:
Buying and assembling: Buying in marketing implies buying of goods by the manufacturers for use in production or buying of goods from middle men for resale. It is not buying of goods by the consumers for consumption. Assembling is a function which starts after buying is over.
18. What are the main elements of marketing mix? Explain any one of them?
The elements of marketing mix are made up of four forces namely,
1. Product Mix: It is a very important and vital element of the marketing mix. The producer aims at producing quality products but emphasis is also given to the variety of the product, design of the product, packaging, colour and other features under the product mix.
19. What is the importance of marketing? How does marketing help in improvement of standard of living?
Answer: The importance of marketing are,
1) Standard of living
2) Consumer satisfaction
3) Employment opportunity
4) Resources
5) International Marketing
6) Economic development
Availability and consumption of various types of products and services increase the standard of living of the people. That is how marketing will help in improvement of standard of living.
IV. Activities:
Collect any two consumer disputes which appeared in Newspapers. Write about the dicision pronounced by the consumer forum.
1. Zomato ordered to pay Rs 60,000 to Karnataka woman for not delivering momos worth Rs 133.25 -A consumer court in Karnataka has ordered Zomato to pay a woman from Dharwad Rs 60,000 for failing to deliver her order of momos placed online last year. The order by the District Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission in Dharwad came on July 3.
2. Lufthansa fined Rs 1 lakh for not informing passenger about Schengen visa
Man was travelling to Canada for higher studies but was stopped at Mumbai airport on April 13, 2022, for not possessing a mandatory Schengen visa required for transiting through European countries like Germany. Lufthansa had not informed him of this requirement during the ticket booking process.
Some more questions:
Mention the different types of markets.
Answer: The different types of markets are as follows.
1. On the basis of area – Local market, Regional market, National market, International market.
2. On the basis of items – Commodity market, Money market, Capital market.
3. On the basis of Link – Primary market, Secondary market, Terminal market.
4. On the basis of volume of business – Wholesale market, Retail market
5. On the basis of nature of transactions – Spot Market. Future market
6. On the basis of nature of goods – Consumers market, Producers market
7. On the basis of Regulation – Regulated market, Non-regulated market or free market
8. Traditional and Non Traditional markets
2. How does Marketing create employment opportunity?
Answer: Many institutions are involved in the process of marketing. For example manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, transport agencies, banks, insurance logistic, transcribing and supply chain management agencies etc., in the course of executing marketing activities. These activities create employment opportunities in the country.
3 . Why Marketing mix is important?
Answer: Marketing mix is important because of the following reasons:
1) Marketing mix helps the firm to increase its sales and profit.
2) Marketing mix serves as a link between the firm and its customers.
3) Marketing mix helps to meet the needs of the customers.
4. What are the two categories of distribution?
Answer: The distribution channel can be classified mainly into two categories. They are:
a. Direct distribution channel or Direct selling
b. Indirect distribution channel or indirect selling.
5. What are the distribution channels in Indirect selling?
6. Explain the role of middleman in the channel of distribution
Answer: The distribution channel of a product begins with the producers and ends with the consumers. In between producer and the final consumer various middlemen are included. They either purchase and sell goods or negotiate purchases and sales. However transporting agents, banks, insurance companies which also help in the movement of goods are not included in the distribution channel. This is because though these agencies perform certain functions of marketing, they neither purchase nor sell the goods or negotiate the purchases and sales of goods.
7. Mention the different Consumer Regulatory Acts passed in India.
Answer: The different Consumer Regulatory Acts passed in India are,
(1) Indian Contracts Act-1872
(2) The sale of goods Act-1930
(3) Indian Standards Institutions Act-1952
(4) Essential Commodities Act-1955
(5) The Consumer Protection Act-1986.
8. What are the rights of consumers according to The Consumer Protection Act?
Answer: According to The Consumer Protection Act the rights of consumers are as follows.
The right to protect: Against the marketing of goods which are hazardous to life and property.
The right to information: Information about the quality, quantity, purity, standard etc. to protect the consumers against unfair trade practices.
Right to choice: Wherever possible access to variety of goods at competitive prices.
Right to be heard: The interests of the consumers to be heard with due consideration.
Right to seek redressal: Against the unfair trade practices or unscrupulous exploitation.
Right to consumer education: The consumers are to be educated about their rights.
Right to stop exploitation.
Right to healthy environment that is good physical environment will enhance the quality of their life.
9. Name the Consumer grievances disputes redressal Agencies.
Answer: The consumer disputes redressal agencies are,
1) The famous book of Admsmith is The wealth of Nations.
2) Abolition of bonded labour act was passed in the year 1976.
3) When the marginal productivits of a labour is Zero is known as disguised unemployment.
4) Division of labour increases efficiency of Labour.
5) Abolition of child labour act was passed in the year 1986.
II. Discuss in groups and answer the following.
6) What is meant by division of labour?
Answer: Division of Labour means the allocation of different parts of the production process to different workers or to different groups of workers.
7) What is meant by child labour?
Answer: The children working below the age of 14 years to work is called child Labour.
8)Define unemployment.
Answer: An unemployed is one who is willing to work at the prevailing market rate, but still does not get the work.
9) Explain the advantages of division of labour.
Answer: The important advantages of the division of labour are,
Efficiency of Labour: The basic advantage of division of Labour is that it increases the efficiency of Labour
Quality of production: The increase in the efficiency of Labour leads not only to an increase in the quantity of output but also to an improvement in the quality of the produced goods and services.
Profit: The increase in quantity and quality of output brings greater Profit.
Average cost: Since Division of Labour increases the total output the average cost of producing a commodity falls, then consumers get goods at cheap rate.
Research and Development: Division of Labour at a longer period helps in research and innovation which leads to produce variety of new products.
10) List the disadvantages of division of labour.
Answer: The important disadvantages of division of labour are,
Monotony of work: Under division of Labour, a worker has to do the same job time and again for years together. Therefore; after some time, the worker feels bored.
Lack of responsibility: If the quality of the product is not up to the expected level, none can be held responsible
Increased dependence: When the production is divided up into a number of processes and each part is performed by different workers, it may lead to dependence among workers.
Unemployment: Division of Labour leads to specialization. A worker instead of completing the whole article is specialized in making a small part of it. If he/she is removed from the job, he/she has to look for a job which is of the same type till then he will be unemployed.
Class conflict:-Division of Labour facilitates large scale production which helps the producers to earn huge profits. The producers thus become rich by paying less wages to the workers. This divides the society into haves and have nots (rich and poor).
11) State the meaning of productive and reproductive labour.
Answer: Productive Labour is that which creates some utility or which has undergone for earning an income. Reproductive Labour is the work at domestic place, at house. It can also be called as Domestic Labour. It is unpaid work, performed by women in home. Child rearing and caring, cleaning, cooking etc. are the examples for Reproductive labour.
12) What are the types of unemployment?
Answer: The types of unemployment are as follows.
Disguised unemployment
Seasonal unemployment
Industrial Unemployment
Educational Unemployment
13) Identify the differences between disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment.
Disguised unemployment: It is a situation of unemployment with surplus manpower than actual requirement and in which the marginal productivity of some workers are zero. So even removal of them will not affect the volume of total production. It is also called under employment of Labour.
Seasonal unemployment: People engaged in such a type of work or activities may remain unemployed during the off season. This is called Seasonal unemployment.
14) How industrial unemployment is different from educational unemployment?
Industrial Unemployment: – If a person remain unemployed for a given period due to the changes in the industrial sector it is called as Industrial Unemployment. E.g.: People who migrate to urban areas in search of jobs fail to get jobs due to lack of special training and skill.
Educational Unemployment: -The condition of educated people not having job though they are interested and capable of doing it.
IV. Projects:
Prepare a project on different types of unemployment and state its position in today’s India.
Answer: There are many types of unemployment and state its position in India. They are,
Disguised unemployment: It is a situation of unemployment with surplus manpower than actual requirement and in which the marginal productivity of some workers are zero. So even removal of them will not affect the volume of total production. It is also called under employment of Labour.
Seasonal unemployment: People engaged in such a type of work or activities may remain unemployed during the off season. This is called Seasonal unemployment.
Industrial Unemployment: – If a person remain unemployed for a given period due to the changes in the industrial sector it is called as Industrial Unemployment. E.g.: People who migrate to urban areas in search of jobs fail to get jobs due to lack of special training and skill.
Educational Unemployment: -The condition of educated people not having job though they are interested and capable of doing it.
Cyclical unemployment: Reason for this unemployment is economic downturns, when businesses lay off workers
Structural unemployment: This unemployment occurs when the skills of the workforce don’t match the skills required for jobs
Frictional unemployment: This unemployment occurs when people searching jobs, this is the time between jobs when someone is looking for a new job
Write a report on gender dimensions laboring
Answer: The gender division of labour refers to the allocation of different jobs or types of work to women and men. A lack of employment opportunities outside the home combined with financial constraints forces women staying behind to work at home as a substitute for male migrants’ work, as ‘unpaid’ workers. Women constitute nearly 30% of the labour force in rural area and 20% in urban areas. The percentage of women labour force is low when it is compared to the male, but the share of women force in total labour force has been increasing gradually. Women are equally important, like men for the growth and development of a country. With economic progress, women are emerging as a force of empowering India. But it is unfortunate that the socio economic status of women labour in India is not increasing. In one way or the other women are exploited in the society.
The female participation in labour force has increased by 9.5% points in 2021-22 over the year 2017-18, this upward trend in female LFPR is the result of various influential factors.
Around 39.3% females of age group 15-59 years in rural areas were in labour force during 2021-22, registered an increase of 12.7% points from the year 2017-18. In urban areas, around 26.5% females were in labour force during 2021-22 as compared to 22.3% in 2017-18.
The main reason for men not being in labour force was continuation of their study. Around 71.7% men wanted to continue their study and it keeps them outside the labour force.
20.6% of total rural women were engaged in Agriculture work and major portion 14.2% women are working as helper and only 6.4% females are own employer. Only 1.4% of total rural women were engaged in “Services Sector.
Some more Questions:
What are the features of Labour?
Answer: The features of Labour are,
1. Labour cannot be separated from the Labourer
2. Labour cannot be accumulated
3. Labour supply varies over time
4. Labour is less mobile
5. Labour differs in efficiency
6. Labour is an active factor.
2. What are the types of Labour?
Answer: Labour can be of many types. It can be categorized as-
1. Nature of work done: Physical and mental Labour
2. Skill:- Skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled Labour
3. Training: Professional and Administrative Labour
4. Income earned: Productive and reproductive Labour.
3. What is productive labour?
Answer: Productive Labour is that which creates some utility or which has undergone for earning an income.
According to Adam smith ‘productive Labour is only that Labour, which leads to the creation of material goods or assets’.
4. What is Reproductive Labour?
Answer: Reproductive Labour is the work at domestic place, at house. It can also be called as Domestic Labour.
5. What is Bonded Labour?
Answer: Bonded labour is one who is bound to work in the house of the land lord for a fixed amount up to a fixed period or till the repayment of the borrowed money.
6. What is Child Labour?
Answer: The children working below the age of 14 years to work is called child Labour.
7. What is an employment?
Answer: Employment is a situation where a person is engaged in the work at the prevailing wage rate in the market, to maintain his/her livelihood as it brings regular income either in private or public sector.
8. What is unemployment?
Answer: An unemployed is one who is willing to work at the prevailing market rate, but still does not get the work is called unemployment.
9. What is youth unemployment?
Answer: Unemployment among the people between the age group of 15-30 years is called youth unemployment.
1. Nandi Hill Station is in Chikballapur district.
2. Abbe falls is near to Madikeri (Mercara) town.
3. Gokakwaterfall is called Niagara of Karnataka.
4. Om beach is near Gokarna.
5. Mysore city is called the ‘City of Palaces’.
II. Answer the following questions in brief.
6. What are the advantages of tourism?
Answer: Tourism has become an inevitable part of the human life today. We gain knowledge about the place, culture, civilization and life style etc. Tourism has many advantages, including economic benefits, environmental benefits, and cultural benefits. Tourism creates jobs in many sectors, including hotels, restaurants, transportation, and entertainment. Tourism brings in foreign currency, which helps the economy. Tourism can improve a country’s brand image. Tourism gives localities a chance to showcase their culture and raise their profile.
7. Name the sites included in the UNESCO’s world heritage sites list.
Answer: UNESCO has recognized and included Hampi, Pattadakal, and recently, the Western Ghats and the Hoysala Temples of Beluru, Halebeedu and Somanathapura as ‘World Heritage Sites’.
8. Name the attractive places of Bengaluru.
Answer: The city of Bengaluru is attracting large number of tourists. It has a pleasant climate, wonderful buildings like Vidhana Soudha, Vikasa Soudha, Udyoga Soudha, High Court, Nehru Planetorium, Vishveshwaraiah industrial and techonological musuem, beautiful gardens like Lalbagh and Cubbon Park and hence it is called ‘Garden City’. It is Karnataka’s largest city and one of the megacities of the country.
9. Name the wildlife sanctuaries of Karnataka.
Answer: For the conservation of wild life in their natural habitat, 36 wildlife sanctuaries have been identified. Of these Melukote, Kaveri, Mookambika, Kappathagudda, Jogimatti, Bheemaghada, Chincoli, Talakaveri wild life sanctuaries are the main ones. The five national parks in Karnataka are Rajiv Gandhi National Park in Nagarahole, Bandipur, Bannerghatta, Kudremukh and Anshi National Park.
10.Name the important of waterfalls of Karnataka.
Answer: The important of waterfalls of Karnataka are, Jog Falls of Shivamogga, ‘Gaganachukki’ and ‘Bharachukki’ in Mandya, ‘Abbe falls’ in Kodagu, Hebbe falls near Kemmanagundi hill station, Kalhatagiri falls, Unchalli Falls (called Loushington) Uttara Kannada district and Gokak Falls in Belagavi district, Magod falls etc.
11. What is the theme of Karnataka tourism department?
Answer: “One state many worlds”. This is the theme of Karnataka Tourism department.
III. Match the following.
A B
i. Biligirirangana hills b. Chamarajnagar district
ii. Gandhi Bhavan d. Nandi Hills
iii. Nagara Hole a. Rajeev Gandhi National Park
iv. Mysuru e. Chamundi Hills
v. Udupi c. St. Mary’s Island
IV. Activities:
1. Make a list of the hill stations and wild life sanctuaries of Karnataka.
Answer: The hill stations and wild life sanctuaries of Karnataka are,
Hill stations of Karnataka: Kudremukh hill station of Chikkamagaluru district, Nandi hill station of Chikballapur district, B.R.Hills, Agumbe Sunset spot, Kemmannugundi, Devarayanadurga, Jogi hills of Chitradurga district,Kodachadri, Himavadgopalaswamy hills, the rocky hillocks of Ramnagar, Madhugiri Monolithic hill, the enchanting rock formations at Yana.
The wild life sanctuaries of Karnataka: Rajiv Gandhi National Park in Nagarahole, Bandipur, Bannerghatta, Kudremukh and Anshi National Park, Melukote, Kaveri, Mookambika, Kappathagudda, Jogimatti, Bheemaghada, Chincoli, Talakaveri wild life sanctuaries are the main ones.
Some more questions:
Mention the historical places of Karnataka.
Answer: The historical places of Karnataka are Hampi, Belur, Halebid, Somnathpur, Badami, Pattadakal, Aihole, Gol Gumbuz of Vijayapura, Lakkundi, Banavasi, Basaralu, Belligave, Mysuru, Srirangapatna etc.
Name the Places of Pilgrimage in Karnataka.
Answer: The Places of Pilgrimage in Karnataka are Dharmasthala, Udupi, Sringeri, Horanadu, Kollur, Gokarna, Ulavi, Sirsi, Shravanabelagola, Kudala Sangama, Melukote, Adichunchunagiri, Karkala, Devaragudda, Mylarakshetra, Bande Nawaz Darga of Kalaburagi, Ibrahim Roza of Vijayapura, Mallikrahan Darga of Sira, St.Philomena Church in Mysuru, Rosario Cathedral in Mangaluru etc.
What are Forts in Karnataka?
Answer: There are many historic and strong forts in Karnataka and they are favourite tourist spots, for example : Fort of Bidar, Vijayapura, Kalaburagi, Hampi (Vijayanagar), Keladi, Chitradurga, Madhugiri, Nandi Hills, Pavagada, Manjrabad, Ucchangidurga, Kavaledurga, Parathagadha, Srirangapatna, the coastal forts of Bahadurgadha, Basavarajadurga, Devagadha Kurmagadha etc.
What are the famous tourist spots in Mysuru?
Answer: The famous tourist spots in Mysuru are Ambavilas palace, Jaganmohan palace, Chamundi Hills, K.R.Sagar Dam and Brindavan gardens, the Mysuru Zoo, Kabini dam, Nugu forest, Shakuvana, Bylukuppe, Venkatappa Art Gallery etc.
C1. Answer the following questions in a sentence or two each:
1. How many people are there in the photograph?
Answer: There are three people in the photograph.
2. How is the poet related to the people in the photograph?
Answer: The mother and the two cousins of the poet named Betty and Dolly are in the photograph. Thus the poet related to the people in the photograph.
3. Who was taking the snapshot?
Answer: Uncle was taking the snapshot.
4. Is the mother described in the photo alive?
Answer: No. She is not alive.
5. Which aspect of the mother does the poet like very much?
Answer: The poet likes the sweet and smiling face of mother very much which was captured in the photograph.
C2. Discuss the answers for the following questions with your partner and then write down in your notebook.
1) Why does the writer say
“And of this circumstance
There is nothing to say at all
Its silence silences”?
Answer: The poet knows that her mother’s death is a fact and she can’t do anything about it. The poet has nothing to say about her mother’s death and the emptiness left after her death shatters the poet. This expression from the poem ‘The Photograph’ by Shirley Toulson means the truth and mystery of the poet’s mother’s death fills him with sadness. The constant pain she experiences on account of her loss makes her silent. She is unable to solve the mystery about death. She can’t do anything about it. Whenever she remembers her mother, she just becomes silent with the pain that followed after her mother’s death. Its silence silences.” The poet’s mother has now been dead for nearly as long as the girl in the photograph. The poet is at a loss for words to express her feelings about her mother’s death. It’s a solemn moment, and its silence has rendered her speechless.
2) Does the poet notice any change in the mother after the poet was born? What do you think could have made the change in the mother’s face?
Answer: Yes. The poet notices the change in the mother’s face after the poet was born. She adores her “sweet” face and observes how it changes as she grows older. She recalls every detail of her life, including her laughter when she looked at the photograph. This could have been the outcome of sorrowful incidents or hardships in life. Age and ill health also might have made the mother lose the sweetness of her face and smile. The poet is looking at her mother’s photograph which is indeed an old one. With it she can see how her mother looked when she was a little girl of twelve. It might have been windy at that time as their hair was flying on their faces when the uncle took the photograph. All the three smile through their flying hair. Looking at the photograph, the poet says that her mother had a sweet face, but it was a time before the poet was born.
3) Why are the feet described as “transient feet”?
Answer: The feet described as “transient feet” to symbolize the temporary nature of human life. The phrase is a metaphor that compares the permanence of the sea to the fleeting presence of humans. The word “transient” means something that is short-lived or temporary. The poet uses “feet” to symbolize humans. The poet suggests that the sea remains the same while humans grow old and die. Transient means something which is temporary or short-lived. Here, when the author says terribly transient feet, she refers to the ever-changing imprints of the feet left on the sea sand. The sea never appears to change but human life is transient. The poet suggests that human existence is transitory, but the sea seems never to change.
C3. Answer the following questions on your own.
What is the mood of the poet?
Answer: In the poem “A Photograph,” the poet’s mood is predominantly sad and nostalgic as she looks at an old picture of her mother, reflecting on the passage of time and the loss of her mother who is now deceased, causing a deep sense of grief and longing.
Which line in the poem does you like the most? Why?
Answer: I like the lines “A sweet face, My mother’s, that was before I was born, And the sea, which appears to have changed less”.
Here poet explains the changing mind of every human being. The poet notices the change in the mother’s face after the poet was born. She adores her “sweet” face and observes how it changes as she grows older. She recalls every detail of her life, including her laughter when she looked at the photograph. This could have been the outcome of sorrowful incidents or hardships in life. Age and ill health also might have made the mother lose the sweetness of her face and smile. The poet is looking at her mother’s photograph which is indeed an old one.
Is there any change in the life of the poet’s mother over the years? What kind of a person, you think she was? Describe the mother in the poem do in your own words.
Answer: Yes, there has been a lot of change in the life of the poet’s mother over the years. As a child, the poet’s mother was a carefree and friendly person. She had a smiling and sweet face in the photograph when she posed for it, holding the hands of her. She changed after the birth of poet. The poet’s mother had posed for the photograph with her cousins when she was young and was not yet bogged down by the responsibilities and hardships of life. In old age, along with inevitable physical changes, they also experience a change in their mental make-up because of the challenges in life.
An Introduction to the Study of International Relations
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The study of international relations is called international politics said by Hans J Morgenthau
2. Woodrow Wilson Chair started at University of Wales in Britain University.
3. Jeremy Bentham Used the term International Relations for the very first time.
II. Answer the following questions after group discussion.
4. What is the study of international relations?
Answer: There are 195 sovereign nations in the contemporary world. Although these nations are fully independent, they are not self-sufficient nations. Whether it is an individual or a nation representing them, it is imperative to connect with another nation to redress the grievances of its people. Imperatives like these prefaced the study of international relations.
5. When did the systematic study of international relations begin?
Answer: The systematic study of international relations began after the First World War. Systematic study of international relations began in universities in countries such as America, Britain and Sweden. It was realized in 1919 by starting the Woodrow Wilson Chair at the
University of Wales in Britain.
6. Who was the first chairman of the Woodrow Wilson Chair for the systematic study of international relations, started at the University of Wales?
Answer: Ekarth Jim was the first chairman of the Woodrow Wilson Chair for the systematic study of international relations, started at the University of Wales.
7. Explain the nature of International Relations?
Answer: The study of international relations has its own nature. It is discussed as follows.
1. Nature of Change : The nature of international relations is dynamic. What has happened in world politics? what is going on And it’s a perfect analysis of what happens next.
2. Interdisciplinary Content: The study of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature like other social sciences.
3. Nation-state is the primary unit: In the study of international relations, the behavior of the state is the driving force for the movement of relations between nations.
4. National Interest and National powers are Fundamental Factors: Protection of national interest is the main objective of the state. Nations develop relations with other nations with this goal in mind.
5. Struggle for power: According to Hans J. Marganthor, international politics is a struggle for power among nations. Whichever country has more power or power influences other countries to fulfill its interests.
6. Interaction and feedback among nations: No nation in the present world is self perfect. Every nation depends on another nation in some way. So it is imperative that they engage in interaction and feedback to protect their respective interests.
7. Use of Empirical and Analytical Methods for Theory Formation: Theories are the basis for the study of all branches of knowledge. Accordingly, theories are also the basis in the study of
international relations.
8. Role of official and non-official institution: Both recognized and non-recognized organizations are influencing the study of international relations Organizations like (UN-United Nations) (World Bank) and (IMF-International Monetary Fund) are official institutions.
8. What is the importance of International Relations?
Answer: Importance of Studying International Relations are as follows.
1. Introduces the real nature of world politics: World politics helps to understand the dynamics of real power relations between different nations and organizations. The actions and reactions of different countries depend on the policy orientations of the respective countries. Therefore international relations helps to realize the reality of world politics.
2. Helps realize national interests: National interests are the basic motivations of international relations. The nature of those interests determines the nature of international relations. It is
for the fulfillment of these interests all nations develop their own relationships.
3. Gives knowledge about the major challenges facing the world : The study of international relations is the basis for dealing with the major challenges facing the world like hunger, malnutrition, poverty, diseases, illiteracy, unemployment, conflict, war, terrorism,
climate change and biological problems.
4. Awakens Universal Consciousness: Although there are many differences due to different interests and beliefs between countries, the unity that we are all human beings in the end breaks down the boundaries between us. Such feelings contribute to world peace and
awaken universal consciousness. The study of international relations is helpful in this regard.
5. Upholds the Importance of Foreign Policy : Study of Foreign Policy Part of the study of international relations. As mentioned earlier, good relations between countries are very necessary for world peace, and for that to materialize, knowledge of foreign policy is required.
6. Help to know the importance of international organizations:Various international organizations have been formed to facilitate human life. Also, there are many associations and unions at the world level. They are working for world peace. It is because of their activism that the world lives at peace to some extent. For example – the study of international organizations such as United Nations, World Bank, UNESCO, UNICEF etc. helps to understand such organizations comprehensively.
III. Activities:
1. Discuss in class the importance of interdependence in International Relations.
Answer: In International Relations, interdependence is crucial because it creates a system where nations rely on each other for various needs. It also carries risks of vulnerability and potential power imbalances between nations depending on the nature of their interdependence. Interdependence encourages collaboration to address transnational issues like climate change, pandemics, and terrorism, as no single country can effectively tackle them alone. Nations can specialize in producing goods and services they are most efficient at, leading to increased trade and overall economic prosperity when they rely on each other for different products. Interdependence can give smaller nations more leverage in international politics by providing them with bargaining chips in negotiations with larger powers. Heavy reliance on another country for essential goods or services can leave a nation vulnerable to disruptions in trade or political instability.
2. List the factors contributing to global peace with the help of the teacher.
Answer: The eight pillars of positive peace are well-functioning government, sound business environment, acceptance of the rights of others, good relations with neighbours, free flow of information, high levels of human capital, low levels of corruption, and equitable distribution of resources. It is not just the absence of conflict, but the active presence of harmony, justice, equality, and understanding both within individuals and between nations. Building peace from the inside out encourages sustainable solutions to global problems, such as human rights, environmental protection, and economic equity.
3. Learn about life and achievements of Woodrow Wilson.
Answer: Woodrow Wilson was the 28th president of the United States. He led the country through World War I and was a key figure in the creation of the League of Nations. He born in Staunton, Virginia on December 28, 1856. He attended Princeton University, where he became president in 1902. Later he earned a Ph.D. in political science from Johns Hopkins University in 1886. He married Ellen Louise Axson in 1885, and they had three daughters. Woodrow Wilson created the league of Nations after world war I (1914 – 18). He presided over ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, giving women the right to vote, and laws that prohibited child labour and that mandated an eight-hour workday for railroad workers.
Political career:
Became the governor of New Jersey in 1910
Selected as the Democratic presidential candidate in 1912
Won the election due to the Republican party split between William Howard Taft and Theodore Roosevelt
Achievements as president:
Led the United States into World War I
Created the League of Nations
Ratified the Nineteenth Amendment, giving women the right to vote
Prohibited child labor
Mandated an eight-hour workday for railroad workers
Passed the Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Underwood-Simmons Act, Graduated income taxes, and Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Foreign policy:
His stance on foreign policy came to be known as Wilsonianism
He called for the abolition of secret treaties, a reduction in armaments, and freedom of the seas
4. List the material that constitutes the study of international relations.
Answer: International relations involve the study of such things as foreign policy, international conflict and negotiation, war, nuclear proliferation, terrorism, international trade and economics, and international development, among other subjects. As you may expect, international relations’ broad scope requires an interdisciplinary approach, drawing upon the fields of economics, law, political science, sociology, game theory, and even psychology.
International relations study is structured around three main themes: political thought, political institutions and international relations. Following an introduction to these themes, you’ll begin to tailor the course to your interests and aspirations with a selection of optional modules. These include areas such as security, interdependence, liberty, and comparative studies of political economies, democratic practice, and the role of global politics in the environment.
IV. Projects:
1. Discuss the importance of meeting and exchange of ideas between leaders of different countries in improving international relations.
Answer: Meeting and exchanging ideas between leaders of different countries is crucial for improving international relations as it Meeting and exchanging ideas between leaders of different countries is crucial for improving international relations as it fosters mutual understanding, builds trust, allows for direct dialogue on complex issues, and creates opportunities to find common ground and collaborate on global challenges, ultimately promoting cooperation and reducing tensions between nations; essentially, it serves as a key tool for diplomacy and conflict resolution. Essentially, it serves as a key tool for diplomacy and conflict resolution.
Direct dialogue allows leaders to express their views and concerns openly, gaining a deeper understanding of each other’s perspectives and priorities.
Personal interactions between leaders can help break down stereotypes and create a foundation for stronger relationships, even when there are disagreements on policy issues.
High-level meetings can send a positiv signal to the international community.
Leaders can leverage their meetings to foster cultural understanding and appreciation between their respective nations.
2. Find out with the help of the teacher how Kautilya’s Arthashastra is useful for the development of international relations.
Answer: Kautilya’s Arthashastra is considered valuable for developing international relations due to its detailed analysis of power dynamics between states, emphasizing the concept of “Rajamandala” (circle of states), which outlines the need to understand and strategically manage relationships with neighboring countries, including potential allies and enemies, allowing for a nuanced approach to diplomacy based on power calculations and situational awareness; it also provides practical strategies like using diplomacy, alliances, and military force when necessary to protect national interests, making it relevant for modern foreign policy decision-making.
Six-fold policy (Sama-Dana-Bheda-Danda): This policy advocates using a combination of conciliation, gifts, dissension, and force to manage relationships with other states, depending on the situation.
Importance of intelligence gathering: Kautilya stresses the need for accurate information about other states to make informed decisions in diplomacy and warfare.
Flexibility in strategy:The Arthashastra emphasizes adapting strategies based on changing circumstances and power dynamics, allowing for dynamic foreign policy adjustments.
How modern states can apply Arthashastra principles:
Analyzing regional dynamics: Studying the “Mandala” concept to understand the power balance within a region and identify potential allies and adversaries.
Strategic partnerships: Using the “Sama-Dana-Bheda-Danda” policy to build alliances, offer incentives, create divisions among opponents, and use force when necessary.
Economic diplomacy: Recognizing the importance of economic power in international relations, similar to Kautilya’s focus on a strong economy as a foundation for political influence.
C1. Get into pairs / groups and discuss the answers to the following questions:
What articles did the astrologer carry?
Answer: The articles which the astrologer carry are a bag and spread out his professional equipment, which consisted of a dozen cowry shells, a square piece of cloth with obscure mystic charts on it, a notebook, and a bundle of palmyra writing.
What were the different names given by the nuts vendor for his business?
Answer: the different names given by the nuts vendor for his business are, “Bombay Ice Cream”, “Delhi Almond,” and “Raja’s Delicacy,”
What kind of life would the astrologer have in his own village?
Answer: The Astrologer had left his village without any previous thought or plan. If he had continued there, he would have carried on the work of his forefathers – namely, tilling the land, living, marrying, and ripening in his cornfield and ancestral home.
How much did the astrologer charge for his new clients?
Answer: The Astrologer charge three paise per question for his new clients.
Why did the astrologer remain silent for at least ten minutes, initially?
Answer: The astrologer remain silent for at least ten minutes because this silence of ten minutes, which provided him enough stuff for a dozen answers and advices.
What was the signal for the astrologer to bundle up?
Answer: When the nuts vendor blew out his flare and rose to go home, then it was a signal for the astrologer to bundle up too, since it left him in darkness except for a little shaft of green light.
How much did the astrologer demand from his new client to answer his question?
Answer: The astrologer demand eight Annas from his new client to answer his question.
What did the astrologer ask Guru Nayak to do?
Answer: The astrologer ask Guru Nayak to take the next train and be gone to his village which was two day’s journey due north of there.
C2. Working in pairs, discuss the answers to the following questions and write them in your notebook.
Why did the astrologer have no light of his own for his business?
Answer: The astrologer had no light of his own for his business because half the enchantment of the place was due to the fact that it did not have the benefit of municipal lighting. This suited the astrologer very well, for the simple reason that he had not in the least intended to be an astrologer when he began life and he knew no more of what was going to happen to others than he knew what was going to happen to himself next minute. The dim lighting also helped create an atmosphere of mystery and enchantment, which made the astrologer’s predictions seem more credible. The lack of proper lighting also concealed the astrologer’s true identity and the fact that he wasn’t genuinely knowledgeable about astrology.
Why did the astrologer close his business when the nuts vendor blew out his flare?
Answer: The astrologer closes his business when the nuts vendor blew out his flare, because the astrologer relied on the light from the flare above heap of groundnut for conducting his business. When the groundnut vendor blew out the flare, the astrologer was left in darkness and he could not continue his astrology.
How efficient was the astrologer in his business?
Answer: The astrologer was efficient in his business because he was a good listener and had a keen understanding of human nature. The Astrologer never opened his mouth till the other had spoken for at least ten minutes, which provided him enough stuff for a dozen answers and advices. He had a working analysis of mankind’s troubles: marriage, money and the tangles of humanity. Long practice had sharpened his perception. The astrologer would make general statements that would be true for most people. The astrologer would use his understanding of human nature and his keen observation skills to make predictions.
4. “When shall I get him?”
a) Who was this question asked to?
Answer: This question was asked to the Astrologer.
b) Whom does “I” refer to?
Answer: ‘I’ referred to the Stranger.
c) Why does the speaker want to get him?
Answer: The speaker, known as Guru Nayak, wants to “get him” because he is seeking revenge on a man from his past who he believes tried to kill him because he wants to confront the astrologer and potentially exact revenge for the attempted murder, believing that the astrologer is the same man he is searching for.
5. “You look worried. What is wrong?”
a) Who is the speaker?
Answer: The wife of an Astrologer is the speaker.
b) Whom does “you” refer to?
Answer: ‘You’ referred to the Astrologer.
c) Why was he worried?
Answer: The Astrologer worried because he tried to kill the stranger named Guru Nayak a long back ago. Guru Nayak came there to take revenge for his unknown enemy. In his youth Astrologer stabbed his last client Guru nayak and ran away from his village and settled as astrologer in this town. But Guru nayak not recognized the Astrologer. But he still worried about meet him again.
C3. Working in pairs, discuss the answers to the following questions and write them in your notebook.
Why did the astrologer run away from his village?
Answer: In his youth Astrologer stabbed his last client Guru nayak and pushed him into the well and ran away from his village. He had feared being accused of murder. While under the influence of alcohol, he stabbed and pushed a man into a well. Fearing arrest, he ran away to avoid being caught and punished. He settled in Malgudi and married a girl there and decided to never return to his village.
In the story, do you think the astrologer should be punished for his crime?
Answer: Yes, I think the astrologer should be punished for his crime, because, all persons are equal before the law of our country.
Describe how the astrologer felt at the end of the story?
Answer: The Astrologer felt guilty about the attempted murder and believed he had killed Nayak. The astrologer used his skills as an astrologer to deceive Nayak and convince him to return home. The astrologer told Nayak that the man who tried to kill him had died, and that he would live to be a hundred if he returned home. The astrologer was able to avoid a dangerous situation by using his skill and intelligence.
Describe the role of fate and chance in the story.
Answer: The astrologer was able to avoid a dangerous situation by fate and a chance and also his skill and intelligence. Fate allows the astrologer to remain unrecognized, enabling him to deceive Nayak into believing his attacker is dead. Fate plays a main role in the story. A villager turns into an astrologer because of his fate. Again, it is fate that brings the enemies face- to-face. Once again Astrologer succeeded to escape from the Guru nayak. Astrologer had used his skill and sends him back to his village.
Does the story make you think that all astrologers are false? Write about it.
Answer: No, All astrologers are not false. In this story, the Astrologer is forced to leave his ancestral home and travel several hundred miles away with no plan and no money. But there are many astrologers in our society who have brilliant knowledge and skills about astrology.
How has R.K. Narayan portrayed the attractive appearance of the astrologer?
Answer: .K. Narayan portrayed the appearance of the astrologer to make him attractive to the readers. R.K. Narayan says that astrologer’s forehead was resplendent with sacred ash and vermilion, and his eyes sparkled with a sharp, abnormal gleam which was really an outcome of a continual searching look for customers, but which his simple clients took to be a prophetic light and felt comforted. The power of his eyes was considerably enhanced by their position – placed as they were between the painted forehead and the dark whiskers which streamed down his cheeks: even a half-wit’s eyes would sparkle in such a setting. To crown the effect he wound a saffron-coloured turban round his head. This colour scheme never failed. People were attracted to him as bees are attracted to cosmos or dahlia stalks. He sat under the boughs of a spreading tamarind tree which flanked a path running through the town hall park. The Astrologer never opened his mouth till the other had spoken for at least ten minutes, which provided him enough stuff for a dozen answers and advices.
C4. Read the following sentences from the story and arrange them in the sequential order as they appear in the story.
1. Take the next train and go home. 6
2. The astrologer pressed his invitation. 4
3. He was as much a stranger to the stars as were his innocent customers. 2
4. The astrologer got a glimpse of his face by the match light. 5
5. The place was lit up by shop lights. 1
6. The child has been asking for sweets for so many days. 7
7. The nuts vendor blew out his flare and rose to go home. 3
Answer:
The place was lit up by shop lights.
He was as much a stranger to the stars as were his innocent customers.
The nuts vendor blew out his flare and rose to go home.
The astrologer pressed his invitation.
The astrologer got a glimpse of his face by the matchlight.
Take the next train and go home.
The child has been asking for sweets for so many days.
LANGUAGE ACTIVITIES:
Vocabulary
V1. Word formation
Make new words by adding the ending given in the box to the root words. Fill in the table with the new words. You may have to add/drop a letter from the root word to make a new word. Put a cross(x) where the ending and the root word do not match.
ed
ing
er
ly
ful
less
1.
Help
Helped
Helping
Helper
X
Helpful
Helpless
2.
End
Ended
Ending
Ender
X
X
endless
3.
Hope
Hoped
Hoping
X
X
Hopeful
Hopeless
4.
Enjoy
Enjoyed
Enjoying
Enjoyer
X
X
X
5.
Shape
Shaped
Shaping
Shaper
Shapely
X
Shapeless
6.
Smile
Smiled
Smiling
X
X
X
X
7.
Run
X
Running
Runner
X
X
Runless
V2. Fill in the blanks with suitable letters to arrive at the given meaning. Refer to the dictionary for the words.
a) ………… sent = gift
b) ………… sent = hate
c) ………… sent = agreement
d) ………… sent = approval
a) Present
b) resent
c) assent
d) consent
V3. You know homophones are words that sound similar but have different spellings and meanings. Here are a few words:
peace – piece
lone – loan
hour – our
died – dyed
fore – four
raze – raise
bear – bare
break – brake
pair – pear
role – roll
Work in pairs. With the help of a dictionary find out the meaning of the above words and use them in sentences of your own.
Peace – quiet, freedom for disturbance. He wanted to take rest with peace.
Piece – part of anything. She cuts the fruits into several pieces.
Lone – alone, single. He is lone in his family, because all are died in accident.
Loan – credit. He took loan from the bank.
Hour – Unit of time. The function started one hour late today.
Our – Belongs to us. We have to do our duty promptly.
Died – expired, dead. He died in his 76th age.
Dyed – coloured. She was always dyeing her hair.
Fore – front. The actress have beautiful forehands.
Four – Ramesh has four daughters.
Raze – demolish. The government razes those unofficial buildings.
Raise – lift, go upward. We could not raise the heavy things.
Bear – tolerate, Some persons have much capacity to bear the difficulties.
Bare – uncovered, naked, exposed. The artist paints the bare picture.
Break – gap, pause in work. After continuous work, there should be a break.
Brake – apparatus for checking motion of wheel. Cows are crossed the road, driver suddenly apply the brake.
Pair – set of two. Sharath purchased a pair of shoes.
Pear – name of a fruit. Pear fruit is good for health.
Role – actor’s part. Negative role done by the hero in this film.
Roll – thing rolled, register – There are rolled bundle of papers in the printing press.
V4. Match the meanings with the following phrases and use them in sentences of your own.
PHRASES MEANINGS
Answer:
a) on account of iv.owing to
b) to bear with iii.to put up with
c) in the midst of vi.in the middle of
d) to be accustomed to v.to get used to
e) to take a new turn i. to begin a new course
f) bereft of ii. deprived of
Grammar and Usage
Reported speech:
Look at the following sentences and observe the changes from direct to reported speech.
1. Mohan said, “I was late yesterday”. (Direct Speech)
Mohan said that he had been late (Reported Speech)
the day before.
2. Mohan said, “I am late today”. (Direct Speech)
Mohan said that he was late that day. (Reported Speech)
G1. Now complete the following sentences:
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
1. He said, “I live in New York.” He said that .. .. .. in
New York.
Answer: He said that he lived in New York.
2. She said: “I’m going to go She said that.. .. ..going to shopping.” go shopping.
Answer: She said that she Ws going to go shopping.
He said, “I’ll see you later.” He said .. .. ..
Answer: He said that he would see him later.
Anu said, “I went to a Anu said that she .. .. .. movie last night. movie last night.”
Answer: Anu said that she had gone for a movie the previous night.
James asked “Do you want James asked if I wanted to go to come out tonight?” out that night.
Answer: James asked if I wanted to go out that night.
G3. Error corrections
I. Punctuate the following sentences:
1. Rashmi said yamuna you are late today
Answer: Rashmi said, “Yamuna, you are late today”.
2. What a beautiful garden it is
Answer: What a beautiful garden it is!
3. People enjoyed the cricket match didn’t they
Answer: People enjoyed the cricket match, didn’t they?
4. Unless he improves his bowling he cannot be selected for the match
Answer: Unless he improves his bowling, he cannot be selected for the match.
II. Spot the errors in the following sentences and re write them
correctly.
They are going to Himalayas.
They are going to the Himalayas
Raju prefers idly than chapati.
Raju prefers idly to chapati
One of the boy looks sad.
One of the boys looks sad.
Mathematics are my favourite subject.
Mathematics is my favourite subject.
A bunch of keys were found in my room.
A bunch of keys was found in my room.
My neighbour is a honest man.
My neighbour is an honest man.
Rafi wanted an one rupee.
Rafi wanted a rupee.
Kiran’s brother is a M.L.A.
Kiran’s brother is an M.L.A.
Our school bought a lot of furnitures.
Our school bought a lot of furniture.
I met an European.
I met a European.
About the Author
R. K. Narayan (10 October 1906 – 13 May 2001), (shortened form for Rasipuram Krishnaswami Iyer Narayanaswami) is an Indian author whose works of fiction include a series of books about people and their interactions in an imagined town called Malgudi. He is credited with bringing Indian literature in English to the rest of the world, and is regarded as one of India’s greatest novelists.
Narayan’s works also include The Financial Expert, hailed as one of the most original works of 1951. His The Guide won the Sahitya Akademi Award.
In a writing career that spanned over sixty years, Narayan received many awards and honours. These include the AC Benson Medal from the Royal Society of Literature and the Padma Vibhushan, India’s second-highest civilian award.
2. The committee of the villagers in every village during the period of the Cholas was Ur.
3. The most famous Chola educational centre or agrahara was Uttaramerur agrahara.
4. The temple in Begur near Bangalore built by the Cholas is the Choleshwara temple.
5. The army of bodyguards during the time of the Hoysalas was Garuda.
6. The poetic work written by Raghavanka Harishchandra Kavya.
II. Answer the following questions in brief:
7. Who was the founder of the Chola kingdom?
Answer: Karikala Chola is the founder of the Chola kingdom.
8. Write a note on the significant features of the Chola administration.
Answer: The Cholas had set up an able and efficient administrative system. The kingdom had been divided into mandalam, kotwangi, nadu, kurram or community of villages and tara-kurram. There was a committee of villagers called Ur in every village. The foremost quality of the Chola administration was the development of the self-governance of the village. The grama sabhas were the first sabhas. Tara-kurram was a village. Every kurram had a village committee named mahasabha. This was also called perumguri and its members perumakkal. The members were chosen through election. Only Sanskrit scholars and rich people were allowed to stand for election.
9. Describe the encouragement given by the Hoysalas to literature.
Answer: Hoysalas encouraged the Kannada literature. Kannada literature flourished immensely. Rudrabhatta wrote ‘Jagannatha Vijaya’, the great poet Janna wrote ‘Yashodhara Charite’, Harihara composed the Champu poem ‘Girija Kalyana’, Raghavanka authored ‘Harishchandra Kavya’ and Keshiraja wrote ‘Shabdamani Darpana’. Even in Sanskrit, memorable works were composed. Sreebhasya by Ramanujacharya and Parasharabhatta composed Sri Guna Ratnakosha.
Some more Questions and answers.
Fill in the blanks.
The Brihadeeshwara temple was built by Rajaraja Chola I
The Cholas constructed the Bellandur Lake near Bangalore.
Vishnuvardhana was theimportant Hoysala king.
Vishnuvardhana earned the title ‘Talakadugonda’.
Answer the following questions.
What are the temples built by the Cholas?
Answer: The Cholas were Shaivites, and they built many Shiva temples. The Brihadeeshwara temple built by Rajaraja Chola I in Thanjavoor, is a very famous one. The Brihadeeshwara temple in Thanjavur is 500 feet tall and it is in a courtyard 250 feet wide. Its shikara is 200 feet tall. The Choleshwara temple was built by Rajendra Chola. The Aprameya temple near Channapatna, the Choleshwara temple in Begur near Bangalore and the Mukteshwara temple near Binnamangala are the temples built by the Cholas in Karnataka. The temples used to function as economic and cultural centres. The idols of Shiva, Ganapati, Vishnu, Durga and Kartikeya of this time are famous.
What are lakes built by the Cholas?
Answer: The Cholas constructed many lakes, and the Bellandur lake near Bangalore is one of these. They built a huge pond in Gangaikonda Cholapuram.
Who was the famous among the Hoysala Kings?
Answer: Vishnuvardhana was the famous among the Hoysala Kings.
How did Hoysala kings encouraged agriculture?
Answer: To encourage agriculture, the Hoysalas built innumerable lakes like the Shanti Sagara, Ballalaraya Samudra, Vishnu Samudra etc gave the imporatance to agriculture.
Write a short note about the administration system of Hosala Kings?
Answer: The Hoysalas had brought into practice provincial system of administration. The power of ruling was given to the Princess, Queens and the Royal family. The officials looked after the administration of the nadu and vishayas. In the villages, there used to be the representatives of the government like the gowda, senabova, talawara and others.
How the architecture of Hoysalas is world famous?
Answer: The architecture of the Hoysalas is world-famous. The Hoysalas carved their innumerable sculptures in soap stone. There are five feature that can be seen in all their temples. They have the star shaped sanctum sanctorum, upapeetha (Jagati) decorative panels, shikara and pillers. There are beautiful idols of Madanikas (Shilabalikas) on the brakets of the pillars of Chennakeshava temple at Beluru.
Which are the famous temples built by the Hoysalas?
Answer: Vishnuvardhana built the Kirtinarayan temple in Talakadu and the Chennakeshava (Vijayanarayana) temple at Belur. Ketamalla built the Hoysaleshwara temple at Halebidu. The Keshava temple constructed by Somadandanayaka at Somanathapura is famous. There are many temples and basadis in Arasikere, Govindanahalli, Doddagaddavalli and Bhadravati. All these are noted for their extremely delicate carving.
