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3rd Standard, English Poem 10 – TREES

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3rd Standard, English Poem – 10

TREES

New words:

lush: growing thickly and strongly

sway: move from side to side

precious: very valuable

Let us understand:

I. Answer these questions orally:

1. Name the kinds of trees mentioned in the poem.

Answer: The names of the kinds of trees mentioned in the poem are, Neem, Peepal, Banyan, Coconut, Mango, Banana, Tamarind, Gulmohar, Eucalyptus, and Ashoka

2. Name two fruit-bearing trees mentioned there.

Answer: The two fruit-bearing trees mentioned there are Mango and Banana.

3. Which is the tree which gives bright red flowers?

Answer: Ashoka tree is the tree which gives bright red flowers.

4. To whom are the trees friends?

Answer: Trees are the friends to every living being like bees and birds.

5. How do the trees clean the air?

Answer: Trees are releasing oxygen and taking carbon dioxide and clean the Air.  

Let us speak:

II. Answer these questions orally:

  1. Who should grow trees?

Answer: The people should grow trees.

  • What are the ways in which trees help us?

Answer: Trees gives us food, fruits, oxygen, shelter, furniture, firewood etc and helps us.

  • Is it possible to grow a tree in front of every house?

Yes. It is possible to grow a tree in front of every house.

Let us write:

III. Copy down these sentences in your notebook and fill in the blanks:

1. The rhyming words in the poem are:

a. Everywhere and rare

b. Tall and small

c. Bees and breeze

d. Bare and air

2. Trees are home for birds and bees.

3. Trees cool and clean the air.

4. The pairs of opposites in the poem are:

a. Short and Tall

b. Everywhere and rare

c. Large and small

d. Lush and bare

Colour the picture given below.

10th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 18 – THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE

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10th Standard, Social, History, Chapter – 18

THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE

EXERCISES

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The Indian National Congress was established in the year 1885.

2. The person who talked about the ‘Drain theory’ was Dadabhai Naoroji.

3. ‘Swarajya is my birth right’ was declared by Lokamanya Balgangadhara Tilak.

4. The Ali brothers started the Khilafat movement.

5. Separate nation for Muslims was proposed by Mohammad Ali Jinnah.

6. The Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress that took place in 1929 was presided by Jawaharlal Nehru.

7. Mahad tank and Kalaram temple movement was organised by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

8. The Jhansi regiment of Indian National Army was headed by Captain Lakshmi.

9. The place where Gandhiji carried out the Salt Satyagraha was Dandi in Surat.

10. Quit India movement was carried out in the year 1942.

II Fill in the blanks with given alternatives:

11. Founder of the Indian National Congress was _________.

a) Mahathma Gandiji b) A.O.Hume

c) Balagangadhara Tilak d) Gopalkrishna Gokhale

Answer: A.O.Hume

12. Publisher of ‘Maratha’ Paper was _________.

a) Jawaharlal Nehru b) Ras Bihari Bose

c) Balagangadhara Tilak d) V.D. Savarkar

Answer: Balagangadhara Tilak

13. Swaraj Party was established in the year _________.

a) 1924 b) 1923

c) 1929 d) 1906

Answer: 1923

14. President of Indian National Congress of Haripura session was _________.

a) Sardar valbha Bhai Patel b) Dr. B.R.Ambedkar

c) Lal Lajapath Roy d) Subhashchandra Bose

Answer: ) Subhash Chandra Bose

15. Iron man of India was _________.

a) Bhagath Sing b) Chandrashekar Azad

c) Abul Kalam Azad d) Sardar Valbahi Patel

Answer: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

III Discuss the following in groups and answer them:

16. Which were the organizations in India before the establishment of the Indian National Congress?

Answer: The organizations in India before the establishment of the Indian National Congress were as follows.

  1. ‘The Hindu Mela’,
  2. ‘The East India Association’,
  3. ‘Poona Sarvajanik Sabha’
  4. ‘The Indian Association’

17. What were the demands put forward by moderates to the British?

Answer: The demands put forward by moderates to the British are,

  1. development of industries
  2. reduction of military expenses
  3. improvement in educational standards
  4. forcing the British government to take up studies about poverty in the country

18. Analyse the drain theory.

Answer: The transfer of Indian wealth to England and called it as Drain Theory. The moderates critically analysed the ill-effects of the British rule in India. They placed before the people facts and figures about the drain of Indian wealth into England. Dadabhai Naoroji explained about the transfer of Indian wealth to England and called it as Drain Theory. He maintained that encouraging imports and reducing exports created a situation unfavourable to India, leading to drain of wealth. Since India had to bear the burden of paying wages, pension and administrative expenses of British officials, a lot of wealth was flowing into England. The Age of Moderates is also called the Age of Generous Nationalism.

19. Name the revolutionaries in freedom movement.

Answer: V.D.Savarkar, Aurobindo Ghosh, Shyamji Krishna Verma, Madam Cama, Khudiram Bose, Ramaprasad Bismil, Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekar Azad, Subhash Chandra Bose and Rani Lakshmi Bhai were prominent revolutionary leaders in freedom movement.

20. Explain the role of Balagangadhar Tilak in the freedom struggle.

Answer: One group of Congress members who became unhappy with the mild attitude of the moderates called them ‘political beggars’. Those who criticized the moderate thinking and propagated extremist ideas were known as Extremists. Aurobindo Ghosh, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal and Balgangadhara Tilak were the prominent extremist leaders. Extremists maintained that good administration cannot be a substitute for independence. Balagangadhar Tilak declared “Swaraj is my birthright and I will get it at any cost”. Thus, an independent India was the aim of extremists. They started preparing the common people for freedom struggle. Through religious functions they started organizing people for a freedom movement. He encouraged people towards nationalism through the celebrations of Ganesha, Shivaji and Durga Pooja. Lokamanya Tilak utilized his ‘Kesari’ in Marathi and ‘Maratha’ newspaper in English for freedom struggle. Through these papers he called for the active participation in the fight for freedom. He was imprisoned for his revolutionary articles and enquiries were instituted against him. He wrote Geetha Rahasya in the jail.

21. What were the reasons for withdrawing of partition of Bengal?

Answer: Bengal was the centre of protests and anti-British sentiments. In order to curb this, Viceroy Lord Curzon proposed a plan to divide Bengal citing administrative problems.

Extremists opposed the partition of Bengal in the year 1905, highlighting it as an example of ‘Divide and Rule’ policy. Protests started mounting throughout the country against the division of Bengal in 1906. The Swadeshi movement was very important among these protests. Swadeshi movement called for a ban on western goods and the organizations supporting the import of European items. They encouraged the people to use Indian goods. In the backdrop of these severe protests, in 1911 the British government withdrew the Declaration of Partition of Bengal.

22. Describe Chowri-Chowra incident.

Answer: In the year 1920, Gandhiji gave a call for a non-co-operation movement against the British. During this period, there was a stiff opposition to the visit of the British Prince. There were widespread agitations against the visit throughout the country. After seeing the intensity of the agitation, fear surfaced in the mind of the British. At this juncture, thousands of people jumped into the freedom struggle at Chowri-Chowra in Uttar Pradesh. In the year 1922, police used their force against peaceful protestors. Enraged by this, the people tried to enter the police stations. Police resorted to firing. When their ammunition got exhausted, the police ran into the station. The angry protestors set the police station on fire. About 22 police were burnt alive inside the station. This incident is termed Chowri-Chowra incident in history.

23. Describe the Salt Satyagraha.

Answer: Gandhiji, after assuming the leadership of Civil disobedience movement, submitted a Charter of 11 demands to Viceroy Irwin. One of the demands was abolition of tax imposed on salt. But Irwin did not consider Gandhiji’s demands. As a result, in the year 1930, Gandhiji travelled from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi in Surat on foot with his followers to produce salt in the seashore. In this manner, he started the Civil Disobedience Movement. This event in history is popular as ‘Dandi March’ or Salt Satyagraha.

24. What were the reasons for the failure of the Quit India movement?

Answer: On the 8th of August 1942, the Congress started the Quit India Movement. Gandhiji gave a call to the Indians to ‘Do or Die’. The reasons for the failure of the Quit India movement are as follows. 

  1. In this context, many leaders like Gandhiji, Nehru, Rajendra Prasad, Abul Kalam Azad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Acharya Kripalani, Kasturba Gandhi and others were imprisoned.
  2. The Quit India Movement failed due to harsh British repression including mass arrests, leading to a leadership vacuum and a shift to underground activity
  3.  Internal dissent from the Muslim League, the Hindu Mahasabha, and others weakened the movement’s unity. 
  4. The British government responded with severe violence, lathi charges, and firing on protesters. Many leaders, including Gandhi, were arrested, which created a leadership vacuum and pushed the movement underground. 
  5. After the quick arrests of leaders, the movement struggled with a lack of clear strategic leadership and a well-defined plan to achieve its objectives. 
  6. Several important political groups did not support the movement, weakening its broad appeal. 

25. Name the revolutionaries who took part in the Indian freedom struggle.

Answer: The revolutionaries who took part in the Indian freedom struggle are V.D.Savarkar, Aurobindo Ghosh, Shyamji Krishna Verma, Madam Cama, Khudiram Bose, Ramaprasad Bismil, Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekar Azad.

26. What was the result of the second Round Table Conference?

Answer: In second Round Table conference, B.R. Ambedkar asked for separate constituencies for the depressed classes during elections. This was not acceptable to Gandhiji. As a result, there was difference of opinion between Gandhiji and Ambedkar. Hence, even the II Round Table Conference ended without any conclusions. But the British Government declared that they would recognize the depressed classes’ request for separate constituency. Gandhiji began up a fast unto death agitation. Attempts were made to placate Ambedkar. Consequently, Poona Agreement was reached. As per this agreement, out of the existing constituencies, some were reserved for depressed classes. In such places, only depressed classes leaders had filed nomination as representatives of all people. Instead of a separate constituency, some areas were reserved for the depressed classes. The British government rejected the Indian demand for immediate self-government and responsibility. The failure of the conference led to Gandhi’s return to India and the resumption of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

27. Give an account of the achievements of Subhash Chandra Bose in the independence struggle.

Answer: The most prominent among the revolutionary fighters of India was Subhash Chandra Bose. Although he secured the 4th rank in the Indian Civil Services examination, he rejected the prestigious post in the British Service, and took an active part in the freedom struggle. In the early part of the 1930, Subhash Chandra Bose was engaged in the attempt to organize Indians settled abroad and equip them for fighting against the British. He travelled to Vienna, Berlin, Rome, Istanbul and other countries and inspired the Indians there to support their motherland. Bose became the President at the Haripur Session of the Indian National Congress in 1939. Disappointed with the Congress and Gandhiji’s techniques, Netaji left the Congress and established a separate party called Forward Block. This party aimed to bring in progressive, fast changes. Subhash opposed the war preparations of the British and the participation of India in the World War. As a result, he was arrested by the British.

Subhash Chandra Bose escaped from house-arrest and left for Germany. He gained the support of the German dictator, Hitler to make India free. He urged the Indians: “Give me blood, I will give you freedom!” There was a ladies wing in the INA named Jhansi Regiment. Captain Lakshmi was the Commandant of this regiment.

Subhash had planned a military strategy through Rangoon to capture Delhi which was in the clutches of the British. By that time, thousands of soldiers of the INA had prepared themselves to occupy Delhi. Towards this end, as per Netaji’s command, they began an armed attack on the Burma border. Fierce fighting took place between the British and the INA. In the midst of this, Subhash died in a plane accident. The British army captured the Burmese capital, Rangoon and arrested the INA members.

28. Describe the tribal revolts in the Indian freedom struggle.

Answer: The Tax and Forest Act implemented by the British East India Company provoked the tribal revolt. Of the tribal rebellions, the Santala’s revolt and Munda movement are prominent. In this regard, the Halagali Hunters rebellion in Karnataka is noteworthy.

The Santala tribal revolt can be termed India’s first movement. These tribals lived in Bengal and Orissa hillocks. When the permanent landlord system was brought into force by the British, the people of this community became destitutes. Their lands went to the landlords. The landlords, money-lenders and the British government behaved in a way that triggered intolerance in the Santalas. The Company exploited the decent and peace-loving attitude of the Santalas. Enraged by this, the Santalas held secret meetings and decided to loot the landlords and prominent citizens. The agitation became intense in Barahat area and also in Bhagatpur and Rajamahal. The rioters killed their enemies. As a result, the landlords and money-lenders ran away. The government used the army to stem the revolt and was successful. Many rioters were arrested. Although the revolt by the Santalas ended, it lent its voice to many similar protests later.

III Activities:

1. Collect pictures of freedom fighters and prepare an album.

2. With the help of the internet, collect pictures and information about Jallianwallah Bagh tragedy and Dandi Satyagraha.

3. Arrange lectures on Gandhiji’s policies of Satyagraha and non-violence.

IV Project:

1. Enact dramas depicting patriotism in your school.

10th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 18 – THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE

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10th Standard, Social, History, Chapter – 18

THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE

EXERCISES

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The Indian National Congress was established in the year 1885.

2. The person who talked about the ‘Drain theory’ was Dadabhai Naoroji.

3. ‘Swarajya is my birth right’ was declared by Lokamanya Balgangadhara Tilak.

4. The Ali brothers started the Khilafat movement.

5. Separate nation for Muslims was proposed by Mohammad Ali Jinnah.

6. The Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress that took place in 1929 was presided by Jawaharlal Nehru.

7. Mahad tank and Kalaram temple movement was organised by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

8. The Jhansi regiment of Indian National Army was headed by Captain Lakshmi.

9. The place where Gandhiji carried out the Salt Satyagraha was Dandi in Surat.

10. Quit India movement was carried out in the year 1942.

II Fill in the blanks with given alternatives:

11. Founder of the Indian National Congress was _________.

a) Mahathma Gandiji b) A.O.Hume

c) Balagangadhara Tilak d) Gopalkrishna Gokhale

Answer: A.O.Hume

12. Publisher of ‘Maratha’ Paper was _________.

a) Jawaharlal Nehru b) Ras Bihari Bose

c) Balagangadhara Tilak d) V.D. Savarkar

Answer: Balagangadhara Tilak

13. Swaraj Party was established in the year _________.

a) 1924 b) 1923

c) 1929 d) 1906

Answer: 1923

14. President of Indian National Congress of Haripura session was _________.

a) Sardar valbha Bhai Patel b) Dr. B.R.Ambedkar

c) Lal Lajapath Roy d) Subhashchandra Bose

Answer: ) Subhash Chandra Bose

15. Iron man of India was _________.

a) Bhagath Sing b) Chandrashekar Azad

c) Abul Kalam Azad d) Sardar Valbahi Patel

Answer: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

III Discuss the following in groups and answer them:

16. Which were the organizations in India before the establishment of the Indian National Congress?

Answer: The organizations in India before the establishment of the Indian National Congress were as follows.

  1. ‘The Hindu Mela’,
  2. ‘The East India Association’,
  3. ‘Poona Sarvajanik Sabha’
  4. ‘The Indian Association’

17. What were the demands put forward by moderates to the British?

Answer: The demands put forward by moderates to the British are,

  1. development of industries
  2. reduction of military expenses
  3. improvement in educational standards
  4. forcing the British government to take up studies about poverty in the country

18. Analyse the drain theory.

Answer: The transfer of Indian wealth to England and called it as Drain Theory. The moderates critically analysed the ill-effects of the British rule in India. They placed before the people facts and figures about the drain of Indian wealth into England. Dadabhai Naoroji explained about the transfer of Indian wealth to England and called it as Drain Theory. He maintained that encouraging imports and reducing exports created a situation unfavourable to India, leading to drain of wealth. Since India had to bear the burden of paying wages, pension and administrative expenses of British officials, a lot of wealth was flowing into England. The Age of Moderates is also called the Age of Generous Nationalism.

19. Name the revolutionaries in freedom movement.

Answer: V.D.Savarkar, Aurobindo Ghosh, Shyamji Krishna Verma, Madam Cama, Khudiram Bose, Ramaprasad Bismil, Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekar Azad, Subhash Chandra Bose and Rani Lakshmi Bhai were prominent revolutionary leaders in freedom movement.

20. Explain the role of Balagangadhar Tilak in the freedom struggle.

Answer:

21. What were the reasons for withdrawing of partition of Bengal?

22. Describe Chowri-Chowra incident.

23. Describe the Salt Satyagraha.

24. What were the reasons for the failure of the Quit India movement?

25. Name the revolutionaries who took part in the Indian freedom struggle.

26. What was the result of the second Round Table Conference?

27. Give an account of the achievements of Subhash Chandra Bose in the independence struggle.

28. Describe the tribal revolts in the Indian freedom struggle.

III Activities:

1. Collect pictures of freedom fighters and prepare an album.

2. With the help of the internet, collect pictures and information about Jallianwallah Bagh tragedy and Dandi satyagraha.

3. Arrange lectures on Gandhiji’s policies of satyagraha and non-violence.

IV Project :

1. Enact dramas depicting patriotism in your school.

9th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 17 – THE AHOM DYNASTY, THE Mughals AND THE MARATHAS

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9th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER – 17

THE AHOM DYNASTY, THE Mughals AND THE MARATHAS

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The founder of Ahom dynasty Sukapha.

2. The founder of the Mughal dynasty was Babur.

3. The most famous emperor among the Mughals was Akbar.

4. The king who built the Taj Mahal at Agra was Shahjahan.

5. The Mughal emperor who established the new religion Din-e-Ilahi was Akbar.

6. Shivaji’s mother was Jijabai.

II. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group.

7. Write briefly important achievements of Ahom dynasty. 

Answer: Ahoms were migrated from Thailand and Myanmar, settled in Assam. Despite of their external origin, they quickly adopted Indian culture. Lachith became the commander-in-chief of Ahom army. This post was called as ‘Borphukhan’. So, he was called as ‘Lachith Borphukhan’. He conducted strict training sessions for the army and introduced modernized warfare weapons. By driving away Moghal officers and army, he recaptured Itkuli fort and consolidated his position. He also reconquered Guwahati. In the battle at Alboi, Ahoms displayed great courage, by defeating the Mughals. However this victory came at the cost of many soldiers losing their lives. After the death of Chakradwaja Singha, Udayadithya Singha ascended the throne in 1670. He confronted persistent Mughal attacks, and a significant naval attack took place at Sarai Ghat in 1671, the Ahoms were most victorious. In the same year Lachith Borphukhan passed away due to ill health. The Ahom kings established six capitals in their kingdom at different times. Over the course of 598 (1228-1826) years, the Ahoms defeated Moghals 17 times securing their rule over North-East India.

8. Describe the military achievements of Babar.

Answer: Babur had to ascend the throne at the very tender age of 11 years. When he lost his kingdom and was wandering aimlessly, he got the inspiration to attack India, and he invaded India five times. He defeated the Delhi sultan Ibrahim Lodhi in the battle of Panipat in 1526 and established the Mughal dynasty in India. This battle is known as the first battle of Panipat. Delhi was his capital. Over a period of four years, he defeated Rana Sangramsingh of Mewad, the Rajput king Mediniraya of Chanderi and Ibrahim Lodhi’s brother, Mohammad Lodhi. Babur conquered Panipat, Goghra and Kanwa. He established Mughal rule over a large area in North India.

9. Compare and contrast the present-day administrative system with that of Sher Shah.

Answer: Sher Shah’s was the head of the administrative system. He had an efficient cabinet ministry, he had complete control over Civil and Military administration. There were 25,000 

infantry, 1,50,000 cavalry and 500 elephants in his army. The cavalry was very strong. The army was divided into various troops and Commandants had been appointed to supervise them. Sher Shah himself paid attention to the organization of the army, arms and ammunition and the discipline of the soldiers. If there was damage to crops during the movement of troops, the government compensated the farmers. Sher Shah constructed new forts at Delhi, Rohtas, Kanauj and Patna.The land in the kingdom had been classified as excellent, aver-age and bad according to their level of fertility. The farmers gave of their income as land tax to the government. Sher Shah was known for his impartial justice. Hence he had earned the title “Sultan of the fair justice”. The Sultan was the highest judge in the kingdom. He decided all the final appeals. He conducted his court every Wednesday evening. Sher Shah brought a new coin ‘Daam’ and ‘Rupiah’ into circulation. 

This coin weighed 180 liquorice seeds. All the other Mughal kings continued this practice.

10. What are the areas won by Akbar?

Answer: After the death of Humayun, Hemu, the military General of Bengal king Mohammad Shah Abdali, conquered Delhi and Agra. This led to the terrific battle at Panipat in 1556 between Hemu and the Mughals. This is known as the II Battle of Panipat. Akbar emerged victorious in this battle. His Prime Minister and royal representative, Bairamkhan came to Akbar’s assistance during the war. With the help of mighty army, Akbar conquered Malwa, Jaipur, Gondavan, Chittor, Ranathambhor, Kalinjar, Gujarat and Bengal. The Battle of Haldighat is the most significant battle in the history of medieval India. In the battle 

at Haldighat, the Mughal army was v i c t o r i o u s . T h e remaining states of Kashmir, Sindh, Orissa, Baluchistan, K h a n d h a r a n d Ahmednagar came under Akbar. Thus, for the first time, the Mughal kingdom expanded and laid solid foundation for Mughal rule.

11. Describe the contributions of Shahjahan to art and architecture.

Answer: He constructed the famous, immensely valuable ruby-studded Peacock throne. He appointed his son Aurangzeb as the royal representative of Deccan. In 1636, he defeated the Portuguese and conquered Ahmednagar. He brought into practice measurement and evaluation of land in the Deccan region. Later events led Aurangzeb to become the Sultan. During Shahjahan’s time, trade developed between India and the countries of West Asia and Europe. Shahjahan constructed the famous ‘Taj Mahal’ in Agra in memory of his beloved wife, Mumtaz. The Red Fort at Delhi and the buildings in it are the contributions of Shahjahan. Hence, his period is referred as the ‘Golden Age of Mughal Art and Architecture’

12. Describe Shivaji’s system of administration.

Answer: Shivaji had organized an efficient administrative system in his vast kingdom. He had divided his kingdom into many provinces. They were called Swaraj and Mughal areas. Marathi was the language of administration. There were ministers known as Asthapradhans in the central government to assist the king. In addition to them, there were other officials. Province, district and village were the administrative units. Shivaji’s system of revenue collection was Ryotwari system, favorable to farmers. He abolished the jahagir revenue system. In Shivaji’s administration, traditional system of justice was in practice. The village panchayat used to dispense justice in villages. The Maratha army had infantry, cavalry, elephant units and cannon units.

13. Explain the achievements of Bajirao I.

Answer: Baji Rao I, got appointed as Peshwa when he was only 19 years old, he was an unparalleled warrior. With the intention of expanding the Maratha kingdom in North India, he conquered Gujarat, Malwa and gained the authority to collect chauth and sardeshmukhi taxes. He invaded Chitradurga and Srirangapatna of Karnataka. When Baji Rao declared war against the Mughals, Nizam-ul-Mulk, with the intention of assisting the Mughals, tried to march towards Delhi. But he lost to the Marathas in a battle near Bhopal. Due to this, the vast stretch of land between the Narmada and Chambal rivers and 50 lakh rupees came to Baji Rao as war compensation. In addition to this, he conquered Salcet and Basin from the Portuguese and Janjira from the Siddhis. Pune became his administrative centre. At this juncture, the members of the Maratha union, Scindhia of Gwalior, Holkar of  Indore, Bhonsle of Nagpur and Gaikwad of Baroda decided together to become independent. Baji Rao I not only ruled with efficiency but also re-established the glory of the Maratha empire. Hence he was called Shivaji II.

III. Activities:

Write an essay on how Shivaji’s mother Jijabai was successful in inculcating patriotism in Shivaji.

Answer: Shivaji’s mother, Jijabai, was a pious woman who inculcated religious fervor, uprightness, honesty and sincerity in her son. Jijabai used stories from ancient epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata, as well as the lives of great warriors such as Maharana Pratap, to impart values of courage, justice, and duty towards the land and people. These narratives provided Shivaji with ideals and inspiration for his future endeavors. She instilled a strong sense of duty and a deep commitment to protecting the motherland and the dignity of her people, emphasizing the importance of fighting for freedom and self-rule. Her resilience in the face of adversity provided a powerful example for Shivaji to develop similar qualities of courage and determination. Jijabai ensured Shivaji received a thorough education in Hindu scriptures and traditions, fostering a strong sense of identity and pride in his Maratha heritage. She recognized the importance of physical strength and skill in warfare, encouraging rigorous training in martial arts to equip Shivaji with the tools to defend his people. Beyond her maternal love, Jijabai was a mentor who provided wise counsel and unwavering support, fostering the leadership qualities necessary to navigate complex political and military landscapes. 

7th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 15 – SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REFORMS

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7th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 15

SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REFORMS

EXERCISES

 I Fill in the blanks with a suitable word.

1 Raja Ram Mohan Roy started Samvada Koumudi.

2 Mahatma Jyotiba Phule wrote the book Gulamagiri.

3 ‘Dayananda Anglo Vedic College” in Lahore was started by Lala Hamsaraj.

4 Panditha Ramabai started ‘Mukti Mission’ for the upliftment of women.

 II Answer the following in a word or sentence each.

1 Who is called ‘The Father of Indian Renaissance’?

Answer: Raja Ram Mohan Roy is called ‘The Father of Indian Renaissance’.

2 Who is Mahadev Govind Ranade?

Answer: Mahadev Govind Ranade was one of the main leader of Prarthana Samaj.

3 Who is the founder of Satya Shodak Samaj?

Answer: The founder of Satya Shodak Samaj was Mahatma Jyotiba Phule.

4 ‘‘Arise! Awake! Stop not till the goal is reached”. Who gave this call?

Answer: Arise! Awake! Stop not till the goal is reached”. This call given by Swami Vivekananda.

5 Who is Annie Besant?

Answer: Dr. Annie Besant was the President of Theosophical Society (Brahmavidya Samaja)

6 Who was the leader of the Aligarh Movement?

Answer: Syed Ahmed Khan was the leader of the Aligarh Movement. 

7 Name the institution started by Sri Narayana Guru.

Answer: ‘Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam’ is the institution started by Sri Narayana Guru.

8 Who was the author of ‘Stree Purusha Tulana’?

Answer: Tharabai Shinde was the author of ‘Stree Purusha Tulana’.

9 Who was the famous Christian social reformer of India?

Answer: Panditha Ramabai was a famous Christian social Reformer of India. 

 III Discuss in groups and answer the following questions:

1 Write a note on social and religious reformation measures of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.

Answer: Raja Ram Mohan Roy established ‘Brahma Sabha’ in 1828 C.E. This organization renamed as ‘Brahma Samaj,’ the following year. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the representative of harmonious blend of Eastern and Western philosophies. Brahma Samaj vehemently opposed practices of sati, caste system, idol-worship, polygamy, child marriage and all kinds of superstitions. Raja Ram Mohan Roy firmly believed that inhuman practices could be eradicated through western education. Raja Ram Mohan Roy who advocated widow marriage and monotheism, began his social reformation movement by starting a newspaper named ‘Samvada Kaumudi’. Raja Ram Mohan Roy attempted to cleanse the Hindu religion through rationalism. In order to justify his stand, he translated five Upanishads from Sanskrit to Bengali. Ram Mohan Roy was one of the earliest persons to advocate English education. He ran an English school using his own funds. He also established a College of Vedanta. He was one of the pioneers in the field of Journalism too. He published many magazines. To sum up, he dedicated his life to fight against social injustice. 

2.  What is the role of Jyotiba Phule in social reformation?

Answer: A non-Brahmin movement was started by Mahatma Jyotiba Phule (1827-1890 

C.E) in Maharashtra. With an intention to create awareness among the lower strata of the society in Maharashtra, he established the Satya Shodak Samaj. He started schools for untouchables, orphans and widows. He condemned the Brahmin priestly class and explained his philosophy in the form of a dialogue in his book ‘Gulamgiri’ (Slavery). Along with his wife Savitribai, he opened a school for girls in Pune. In 1863 C.E he attempted to put an end to the incidents of female infanticide by starting rehabilitation centres for child widows. He encouraged widow remarriages. B.R. Ambedkar had considered Mahatma Jyotiba Phule as his spiritual mentor.

3 What are the objectives of the Theosophical society?

Answer: The Objectives of the Theosophical Society are as follows.

1. To establish Universal Brotherhood, irrespective of all differences.

2. To do a comparative study of Religion, Philosophy and Science.

3. To investigate the unexplained laws of Nature and the powers latent in man.

4. What is the role of Syed Ahmed Khan in reforming the Muslim community?

Answer: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born in 1817 C.E. at Delhi, he was appointed as the Judicial Officer in the British East India Company. He saw that his community had lost economic and social opportunities due to lack of English education. Hence, he desired that his community would find suitable representation in the government, by getting educated. As a social reformer, he opposed the purdah system, polygamy and the system of talaq. He began ‘Translation Society’ in order to enable translation of English scientific and literary works into Urdu. Later on, the society was renamed as ‘Scientific Society’. In order to spread scientific thinking among Muslims, he started the magazine ‘Aligarh Institute Gazette’. This magazine was published in both English and Urdu. 

5. What were the measures taken by Sri Narayana Guru in reforming backward communities?

Answer: Sri Narayana Guru was born in 1854 C.E. in a family of the ‘Ezhava’ community in Tiruvankur. In 1903 C.E. he established an organisation named ‘Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam’. Through that organization, he strived to achieve social, economic and cultural progress of the Ezhava and other backward communities of Kerala. He opposed caste system and animal sacrifice. He started Sanskrit schools and gave admission to everybody, irrespective of their caste and religion. He built around 30 temples. All people of Kerala including untouchables, were allowed to enter these temples. He wanted every temple to have a good library with the holy books of all the religions. Sri Narayana 

Guru’s vision is evident in this statement: “One God, One Religion and One Caste”. Even Karnataka came under his influence. Sri Narayana Guru passed away in 1928 C.E.

6. What was the role of Panditha Ramabai in the reformation of women?

Answer: Panditha Ramabai was born in Gangamoola of Western Ghats as the daughter of Anantha Shastri Dongre and Lakshmibai. She received education, against the practice of the times. She accepted Christianity while studying in England. She dedicated her life for the betterment of women of India and established an organisation ‘Mukti Mission’ in 1889 C.E. This institution is active till today and provides rehabilitation to widows, orphans and alcoholics.

IV Match the following names in column A with related words in column B. 

                        A                                                          B

1. Swami Vivekananda                        (a) Aligarh Movement

2. Swami Dayananda Saraswati          (b) Sathya Shodhak Samaja

3. Syed Ahmed Khan                           (c) Theosophical society

4. Jyotiba phule                                   (d) Ramakrishna Mission

5. Annie Besant                                   (e) Arya Samaja

Answer:

A                                                          B

1. Swami Vivekananda                        (d) Ramakrishna Mission

2. Swami Dayananda Saraswati          (e) Arya Samaja

3. Syed Ahmed Khan                           (a) Aligarh Movement

4. Jyotiba phule                                   (b) Sathya Shodhak Samaja

5. Annie Besant                                   (c) Theosophical society

V Discuss. 

“Upliftment of women is upliftment of the nation”. Is this statement of Swami Vivekananda relevant even to this day? Discuss in groups.

Activity

Read the biographics of M.G. Ranade, Jyotiba Phule, Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda, Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Sri Narayana Guru. (Refer Bharata Bharati series)

10th Standard, Social, HISTORY Chapter 17 – THE FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE (1857)

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10th Standard, Social, HISTORY Chapter 17

THE FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE (1857)

EXERCISES

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. British historians refer to the 1857 revolt as ‘The Sepoy Mutiny’.

2. During the 1857 revolt, at Barakpura, British officer was killed by Mangal Pandey.

3. Jhansi Rani fought against British and took Gwalior under her control.

4. The declaration passed by the British Queen in 1858 is called ‘Magna Carta’.

II Discuss the following in groups and answer them:

5. The political factors inspired the revolt of 1857. How?

Answer: The political factors which inspired the revolt of 1857 are,

  1. Many kingdoms lost their rights due to the promulgation of Doctrine of Lapse brought about by the British. Satara, Jaipur, Jhansi, Udaipur and other kingdoms came under British control.
  2. Dalhousie cancelled the princely titles of the Nawabs of Tanjore and Carnatic kingdoms. The Mughal sultans, the Nawab of Oudh and other kings were dethroned.
  3. Consequently, lakhs of soldiers who were dependent on these kings, became unemployed. This became a strong cause for the protest of 1857 against the British.

6. The economic changes of the time were responsible for the 1857 revolt. How?

Answer: The economic changes of the time which were responsible for the 1857 revolt are as follows.

  1. Due to the industrial revolution in England, Indian handicrafts and cottage industries suffered heavily.
  2. England, instead of being a trading country, became a hub of industries. The Indian craftsmen became unemployed.
  3. Primarily, the textile and wool industries became sick and people lost their jobs. The cottage industries too suffered a death blow.
  4. The British imposed a heavy tax on sale of Indian goods in England.
  5. Because of the zamindari system, the landlords, acting as commission agents between the Government and the farmers, exploited the farmers. The right given to the taluks to collect tax was withdrawn.
  6. An ‘Inam Commission’ was appointed and all the gifted lands without documents (‘Inam lands’) were taken back. Due to this, the farmers felt insulted and experienced many financial problems. This too led to the revolt of farmers against the government.
  7. What were the factors that disturbed the religious sentiments of the soldiers during the 1857 revolt?

Answer: The Indian soldiers in the British army were being given new rifles called ‘Royal Enfield’. A rumour spread among the soldiers that the cartridges used in these rifles were greased with the fat of cow and pigs. While cows were sacred to the Hindus, pigs were blasphemous for Muslims. This incident became the immediate cause for the revolt. When the British officers ordered the Indian soldiers to pull the safety catch with the help of their teeth, the soldiers rejected the command and revolted against their superiors. At this juncture, an Indian soldier named Mangal Pandey killed a British official. This was the factors that disturbed the religious sentiments of the soldiers during the 1857 revolt.

8. What were the immediate causes for the First War of Independence?

Answer: Most of the Indian soldiers in the British army believed that if they fought together, they could drive away the British from India. In this situation, the soldiers were being given new rifles called ‘Royal Enfield’. A rumour spread among the soldiers that the cartridges used in these rifles were greased with the fat of cow and pigs. While cows were sacred to the Hindus, pigs were blasphemous for Muslims. This incident was the immediate causes for the First War of Independence.

9. Make a list of the reasons for the failure of the revolt.

Answer: The reasons for the failure of the First War of Independence of 1857 are as follows.

  1. The movement did not spread to the whole country. This struggle was intended to protect the interests of a few rather than getting freedom for the country.
  2. Instead of being an organized struggle, it erupted due to certain unexpected reasons.
  3. The unity among the British forces and lack of it among the Indian soldiers also led to the failure.
  4. There was no proper direction or proper leadership. In addition, there was a lack of strategy, expertise among soldiers, effective leadership, discipline and direction.
  5. Many provincial kings, on account of their loyalty to the British, did not support the struggle.
  6. The people lost confidence in the soldiers due to their arson and looting.

10. What were the features of the declaration of the British Queen in 1858?

    Answer: The features of the declaration of the British Queen in 1858 are as follows.

    1. The agreements made by the East India Company with the kings were accepted.
    2. Ambitious expansion plans had to be given up.
    3. A stable government had to be provided to Indians.
    4. There would be equality before law.
    5. The government would exhibit religious tolerance and not to interfere in religious matters of the country.

    III Activities:

    1. On the Indian map, mark the kingdoms which were taken over by the British with the help of the Doctrine of Lapse.

    2. Organise a speech from an expert on “The 1857 revolt was the First War of Independence”.

    10th Standard, Social, Geography, CHAPTER – 14, INDIA – WATER RESOURCES

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    10th Standard, Social, Geography, CHAPTER – 14

    INDIA – WATER RESOURCES

    EXERCISES

    I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

    1. The Sorrow of West of Bengal is Damodar River.

    2. The Sorrow of Bihar is Kosi River.

    3. Biggest irrigation project of Karnataka is Upper Krishna.

    4. Pampa Sagara Dam is in Vijayanagara district of Karnataka.

    5. Hirakud project is built across Mahanadi River.

    II. Answer the following questions in brief:

    6. What is irrigation? What are the types of irrigation?

    Answer: Irrigation means supply of water to agriculture from canals, wells and tanks artificially or manually. The types of irrigation are as follows.

    1. Well irrigation

    2. Canal irrigation

    3. Tank irrigation.

    1. Well irrigation: Supplying ground water by digging or drilling wells is called well irrigation. There are two types of wells. They are 1.Open wells 2.Borewells.

    2. Canal irrigation: India is one of the important country in the world using canal irrigation. Vast areas of cultivable land can be irrigated by this method. There are two types of canal irrigation. They are,

    a. Flood canals b. Perennial canals

    3. Tank irrigation: It is practice in India since ancient times. Water is stored and supplied to cultivable areas through small canals or pipes.

    7. What is multi-purpose river valley project? What are its objectives?

    Answer: India has undertaken the construction of many river valley projects for the maximum utilization of river water resources. These projects have other purposes besides providing water for agricultural use. Such projects are called multi-purpose river valley projects. The main objectives of these projects are as follows.

    1. Providing irrigation facility

    2. Production of hydro-electric power

    3. Prevention of floods

    4. Creating facility for water transportation

    5. Providing water for domestic and industrial use

    6. Preventing soil erosion

    7. Developing fisheries

    8. Enhancing forest wealth.

    8. Name the hydro-electric power projects of Karnataka.

    Answer: The hydro-electric power projects of Karnataka are,

    1. Shivanasamudra
    2. Tungabhadra
    3. Jog
    4. Bhadra
    5. Alamatti
    6. Kali
    7. Supa
    8. Kadra
    9. Kodasalli Dam.
    10. ’Rain water harvesting is compulsory today’. Why?

    Answer: ’Rain water harvesting is compulsory today’. Because Water is very precious. Although India has vast water resource, it is most unevenly distributed. Rainfall is confined to the rainy season. Even in areas of heavy rainfall, water shortage is seen during the summers. The only solution to the drought condition prevailing in India is ‘Rain Water Harvesting’. Collection of rain water is called “Rain Water Harvesting”.

    1. What is National Power Grid?

    Answer: India generates power from various sources. All the states do not have sufficient electric power supply at all times. Hence, to supply power from surplus states to deficit states, a National Power Grid is established. With its help, excess power from any state can be supplied to any other power deficit state.

    III. Match the following projects in ‘A’ with states ‘B’:

    A                                              B

    i. Bhakra dam                          a. Lalbahaddur Shastry Sagar

    ii. Tungabhadra dam               b. Basava Sagar

    iii. Almatti dam                        c. Pampa Sagar

    iv. Narayanapura dam            d. Govinda Sagar

    e. Narmada Sagar

    Answer:

    A                                              B

    i. Bhakra dam                          d. Govinda Sagar

    ii. Tungabhadra dam               c. Pampa Sagar

    iii. Almatti dam                        a. Lalbahaddur Shastry Sagar

    iv. Narayanapura dam            b. Basava Sagar

    Additional Questions:

    1. Name the important multi-purpose river valley project of independent India.

    Answer: The important multi-purpose river valley project of independent India are as follows.

    1. Damodar River Valley Project
    2. Bhakranangal Project
    3. Kosi Project
    4. Hirakud Project
    5. Tungabhadra project
    6. Nagarjunasagar Project
    7. Upper Krishna
    8. Narmada Valley Project
    9. Which are the important hydro-electric power projects of different states in India?

    Answer: The important hydro-electric power projects of different states in India are as follows.

    1. Karnataka: Shivanasamudra, Tungabhadra, Jog, Bhadra, Alamatti, Kali, Supa, Kadra, Kodasalli Dam.

    2. Andhra Pradesh: Srisailam project, Ramapadasagar Project, Sileru project.

    3. Telangana: Nagarjunasagar

    4. Tamil Nadu: Mettur project, Paikara eletric project, Periyar project, Kundha project, Moyar project, Kodayar project etc.

    5. Madhya Pradesh: Bansagar, Gandhisagar, Pench Project.

    6. Maharashtra: Tata hydro-electric power project, Beera project, Vaitarana project, Koyna project.

    7. Odisha: Hirakud project, Kolab project, Rangali project, Naraja project.

    8. Bihar: Kosi project.

    9. Gujarat: Kakrapara project, Kadana project, Ukai project.

    10. Jharkhand: Suvarnarekha project.

    In addition to the above, many other National Power Grid projects are found.

    10th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 5 – Social and Religious Reform Movements

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    10th Standard, Social, History, Chapter – 5

    Social and Religious Reform Movements

    EXERCISES

    I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

    1. The 19th Century is called the period of ‘Indian Renaissance’.

    2. Raja Ram Mohan Roy started the newspaper ‘Samvada Kaumudi’.

    3. The founder of Prarthana Samaj was Atmaram Panduranga

    4. Freedom was the basic necessity of every individual was believed by Jyotiba Phule.

    5.  Swami Vivekananda’s guru was Ramakrishna Paramahamsa.

    6. Young Bengali movement was started by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio.

    II Discuss the following in groups and write the answers:

    7. What were the preachings of the Brahmo Samaj?

    Answer: Brahmo Samaj was in the forefront of the social and religious reformation in the 19th Century. It attempted to bring in reforms in the traditions and customs in Hindu religion. It opposed idol-worship and polytheism, and encouraged monotheism. It condemned performance of yagas and rituals. Since English education exposed Indians to Western political thought, it enabled the development of nationalism among Indians.

    The teachings of the Brahmo Samaj centered on monotheism, rejecting idol worship, Sati, and the caste system, while promoting women’s emancipation and education, and universal brotherhood. It emphasized the importance of human reason and conscience over scriptures and rituals, advocating for prayer and meditation as paths to worship the eternal God.

    8. Analyse the call of Dayananda Saraswati to return to the Vedas.

    Answer: Dayananda Saraswati travelled throughout the country giving lectures and emphasized that the Vedas were the source of truth and knowledge. In this context, he advised people to ‘Back to the Vedas’.

    He encouraged widow marriage. He urged people to use swadeshi goods. He propounded his teachings in a book called ‘Satyartha Prakasha’. ‘Purification Ritual’ was the main activity of Arya Samaj. 

    9. Explain the reforms propagated by Satyashodhak Samaj.

    Answer: Satyashodhak Samaj urged for prohibition of liquor. It vehemently opposed gender inequality, denial of human rights, and exploitation of people and practice of untouchability. It started a movement for social justice. Jyotiba Phule established a primary school for girls. He condemned the slavery being forced on shudras and casteless classes including dalits, and denounced the people responsible for such slavery. He advocated free and compulsory education in order to bring about reform in the social system. It began struggles on behalf of farmers. Phule wrote in detail about exploitation in his book ‘Ghulamagiri’ (‘Slavery’).

    10. Analyse objectives of the Aligarh Movement.

    Answer: The Aligarh Movement aimed at promoting harmony of Eastern and Western ideas through transformation of the Muslims in their political, social, educational, religious and philosophical beliefs. The leadership of this movement was borne by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. With an intention to provide modern education to the Muslim community, he started ‘The Anglo-Oriental College’. Later on, this college was renamed as ‘Aligarh Muslim University’. Its main objective was to provide religious education along with western education, and to create a modern society through western education. Sir Syed remained outside the National Congress and brought the Muslim community together. He supported female literacy and condemned polygamy and ideas against widow marriage.

    11. Explain the vision of Ramakrishna Mission.

    Answer: Swami Vivekananda established Ramakrishna Mission in order to propagate the ideals of his teacher, Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. The main objective of this organization was to spread the message of equality of all religions and to put that into practice. 

    Ramakrishna Ashram has many branches all over the world. The mingling of ancient, modern and western thinkers can be seen here. 

    Ramakrishna Mission is continuing to nurture culture through education and social service. Vivekananda emphasized that nation and religion were like the two faces of a coin. He tried his best in his lifetime to free India from casteism, poverty, illiteracy and unawareness. He believed that the desire of Vivekananda was to educate people. The educated people will bring reforms in the society. He wanted the formation of legislation and through legislation, social reforming rules must be implemented. He urged to stop the blind following of westerns.

    12. Which were the reforms brought about by Annie Besant?

    Answer: Annie Besant, an Irish lady started the activities of Theosophical Society in India and gave it new vitality. She aroused pride in Indian culture through her lectures. She attempted to establish equality, universal brotherhood and harmony in society. Annie Besant gave her full support to the freedom struggle. She started a newspaper called ‘New India’. In 1916 C.E, she started Home Rule movement. She was the President of the Congress Session in 1917. She contributed immensely to Indian philosophy and the Independence struggle.

     13. Explain the contributions of Sri Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana Yogam.

    Answer: The caste differences were too much in Kerala and there were many prohibitions in place. During that period, all were not allowed to use facilities like tanks and roads. They were barred from wearing footwear. Restrictions were there on women’s dress also. They were not allowed to schools. These communities had to lead a suffocating life without basic human rights. In order to address this issue, Sri Narayana Guru started Dharma Paripalana Yogam movement. One Caste, One Religion and One God for human beings was the basic idea of Sri Narayana Guru. Education is the only path to achieve this he declared. He built alternate temples for the backward communities as they were denied entry into temples.

    14. List out the highlights of Periyar movement.

    Answer: ‘Self-Respect Movement’ led by E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker became a new force in South India. Ramaswamy who came out of Congress in 1925, started Self Respect League in 1926. He was called Periyar (Senior Person) out of love by people. Periyar believed that Congress was in favour of Varna system and started a new movement based on Dravida Racial Identity. He said Tamil was the language of Dravidians. He championed equality and criticized caste and gender-based discrimination. He participated in the temple entry movement in 1924 held at Vaikom of Kerala. He became the president of the Justice Party in 1939. He started an association called ‘Dravida Kazhagam’. He also started an English magazine under the tittle ‘Revolt’.

    Even today, Periyar remains as the ideological symbol in Tamil Nadu politics. This is more evident in all the political parties of Tamil Nadu retaining the word ‘Dravida’ with their names.

    15. Which were the principles advocated by Derojio?

    Answer: ‘Young Bengal Movement’ movement was started by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio. The principles advocated by Derojio was as follows.

    1. Derozio worked towards spreading the message that only rational thinking would liberate people from the clutches of superstitions and social discrimination.
    2. The young Bengal movement held discussions and debates on issues like nature, humanism, God and other various topics.
    3. Derozio was an advocate of Women Rights and opposed caste based discrimination. This grew into a new movement, but the influence of this movement was limited to Calcutta and a few areas of Bengal.
    4. He also worked towards creating text books to inculcate new education system. This angered many traditionalists.

    16. What are the contributions of Swami Vivekananda to the Society?

    Answer: The contributions of Swami Vivekananda to the Society are as follows.

    1. Swami Vivekananda established Ramakrishna Mission in order to propagate the ideals of his teacher, Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. The main objective of this organization was to spread the message of equality of all religions and to put that into practice.
    2. He stressed the significance of the individual, his presence and ability. He maintained that apart from prayer and practice of yoga, social service was also necessary for achievement of salvation (moksha).
    3. Ramakrishna Mission is continuing to nurture culture through education and social service. Vivekananda emphasized that nation and religion were like the two faces of a coin.
    4. Swami Vivekananda tried his best in his lifetime to free India from casteism, poverty, illiteracy and unawareness.
    5. He urged to stop the blind following of westerns.
    6. In 1893, at the Chicago Conference of World Religions, Swami Vivekananda upheld the greatness of India by advocating tolerance of all religions, and maintaining that all religions were true.

    III Activity:

    1. Visit Ramakrishna Ashram and collect information about the views of Swami Vivekananda.

    IV Projects:

    1. Visit libraries and read books of social reforms. With the help of your teacher, collect information from the internet on the subject. 

    2. Learn from your teacher about the organizations working towards social reform.

    6th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 6 – ANCIENT DYNASTIES OF SOUTH INDIA

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    6th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 6

    ANCIENT DYNASTIES OF SOUTH INDIA

    EXERCISES

    I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

    1. Thirukkural was composed by Thiruvalluvar.

    2. The great poet of Sangam period is Thiruvalluvar.

    3. The famous king of the Sathavahana dynasty was Gowthameeputra Saatakarni

    4. The capital of Kadamba was Banavasi.

    5. The Halmidi inscription is the earliest Kannada inscription.

    6. Pulakeshi III defeated the Harshavardhana North Indian emperor.

    7. The place Aihole is known as ‘Cradle of Temple’.

    8. The Idol Gomateshwara at Shravanabelogola was built by Chavundaraya, Prime minister of King Rachamulla

    9. The famous ruler of Ganga was Durvineetha,

    10. Chavundaraya wrote ‘Chavundaraya Purana.

    II. Answer the following questions in one sentence.

    1. Who was the heroine of the epic Shilappadigaram?

    Answer: Kannagi is the heroine of the Tamil epic ‘Silappadigaram’ 

    2. Name two epics of the Sangam Age.

    Answer: The two epics of the Sangam Age are, 

    1. ‘Manimegalai’

    2. ‘Thirukkural’

    3. What is a ‘‘Chaitya’’?

    Answer: Sathavahanas contributed considerably to architecture. Three types of Buddhist structures that developed during their time are Chaityas, Viharas and Stupas. Chaityas are the prayer halls of Buddhists.

    4. Where do you find ‘Chaityas’ of Sathavahana times?

    Answer: The Chaitya found near Karle in Maharashtra is very big and beautiful. The Chaitya found near Kanheri is famous.

    5. Where do you find ruins belonging to Sathavahana times in Karnataka?

    Answer: We can see Sathavahana architecture at Sannati and Banavasi in Uttara Kannada of Kalburagi districts.

    6. What is a ‘Shreni’?

    Answer: There were guilds called ‘Shrenies’ in cities. Associations formed to protect the interests of trades like ‘Dhanika Shreni’ for corn merchants. Likewise, there were Shrenis for oil millers, black smiths, bronze-smiths, potters and others, each shreni had a leader called Shreshti or setty.

    7. Who was the famous king of the Kadambas?

    Answer: Mayura sharma was the founder and famous king of this dynasty. 

    8. Which was the capital of the Chalukyas of Badami? In which district it is located?

    Answer: The capital city of Badami Chalukyas was Vatapi (Badami). It is located in Bagalkote district. 

    9. Mention three places where Badami Chalukyan architecture found.

    Answer: The places where Badami Chalukyan architecture found are,

    1. Badami

    2. Aihole, 

    3. Pattadakal

    4. Mahakoota and Nagarala

    10. Who was the most famous king of Pallavas? What was the title he had assumed?

    Answer: Narasimha Varma was the most famous king of Pallavas. He had assumed the title ‘Mahamalla’.

    11. The capital of Gangas Talakadu, is in which district?

    Answer: The capital of Gangas Talakadu, is in Kolar district.

    II. Discuss.

    1. “All persons are equal by birth” – How is this saying of Thirukkural relevant even today?

    Answer: Thiruvalluvar’s statement, “All persons are equal by birth,” is relevant today as it champions humanism by emphasizing that a person’s worth comes from their actions, not their birth circumstances. This ancient ideal challenges the persistence of caste-based discrimination and inequality, offering a rational basis for treating everyone with compassion and respect, aligning with modern human rights principles of equality and social justice. Thirukkural has 1300 stanzas. It has many cryptic statements like: Dharma is having a spotless mind. All human beings are equal by birth.

    2. Factors that were responsible for prosperity during Sathavahana’s time.

    Answer: The factors were responsible for prosperity during Sathavahana’s time are as follows.

    ( i) Agrahars were established for the education among them in Shivamogga district (Sthana Kunduru) was an important center of education. 

    (ii) Sathavahanas contributed considerably to architecture. Three types of Buddhist structures that developed during their time are Chaityas, Viharas and Stupas.

    (iii) Sathavahanas time was prosperous due to internal and external trading. 

    (iv) The East and West coasts of the empire had a number of ports. Bharukacha (present boach), Sopara and Kalyana near Mumbai and there were many such ports on the West coast. 

    (v) India’s trade relations with the Roman Empire of Europe was well-established during the Sathavahanas period. As many commodities were exported to Europe from India, so in return, gold was imported in large quantities.

    (v) There was a foreign trade carried through the ports of east coast. Sathavahana kingdom became much prosperous due to lucrative foreign trade.

    3. What might have been the reasons for the decline of the ancient royal dynasties?

    Answer: Ancient royal dynasties declined due to various internal and external factors. They are, 

    1. A strong empire could collapse if the rulers who followed a capable king were weak or incapable of managing the vast territory and challenges. 

    2. Financial difficulties could arise from excessive spending on the army and bureaucracy, large grants to religious groups.

    3. Attacks from powerful foreign groups, such as the Indo-Greeks, Sakas, or Kushanas, could weaken an empire and claim its territory. 

    4. The growth of powerful regional kingdoms or groups within and around the empire could challenge and ultimately overthrow the ruling dynasty. 

    4. Write a short note on Pampa, Ponna and Srivijaya.

    Answer: Pampa, also known as Adikavi, wrote classic epics like Adi Purana and Vikramarjuna Vijaya, while Ponna wrote Santipurana and earned the title “supreme poet in two languages” for his command of Kannada and Sanskrit. 

    Pampa: Pampa was the greatest Kannada Poet, He composed the first epic poem in Kannada. Hence, Pampa is called ‘Adi Kavi’ of Kannada. The Kannada poems composed before Pampa was not found so far. Pampa was in the court of Arikesari of Vemulavada, ‘Adipurana’ and ‘Vikramarjuna Vijaya’ are Pampa’s greatest epics that influence other major Kannada poets. Ponna is another Kannada epic poet who belongs to this period.

    Ponna: Sri Ponna was another celebrated 10th-century Kannada Jain poet. His main work is Santipurana, a biography of the 16th Jain Tirthankar, Shantinatha. He was patronized by King Krishna III of the Rashtrakuta dynasty and was honored with the title Ubhaya Kavichakravathi (“supreme poet in two languages”) for his mastery of both Kannada and Sanskrit. 

    Srivijaya: Sri Vijaya, a poet in the court of Amoghavarsha Nrupathunga, a Rashtrakuta king. 

    Some historians believe Kavirajamarga may have been co-authored by a poet in the king’s court, the Kannada language theorist Sri Vijaya.

    It was influenced by or written in part by the famous King Amoghavarsha I of Rashtrakuta, and some historians say it is based in part on Kavyadarsha, the Sanskrit text. Kavirajamarga has been co-authored by the Kannada language theorist Sri Vijaya, a poet in the king’s court.

    5. What is special about Kailasa temple and Elephanta cave? 

    Answer: The Kailasa Temple of Ellora is a Monolithic Temple carved out of 100 meters high rock. The credit for its construction goes to Krishna I of Rashtrakuta King. Such an architecture is not seen anywhere in the world. It is a feast for the eyes to see the wonderful sculptor. The story of Ravana lifting mount kailasa, the sculptor is picturesque.

    The glory of the Rashtrakuta sculptural wealth is best seen in the rock-cut cave at Elephanta. Elephanta is a tiny island near Mumbai port. At Elephanta one is wonderstruck by the relief work depicting three-faced Mahesha, which is also called Trimurti.

    6. State the military achievements of Govinda III.

    Answer: Govinda III was the ablest among the Rashtrakuta emperors. He established supremacy of the Rashtrakutas in south India. Thereafter, he led a military expedition in north India and victoriously marched upto the Himalayan region. His court poet described the victory thus: “Govinda’s war-elephants tasted the holy waters of the Ganga”.

    7. Why is Amoghavarsha considered a notable emperor? 

    Answer: Amoghavarsha Nripathunga was the son of Govinda III. When he ascended the throne he was a youth of fourteen. He ruled for more than 60 years. He was a scholar. Amoghavarsha Nripathunga was deeply concerned with the welfare of his subjects. He built the city of Manyakheta (Malkhed in Kalburgi district) which became the Rashtrakuta capital. Sulaiman, a foreign traveller who visited the Rashtrakuta Empire, stated that Rashtrakuta Empire was one among the four mighty empires of the world. (The other empires being the Roman, the Arab and the Chinese).

    8. Why is Vikramaditya VI considered the greatest emperor of the Kalyana Chalukya dynasty? 

    Answer: The greatest emperor of the dynasty was Vikramaditya VI. His long rule witnessed remarkable progress in Karnataka. During his reign Chalukya-Vikrama saka was commenced. Vikramaditya VI patronised several eminent scholars. Bilhana, who was one among them, wrote Vikramankadeva-charita, a biography of Vikramaditya VI. Vignaneshwara was another outstanding scholar in his court. His work Mitakshara samhite is considered an authority on the Hindu law.

    9. Write short notes on Vikramankadeva-charita, Mitakshara Samhite and Manasollasa.

    Answer: Vikramaditya VI patronised several eminent scholars. Bilhana, who was one among them, wrote Vikramankadeva-charita, a biography of Vikramaditya VI. Vignaneshwara was another outstanding scholar in his court. His work Mitakshara samhite is considered an authority on the Hindu law

    The reign of Someshwara III, son of Vikramaditya VI, was marked by peace and prosperity. 

    The emperor patronised arts and literature. He wrote Manasollasa in Sanskrit which deals with several branches of knowledge. Being a renowned scholar he was aptly called 

    Sarvana Chakravarti.

    10. Which temple is known as the Emperor among the Temples? Why?

    Answer: The Mahadeva temple at Itagi (Koppala district) is known as the Emperor among the Temples. Because this temple is the best among the Chalukya temples. An inscription describes this temple as “the Emperor among the Temples”.

    11. Mention any two features of the Hoysala temples.

    Answer: The main features of the Hoysala temples are as follows.

    1. Not only the platform but also the walls, sanctum and tower of the Hoysala temples are star-shaped. A star-shaped wall surface gives scope for the play of light and shade in a very effective way. As a result the sculptures appear sharper and more projected outward.

    2. Hoysala temple. Unlike other temples, it stands on a high platform (jagali) which is star-shaped.

    3. The main attraction of this temple are the madanika sculptures. Madanikas are delicately carved female figurines in different poses.

    12. What is meant by Bhuvaneshwari?

    Answer: The four pillars of Navaranga in Belur Chennakeshava temple are lathe-turned. The delicately carved ceiling of Navaranga is called Bhuvaneshwari.

    13. Where do we find the great temples of the Hoysalas?

    Answer: There are about 100 Hoysala temples found in Hassan, District, The most important among them are at Halebidu and Beluru and Somanathapura. Most of the Hoysala temple are located in Hassan, Tumkuru and Mandya District.

    14. Name the great poets and their literary works of the Hoysala period.

    Answer: The notable poets of the Hoysala period were Janna, Harihara and Raghavanka. Janna was the greatest among them and he was called Kavichakravarti. Harihara wrote in a style known as ragale. He also wrote an epic. Raghavanka wrote several poems which set a new trend in the development of Kannada language. Andayya wrote literary works in Achha Kannada. During this period, the vachanas enriched Kannada literature.

    15. Why is the Brihadishvara temple famous for?

    Answer: The Chola’s contribution to architecture is also remarkable. The Brihadishvara temple at Tanjavur is world famous, it is 1000 year old. The tall vimana of Brihadishvara temple is the tower which is raised above the sanctum. The vimana rises in thirteen storeys as if touching the sky. Its height is 61 m (200 feet). The Brihadishvara is the largest and the tallest of all Indian temples. It is recognised as the world Heritage site. It is a common feature to install a statue of bull (Nandi) right in front of Shiva temples. The single-stone bull at the Brihadishvara temple is the largest in south India.

    16. What are the achievements of Rajaraja Chola?

    Answer: Rajaraja Chola was a powerful ruler and an able administrator. His vast empire included all the regions south of the Tungabhadra as well as Sri Lanka and the Maldives. To keep his empire secure, he built a strong army and navy. The marvellous Brihadishvara temple is his contribution.

    17. What are the special features of the Chola village administration?

    Answer: The village administration under the Chola Empire was exemplary. The administration was largely left to the village assemblies. The assemblies were elected bodies. For day to day administration, various committees were formed with specific functions. They were required to submit accounts periodically. They use to remove disqualified members out of the assembly. On the whole, the committees functioned more or less on the lines of the present day village panchayats.

    Activities:

    1. Collect pictures of artefact’s of Pallava and Chalukya times with information.
    2. Read life-stories of Harshavardhana and Pulikeshi-II (Source: Bharatha Bharati Pustaka Sampada).
    3. Collect the pictures of the structural monuments of the Rashtrakuta and the Kalyana Chalukya Age with short description. 
    4. Locate on the map the capitals and architectural centres of the Rashtrakutas and the Kalyana Chalukyas.
    5. Make a model of Gommata using clay or any other material.
    6. If you have chance to visit shravanabelagola enjoy the artifacts at Shravanabelagola. View and gather information about Veeragallu’s around you.
    7. Collect the pictures of the Hoysala and the Chola sculptures and architecture with brief description. 
    8. Locate on the map the historical places associated with the Hoysalas and the Cholas.

    6th Standard, Social, Geography, Chapter 11 – MAJOR LANDFORMS

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    6th Standard, Social, Geography, Chapter 11

    MAJOR LANDFORMS

    EXERCISES

    I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

    1. The various terrestrial features of the earth are called landforms.

    2. The highest point of the mountain is called Peak.

    3. The Himalayan Mountain is an example of variety of Fold Mountains.

    4. In the desert, ground water comes out in the form of spring is called Oases.

    5. The area with a flat top and steep sides are called Plateaus

    II. Answer the following questions in one sentence.

    1. What is a mountain?

    Answer: Mountains are the uplifted portions of the Earth’s surface and are much higher than the surrounding areas. They have steep slopes and small peaks, rising to more than 1000 metres above sea level.

    • What is a mountain range?

    Answer: A line of mountains, with or without peaks, is known as a ‘mountain range’.  

    • What is a plateau?

    Answer: Plateaus are elevated flat lands with steep sides. They are also called tablelands. Generally they rise above the surrounding areas. They have uneven surface.

    • Which is the highest plateau in the world?

    Answer: The Plateau of Tibet is the world’s highest plateau and is known as the ‘Roof of the World’.

    • What is a plain?

    Answer: Extensive areas of flat or undulating land, usually lowlands are called ‘plains’.

    • What is a desert?

    Answer: Deserts are hot during the day and quite cold at night. Deserts get very little rainfall and therefore deserts are mainly dry. Therefore extensive dry lands are called ‘Deserts’.

    • Name any island that belongs to India.

    Answer: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep Islands are the major islands of India.

    • What are natural regions?

    Answer: The regions which have similar climatic conditions, relief features, soil, vegetation, animal life, human occupations, etc. are called ‘Natural Regions’. Areas having similar natural features are called ‘Natural Regions’.

    Additional Questions:

    1. What are the types of Landforms?

    Answer: The types of Landforms are,

    • Mountains
    • (ii) Plateaus
    • (iii) Plains.

    2 . Mention the Types of Mountains:

    Answer: the Types of Mountains are as follows.

    (a) Fold mountains

    (b) Block mountains

    (c) Volcanic mountains.

    3. What are the Importance of Mountains?

    Answer: The Importance of Mountains are,

    1. Mountains are form natural boundaries between countries.
    2. They are storehouse of resources.
    3. They provide water for the generation of hydro-electricity.
    4. Mountains are origin of rivers.
    5. They have good effect on climate.
    6. They have scenic beauty, hence they are tourist centres.
    7. They are ideal for plantation crops.

    4. Name the Types of Plateaus.

    Answer: Plateaus can be divided into three types. They are,

    (a) Intermontane Plateaus

    (b) Piedmont Plateaus

    (c) Continental Plateaus

    5. What are the Importance of Plateaus?

    Answer: The Importance of Plateaus are,

    1. Plateaus are a storehouse of minerals wealth.
    2. They are very suitable for the generation of hydro-electricity
    3. They have fertile soil which is suitable for agriculture
    4. They are useful for animal rearing.

    6 . Mention the types of Plains.

    Answer: There are three types of plains. They are, 

    (a) Structural Plains

    (b) Erosional Plains

    (c) Depositional Plains

    7. Mention the Importance of Plains.

    Answer: The Importance of Plains are as follows.

    • Plains have vast level land and fertile soil
    • They are very useful for agriculture and Industries
    • They are favourable for the development of transport.
    • They have been centres of civilization
    • Plains encourage the growth of towns and cities.

    8 . Describe the Importance of Deserts.

    Answer: Deserts are inhabited by nomads who go from place to place with their herds of animals. The desert soil is not very fertile. But wherever water is available, crops can be grown. e.g. Nile valley of Egypt. Most deserts are rich in minerals like petroleum. They are Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, etc.

    9 . Mention the Types of Natural regions.

    Answer: The Types of Natural regions are,

    1. Equatorial Region or Amazon type

    2. Tropical Grassland Region or the Sudan type

    3. Tropical Monsoon Regions

    4. Tropical Oceanic Regions

    5. Tropical Deserts or the Sahara type

    6. Temperate Deserts Regions

    7. The Mediterranean Regions

    8. The warm Temperate Regions (China type)

    9. Cool Temperate Oceanic Regions (West European type)

    10. Temperate Grassland Regions or Prairie type

    11. Cool Temperate East Coastal Regions (St. Lawrence type).

    12. The Cold Continental Region or Taiga type

    13. The Cold Desert or Tundra type.

    Activities:

    Prepare models of different types of landforms.

    Collect pictures of the different mountains, plateaus or plains of the world.

    With the help of the teacher identify the major Mountains, Plateaus and Plains found in different continents on the world map.

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