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Karnataka 10th Standard, Social, Business Studies, Chapter 33 – CONSUMER EDUCATION AND PROTECTION

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Karnataka 10th Standard, Social, Business Studies, Chapter – 33

CONSUMER EDUCATION AND PROTECTION

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:

1. The other name of the Consumer is User.

2. Person giving goods or services for money is called Provider’.

3. The Consumer Day is observed on March 15 every year.

4. In the case of compensation less than one Crore the complaint has to be submitted to the District Commission.

II. Answer the following questions in one word or sentence each:

5. Who is called a consumer?

Answer: The Service Organisations have used the term ‘User’ to those who use the goods and services. The Government in its consumer protection Act has used the word ‘Consumer’ in place of user.

6. What is the main aim of Consumer Movement?

Answer: The traders or the producers cheat the consumers in many ways. To stop this hindrance some social organisations started some movements. This is the main aim of Consumer Movement.

7. What is the Right of every Consumer?

Answer: The right of every consumer is to get quality goods and services for his money.

8. When did Consumer Protection Act come into force in India?

            Answer: Consumer Protection Act come into force in India in 1986.

9. Who appoints the President of the District Consumer Forum?

Answer: The State government appoints the President of the District Consumer Forum.

III. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each:

10. What are the problems faced by consumers?

            Answer: The problems faced by consumers are,

            It is the right of every consumer to get quality goods and services. The traders or the producers cheat the consumers in many ways. The direct transaction between the producer and the consumer has almost stopped. The Price Fixation of the goods and services was done mainly by the middlemen. It led to many hindrances. Consumers had to face various difficulties and problems. They incurred many losses.

11. What are the causes for consumer exploitation?

            Answer: When agricultural occupations developed, it changed the marketing methods. The direct transaction between the producer and the consumer has almost stopped. The Price Fixation of the goods and services was done mainly by the middlemen. It led to many hindrances. Consumers had to face various difficulties and problems. These are the causes for consumer exploitation.

12. Mention the four important aims of the Consumer Protection Council.

            Answer: The four important aims of the Consumer Protection Council are,

  1. The Act accords importance for safety and quality.
  2. Avoiding production and sale of dangerous goods.
  3. Prevention of Trade Malpractices in the market.
  4. Supervision on Quality, Weights, Measures and Price.
  5. Compensating the Consumers in case of any problem arising as a result of trade.
  6. Creating awareness to the consumers through Consumer Education.

13. What are the major functions of the Consumer Protection Council?

            Answer: The major functions of the Consumer Protection Council are,

  1. The Right to Protect against the marketing of goods which are hazardous to life and property of the consumers.
  2. The Right to Information- information about the quality, quantity, purity, standard etc, to protect the consumer against unfair trade practices.
  3. Right to Choice: Wherever possible access to variety of goods at competitive prices.
  4. Right to be Heard: The interests of the consumers to be heard with due consideration.
  5. Right to seek Redressal against the unfair trade practices or unscrupulous exploitation.
  6. Right to Consumer Education: The Consumers are to be educated about their rights.
  7. Right to stop exploitation.
  8. Right to healthy environment that is good physical environment to enhance the quality of their life.

14. Mention three stages of Consumer Courts.

            Answer: The three stages of Consumer Courts are,

  1. District Commission: There shall be a forum in each district. A qualified district judge nominated by the state government presides over the deliberations.
  2. The State Commission: A person who is or has been a High Court Judge is its president.
  3. The State Commission: A person who is or has been a High Court Judge is its president.

15. What are the methods to follow to file a complaint in consumer court?

Answer: The methods to be followed to file a case in a consumer court are as follows.

  1. There is no prescribed proforma to file a case.
  2. The complaint may be a typed one or hand written.
  3. The complaint should include the name of the person (complainant), Full address and Telephone Number.
  4. The person or organisation against whom the complaint is made should be, mentioned clearly with address.
  5. The particulars of the goods by which the loss has incurred and the amount of loss should be specified clearly. The bill or receipt should be enclosed.
  6. There is no fees or stamp duty for the complaint.
  7. No advocate or lawyer is required. The consumer himself/herself can argue.

IV. Observe the picture given below and answer the questions that fallow:

  1. What is the Company’s name printed on the packet?

Answer: The Company’s name printed on the packet was ‘KHOJATI”

  • What is the maximum price printed?

Answer: the maximum price printed in the packet was Rs 30/-

  • What is the date of manufacturing of this item?

Answer: The date of manufacturing of this item is February 2013.

  • What is the date within which this item is to be used?

Answer: The date within which this item is to be used is January 2016.

10th Standard, Social – Geography CHAPTER 28 – INDIA: MAJOR INDUSTRIES

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10th Standard, Social – Geography CHAPTER – 28

INDIA – MAJOR INDUSTRIES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. Bengal iron company of West Bengal was located in Kulti in West Bengal

2. Manufacturing of cloth from various kinds of fibres is called Textile industry.

3. The first paper industry of India was located on banks of Hoogly river.

4. ISRO was established in the year 1969

II. Answer the following questions in brief:

5. Make a list of industrial zones.

Answer: There are 8 main industrial zones in the country. They are,

1. Hoogly Region  2. Mumbai-Pune Region   3. Ahmedabad-Vadodar Region

4. Damodar  Valley Industrial Region   5. Southern Industrial Region  6. National Capital Region

7. Vishakapatnam – Guntur Region  8. Kollam – Thiruvananthapuram Region.

6. Which are the places of Iron and steel industry?

Answer: The major iron and steel industries in India are:

1. Tata Iron and Steel Plant- TISCO – at Jamshedpur of Jharkhand.

2. Indian Iron and Steel Company – IISCO – Burnpur, West Bengal

3. Visweswarayya Iron and Steel Company – VISCO – at Bhadravathi, Karnataka 

4. Iron and Steel Company at Bhilai, Chattisgarh  5. Iron and Steel Company at Rourkela, Odisha

6. Iron and Steel Company at Durgapur, West Bengal  7. Iron and Steel Company at Bokaro, Jharkhand

8. Iron and Steel Company at Salem, Tamil Nadu

9. Iron and Steel Company at Vishakapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.

7. What are the factors influencing the location of an industry?

Answer: Industries are concentrated mainly in the areas of advantages. Availability of raw materials, energy resources, market, transport facility,  availability of labour, port facility etc, are influenced on the location of industries. Besides, the location of industries is also influenced by the land availability at low cost, technology and government policies. In addition, factors influencing the location of industries vary from one type of industry to another.

8. What are the raw materials used in paper industry?

Answer: The raw materials used for the paper industry are bamboo obtained from the forests, wood pulp and grass.

9. Explain the distribution of cotton textile industries in India.

Answer: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh have maximum number of cotton textiles industries. Mumbai of Maharashtra has highest cotton mills and hence, it is called the ‘Manchester of India’ (Manchester is Britain’s main textile industry centre), ‘Cottonopolis’ of India. In addition, Nagpur, Sholapur, Kolkata of West Bengal, Kanpur of Uttar Pradesh, Indore of Madhya Pradesh, Surat of Gujarat, Coimbatore, Salem and Chennai of Tamil Nadu, Bengaluru and Davangere of Karnataka have cotton textile industries.

10. What are the effects of biotechnology on agriculture?

Answer: Indian Government was established separate corporation in 1986 about the development of Bio-technology, due to this the great revolution was started in agriculture. Through the procedure of grafting in plants and animals and by the use of new seeds, medicines, fertilizers, organic fertilizers, developed hybrid seeds soya beans, maize, cotton etc. have been developed. In recent times, plant biotechnology, environment, bio-diversity and medical biotechnology are also being used. 

11. What are the changes resulting from the use of advanced technology?

Answer: With the development of human knowledge and increased use of advanced technology, the Central Government formally set the Advanced Technology Attachment in1990. As a result of this, advanced technology is used in telephone, internet communication, defence department, weapons and nuclear bombs, satellite launching, Lunar projects like Chandrayana, 

transparent in city administration in government offices (eg: Nemmadi, Sakala, Janaspandana etc.), development of global economic system, educational, social and economic affairs and elections.

12. What are the main achievements of ISRO?

Answer: The main achievements of ISRO are,

1) The Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) was introduced by Indian space organization (ISRO) for enhancing better experience in search – rescue operation.

2) India was the first country to reach MARS for the first time through ISRO.

3) India was the first country to land on the South – pole through the satellite launched by ISRO

III. Match the following:

       A                                                                                                     B

i. Mumbai                                                                            a. Manchester of India

ii. Bengaluru                                                                       b. Silicon Valley

iii. Bhadravathi                                                  c. Vishveshwarayya Iron and Steel Industry

iv. Belagavi district                                                           d. Sugar industries

Some more questions:

  1. Which are the important industries of India?

Answer: The important industries of India are,

  1. Iron and Steel Industry   (b) Cotton Textile Industry
  2. Sugar Industry      (d)  Aluminium Industry    (e) Paper Industry
  3. Knowledge-based Industry (i) Information Technology (IT), (ii) Biotechnology (BT)

(iii) Advanced Technology (AT)

  • What is Textile industry?

Answer: Production of cloth from various types of fibres is called ‘Textile Industry’.

  • When the first cotton textile industry was established in India?

Answer: The first cotton textile industry was established in 1854 at Mumbai and Baruch

  • Write a short note about Sugar industries in India.

Answer: India ranks first in the production of sugar and second in its export. Sugar production was known to Indians since ancient times. This industry is located in sugarcane-growing areas. Maximum number of sugar industries is located in the Ganga river plain region. The sugar industries are found in Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh etc. There are more than 700 sugar mills in India producing about 359 lakh metric tons of sugar. Sugar is being exported to the U.S.A., Britain, Iran, Canada and Malaysia.

  • What are factors of Aluminium Industry in India?

Answer:  Aluminium was discovered recently in the year 1886. It is the most important non-ferrous metal produced in India. Aluminium industries are concentrated in a few places in the country. This industry depends mainly on three factors: supply of electricity, availability of bauxite, availability of other metals and supply of capital. The aluminium industries are in Odisha, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

  • When was Paper industry established in India? Where are the main paper factories in India?

Answer: The first paper industry in India was established in Serampur of West Bengal in 1840 on the banks of the river Hoogly. Majority of the paper industries of the country are found in West Bengal. In addition to these, paper factories are also established in Mumbai, Pune, Chindwara, Amaravathi, Nagpur, Nasik, Karad, Raja Mahendra Varam, Raigadh, Tirupati, Meerut, Varanasi, Ghaziabad and Lucknow. Paper factories are located many places of Gujarat, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. There are many paper mills in various places in the country.

  • Write a paragraph about Information technology in India.

Answer: In order to encourage development of the software industry and its export, the Indian government established Software Technology Parks (STP) in 1991 itself. Today, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh are very much advanced having developed information technology training centres and universities. Software forms a major part of our exports and has enabled us to earn foreign exchange. Bengaluru is the center of Information Technology and it is called Silicon Valley of India.

  • How did Advanced Technology developed in India?

Answer: With the development of human knowledge and increased use of advanced technology, the Central Government formally set the Advanced Technology Attachment in 1990. As a result of this, advanced technology is used in telephone, internet communication, defence department, weapons and nuclear bombs, satellite launching, Lunar projects like Chandrayana, transparent in city administration in government offices (eg: Nemmadi, Sakala, Janaspandana etc.), development of global economic system, educational, social and economic affairs and elections.             

4th Standard, English FL, UNIT – X (Chapter 10) – THIMMAKKA

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4th Standard, English FL, UNIT – X (Chapter 10)

THIMMAKKA

Let us understand:

I. Underline the correct answer:

1. Thimmakka could not go to school because;

a. There was no school in her village.

b. Her parents were very poor.

Answer: Her parents were very poor

2. Thimmakka earned many awards for ___________

a. being illiterate.

b. planting trees.

Answer: planting trees.

II. How many times are the following words repeated in this lesson?

THIMMAKKA: ____7______

TREES : ____4______

PLANTS : _____11_____

SAPLING : _____7_____

III. Answer the following questions:

  1. What did Thimmakka do to keep herself busy?

Answer: Thimmakka decided to do something to keep herself busy. Thimmakka began to plant trees along the road connecting her village with the neighbouring village.

  • Why did Thimmakka want to plant trees?

Answer:  Thimmakka had only one aim – to create life. She decided to grow something. So She decided to plant trees.

  • When did Thimmakka and Chikkaiah plant trees mostly?

Answer: Thimmakka and her husband Chikkaiah planted trees mostly during the monsoon season. They planted the saplings mainly when the rains started.

  • How did people come to know about Thimmakka and her love for plants?

Answer:  One day Thimmakka was shocked to learn that some of the villagers were planning to cut a few of her trees. With the help of the local police she stopped them from cutting the trees. This made news. This is how Many people came to know about Thimmakka’s and her love for plants.

  • How have people shown their appreciation of her work?

Her work has been honoured with many national awards of India.

  • What kind of a woman is Thimmakka?

Saalumarada Thimmakka is an Indian environmentalist from Karnataka who is known for her work in planting and caring for trees. Thimmakka was born in a very poor family in Hulikal village in Magadi taluk near Bengaluru, and so she could not go to school.  She does not know how to read or write.

V. Some plants / trees grow from the seeds and some others grow just by planting the cuttings. Names of some trees and plants are given below, put them in their right boxes.

guava, neem, drumstick, coconut, rose, mango, cactus, hibiscus, papaya,                                                 

Trees/plants grow from seedsPlants/trees grow from cuttings

Guava                                                                                   rose

Coconut                                                                               drumstick

Mango                                                                                  cactus

Papaya                                                                                 neem, hibiscus,

Drumstick                                                                            black neem

VI. There are many action words (verbs) used in this lesson that come after the word ‘to’. These verbs do not specify number and tense.

For example : I like to play.

Identify such verbs and write them in the space provided. Follow the example.

1. to read and write

2. ________to work________________

3. ________to plant________________

4. ________to create________________

5. ________to water________________

VII. Identify the correct phrases and complete the statements given below.

read and write, plant trees, water the plants, stop villagers from cutting the trees, ride a bicycle, keep herself busy.

1. Thimmakka knows how to plant trees.

2. Thimmakka knows how to ______water the plants__________

3. Thimmakka doesn’t know how to ______read and write___________

4. Thimmakka knows how to ________ stop villagers from cutting the trees __________

5. Thimmakka doesn’t know how to _____ride a bicycle___________

6. Thimmakka knows how to __________ keep herself busy _____________

VIII. By adding ‘not’, we can change the meaning of the sentences. Change the following sentences. One is done for you.

1. Villagers could cut the trees.

Villagers could not cut the trees.

2. Thimmakka could go to school.

Thimmakka could not go to school

3. Thimmakka learnt that she would be able to have a child

  Thimmakka learnt that she would not be able to have a child

XI. Questions play an important role in any conversation. We ask questions to seek information. Ask questions for the sentences given below to get the underlined words as answers.

  1. I’m eight years old.

How old are you?

  • My mother helps me with my homework.

Who helps me with my homework?

  • I study for four hours a day.

How many hours you study for a day?

  • No, I watch only cartoons, on T.V.

Are you watching serials on T.V?

  • Yes, I read a lot of comics.

Are you read comics?

10th Standard, Social, Sociology, Chapter 24 – SOCIAL CHALLENGES

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10th Standard, Social, Sociology, Chapter – 24

SOCIAL CHALLENGES

EXERCISES

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

  1. Article ___24___ of the Constitution prohibits employing children for work.

Answer: Article 24

  • The ‘Prohibition of Child Labour Act’ came into practice in the year ___1986____.

Answer: 1986

  • The National Policy was framed in ___1987____ .

Answer: 1987

  • The Prohibition of Dowry Act first came into effect in ___1961_____.

Answer: 1961

  • Protection of Children from sexual offenses (POCSO) act came into force in ____2012____.

Answer: 2012

II Answer the following in one sentence each:

  • Mention any two social challenges plaguing India.

Answer: Two social challenges plaguing India are,

A) Child Labour

B) Child Marriage

7. What is child labourer?

Answer: According to the Constitution, ‘Child labourers are those who are aged below 14 years and work in order to earn money’. Normally, the labour undertaken by minor children are called ‘Child Labour’.

  • What is the meaning of female foeticide?

Answer: When the foetus is that of a girl and the parents do not want a girl baby to be born, they kill it in the womb itself. This is known as ‘female foeticid

  • What is female infanticide?

Answer: ‘The inhuman practice of killing the female baby after it is born is female infanticide’.

  1. What is Child Marriage?

Answer: According to law, the marriage that takes place between a boy of below 21 years and a girl who is below 18 years is child Marriage.

III Discuss the following in groups and answer the following:

  1. Mention the causes for the problem of child labour.

Answer: Poverty, domestic conflicts, divorce, domestic violence, excessive control, greed of industrialists, illiteracy, kidnapping of children and pledging them etc. are the causes behind child labour and its increase.

  1. What are the consequences of child labour?

Answer: The consequences of child labour are,

  1. Child labour is the result of a serious lacuna in the social system.
  2. The people who extract work from children throughout the day, do not pay any attention to their mental, emotional, educational or medical needs. Instead, they harass them physically and mentally.
  3. Due to ill-health, lack of nutritious food and proper medical facilities, forced employment, economic and social exploitation, thousands of child labourers are suffering even today.
  4. At an age when they should have been playing, day-dreaming or studying, their innocence has been snatched away from them by pushing them into employment.
  5. Explain the measures for eradicating the problem of child labour.

Answer: The measures for eradicating the problem of child labour are,

  1. The Central government has launched a programme called ‘Rehabilitation Welfare Fund of Child Labourers’ through which their educational, medical and fundamental needs can be fulfilled, and their exploitation stopped.
  2. To prohibit appointment of child labourers, the ‘Child Labour Prohibition and Control Act (1986)’ has been enacted.
  3. Industrialists who violate this law, will have to mandatorily contribute Rs. 20,000/- per child labourer to the Welfare Fund.
  4. What are the evil effects of dowry system?

Answer: The evil effects of dowry system are,

  1. Dowry diminishes women’s self-respect, dignity and stature. It leads to domestic conflicts.
  2. It also creates animosity between men and women.
  3. Due to this evil, immorality and violence increase. Family relationships suffer.
  4. Families of brides get oppressed under financial constraints. Greed for dowry is leading to deception in the name of marriage.
  5. In order to escape from the dowry menace, people are resorting to child marriage.
  6. Female foeticide and female infanticide are increasing.
  7. The number of divorces are also rising.
  8. What are the solutions for the problem of dowry?

Answer: The solutions for the problem of dowry are,

  1. Under the ‘Prohibition of Dowry Act’ in 1961, marrying under the condition of being provided dowry is prohibited.
  2. Apart from legal measures, encouraging people to become awareness,
  3. inter-caste marriages,
  4. modern mass media,
  5. voluntary organizations and women associations can also help to eradicate this social evil from our midst.
  6. What are the effects of Child Marriage ?

Answer: The effects of Child Marriage are,

  1. The holistic development of children is stunted by child marriage and they lose the power of questioning.
  2. As a result, violations like sexual assaults on children increase the number.
  3. Many rights of children like education, childhood, entertainment, interaction with friends continue to be violated.
  4. Children fall into the trap of malnutrition, anemia, diseases, abortions, infanticide and maternal mortality increases.
  5. The chance of girl becoming a widow at a young age is also more and they become a victim of violence easily.

Some more questions and answers

  1. Expand ‘POSCO’

Answer: Expand form of POSCO is ‘Protection of Children from Sexual Offense’

  • What is “POSCO”

Answer: POSCO (Protection of Children from Sexual Offense) is the protection of children from sexual offenses act, is aimed at curbing the increasing number of sexual assults on children in schools, families and public places these days protetion of children from sexual offenses act 2012 has been passed preventing the increasing sexual violence against children in schools, families and public places these days.

  • What are the reasons for Child marriage?

Answer: The reasons for Child marriage are,

  1. Gender discrimination is the primary reason for Child Marriage. It is believed that since a girl goes to another family after marriage, it is better to send her early.
  2. Lack of education is one of the main reasons for Child Marriage. As the children do not go to school, they end up marrying early.
  3. Lack of proper implementation of law, Poor implementation of legal provisions in school education,
  4. Lack of participation in the part of community and general public in the implementation of child rights and child development programmes has led to the problem of child marriage to prevail.

4 . What are the solutions for Child marriage?

Answer: The solutions for Child marriage are,

  1. Implementing the education Development Programmes without lapses can prevent school dropouts before 18 years of age. This means all the children within 18 years of age should be within the schooling system and should have 100% attendance.
  2. Similarly, birth registration is compulsory and 100% birth registration target is needed.
  3. Importance should be given to girls’ education. They should be empowered on priority.
  4. A child marriage should always be reported, questioned and opposed.

5 . What is Dowry?

Answer: Any kind of property, jewellery or gift given to the bridegroom at the time of marriage, either before or after the marriage is known as ‘dowry’.

10th Standard Karnataka, Social/History Chapter 20 – WORLD WARS AND INDIA’S ROLE

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10th Standard Karnataka, Social/History Chapter – 20

WORLD WARS AND INDIA’S ROLE

EXERCISES

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. World War I ended in the year 1918.

2. Versailles Pact was signed in the year 1919.

3. Fascist dictator was Mussolini .

4. The leader of the Nazi Party in Germany was Hitler.

5. World War II started in the year 1939.

6. Japan attacked the American Naval Centre at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

7. As the head of Mysore Lancers Rejimentdar B. Chamaraja Urs was sent to the war field.

II Discuss the following in groups and answer them:

8. Explain the immediate cause for World War I.

Answer: The immediate reason for the war was the assassination of the Austrian prince, Archduke Franz Ferdinand on 28th July. This incident created a rift between Austria and Serbia.

9. ‘Nazi ideology destroyed Germany’. Justify this statement.

Answer: The Nazi administration murdered or deported millions of Jews and Slavs, and targeted other groups, including the mentally and physically disabled, Romani people, homosexuals, and Jehovah’s Witnesses.  The Nazis established a police state where individuals could be arrested and imprisoned without reason. The Nazis persecuted and oppressed Jews, and eventually deported and murdered them.  Hitler thought that Only Germans are eligible to rule the world. All other communities are eligible only to be ruled. Jews are responsible for all the problems of Germans. As per an estimate, he was responsible for the death of 6 million Jews and over a crore of other civilians. The ambition to win the entire world and popularize the Aryan race was one of the reasons for the World War II. The chapter of Hitler’s racial hatred ended with his death.

10. What were the causes for World War II?

Answer: In Germany and other European nations, industrialists donated huge amounts to propagate nationalism. Using this resource, movements of hatred and arrogance became active. People like Hitler in Germany and Mussolini in Italy, came to power. In East Asia, Japan with an intention to expand its empire, was attacking Chinese territories. Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party wanted Germany to rule Europe. On September 1, 1939, German troops invaded Poland, which led to Britain and France declaring war on Germany. This was the one of the main reason for World War II.

11. Name the Commandants of Mysore Lancers.

Answer: Some of the important commandants of Mysore Lancers were A.T. Tyagaraj, A. Lingaraja Urs, Subbaraja Urs, B.P. Krishne Urs, Mir Turab Ali, Sardar Bahadur, B. Chamaraja Urs and regimentdar B. Chamaraja Urs and Col. J. Desiraja Urs.

12. What were the results of the World War II?

Answer: World War II had many consequences, including massive death and destruction, economic devastation, and the emergence of new geopolitical power blocs. At least 60 million people died, which was about 3% of the world’s population in 1939. The World War II resulted in many political changes all over the world. Many countries which were under the hold of England became independent.  In the world war II, civilians and soldiers put together, about 4,82,00,000 people lost their lives.

13. Where is Tin murti chowk?

Answer: Tin murti chowk is in New Delhi, India.

14. How did Britain utilise the resources of India during the World War II?

Answer: Britain used India’s resources in many ways during World War II, including manpower, raw materials, financial support, and industrial production. England utilised the agrarian products and industrial goods for the war. Thus quantitative and Qualitative development of weapons somewhat raised the readiness of the Indian troops during the latter part of the II world war.

III Activities :

  1. Collect the information on the impact of the wars on the human generation.

Answer: There are many losses like human life, wealth, money, health will occur in wars.  Wars have a devastating impact on human generations, causing direct loss of life, widespread physical injuries, psychological trauma, displacement, economic hardship, and disruption of social structures, with lasting effects on families and communities that can span multiple generations; children are particularly vulnerable to the long-term consequences of war, including developmental issues and mental health problems. The most immediate impact is the loss of lives among soldiers and civilians, leading to grief and family breakdown. War destroys infrastructure, disrupts economic activity, and leads to shortages of essential goods, causing widespread poverty. Communities can be fractured by war, leading to mistrust, social unrest, and breakdown of traditional social structures. 

  • With the help of internet and newspapers, collect information and write an essay on the attempts being made by India, along with other nations, in order to establish peace at the global level.

Answer: India leverages its rich cultural heritage and philosophy of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” (the world is one family) to foster understanding and harmony across nations. India has played a role in facilitating dialogue and negotiations to resolve regional conflicts, including in South Asia through SAARC. India has deployed troops to numerous UN peacekeeping missions across the globe. India has played a role in facilitating dialogue and negotiations to resolve regional conflicts in South Asia. India has also been contributing to the UN Peacebuilding Fund. India has been the largest troop contributor to UN missions since inception. So far India has taken part in 49 Peacekeeping missions with a total contribution exceeding 1,95,000 troops and a significant number of police personnel having been deployed. 168 Indian peacekeepers have made the supreme sacrifice while serving in UN missions. India is the second largest troop contributor to UN Peacekeeping Missions.

Some more Questions:

  1. Which are the two triple alliances in World War I?

Answer: The two triple alliances in World War I are.

  1. Britain, France and Russia
  2. Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
  • What are the effects of World War I?

Answer: the effects of World War I are,

The Alliance signed a humiliating Versailles treaty. Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman kingdoms lost their identity. Germany lost most of its area. The map of Europe changed drastically. Many small independent nations came into being. With the intention of preventing wars in the future, the League of Nations was established.

  • What are the two rival groups formed in World War II?

Answer: The two rival groups formed in World War II are,

  1. Axis Group – Germany, Italy and Japan
  2. Allies Group – Britain, France and Russia and other countries.
  • Which country played major role in Germany’s defeat in World War II?

Answer: In 1942, Russia defeated the German troops in the Stalingrad war. After that, in 1943, Germany faced a series of defeats. Russia played a major role in these defeats.

  • Describe the role of India in World War I

Answer: About 1.5 million soldiers took part in this World war from India. Apart from this, Indians helped by giving 1,72,815 animals consisting of 85,953 horses, 10,781 camels, 5,061 bullocks and 65,398 mules. 7 crores of small arms and ammunition, 6 lakhs rifles and so on. Apart from this, between 1914-18, India supplied 4,19,20,223 garments, raw materials, manganese, mica, timber, tea, rubber were also supplied.

  • After World War II, what are the changes happened in India?

Answer: The war ended in 1945 and resulted in many political changes all over the world. Many countries which were under the hold of England became independent. India became Indipendent in the year of 1947.

10th Standard English, NON DETAIL – Ulysses and the Cyclops

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10th Standard English, NON-DETAIL

Ulysses and the Cyclops

II. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS:

Answer briefly the following questions.

  1. Who were Cyclops?

Answer: The Cyclops dwell, a sort of giant shepherds who lived in caves, on the steep heads of mountains.

  • Pick any five details to show that they were not civilized.

Answer: neither sow nor plough, but the earth untilled produces for them rich wheat and barley and grapes, yet they have neither bread nor wine, nor know the arts of cultivation, nor care to know them for they live each man to himself, without laws or government or anything like a state or kingdom; but their dwellings are in caves, on the steep heads of mountains, every man’s household governed by his own caprice or not governed at all. Ships or boats they have none, no trade or commerce, or wish to visit other shores; yet they have convenient places for harbours and for shipping.

  • Why did Ulysses and his men enter the habitation of the Cyclop?

Answer: Ulysses, with a chosen party of twelve followers, landed, to explore what sort of men dwelt there,-whether hospitable and friendly to strangers, or altogether wild and savage, for as yet no dwellers appeared in sight.

  • Read the last four sentences of paragraph 2 and try to draw the picture of Polyphemus (savage face, massive body, one eye….)

Answer: Student

  • How strong was the Greek wine?

Answer: Greek wine was so strong that no one ever drank it without an infusion of twenty parts of water to one of wine, yet the fragrance of it even then so delicious, that it would have vexed a man who smelled it to abstain from tasting it; but whoever tasted it, it was able to raise his courage to the height of heroic deeds.

  • How did Ulysses introduce himself and his group to the Cyclop?

Answer: Ulysses introduced himself and said that they came nei­ther for plunder nor business, but were Grecians, who had lost their way, returning from Troy. Yet now they prostrated themselves humbly before his feet.

  • What horrid response did the Cyclop give to Ulysses, request for hospitality?

Answer: Cyclop was response nothing, but gripping two of the nearest of them as if they had been no more than children, he dashed their brains out against the earth, and (shocking to relate) tore in pieces their limbs, and devoured them, yet warm and trembling, making a lion’s meal of them, lapping the blood.

  • What prevented Ulysses from attacking the Cyclop with his sword?

Answer: Ulysses drew his sword, and half resolved to thrust it with all his might in at the bosom of the sleeping monster; but wiser thoughts restrained him, else they had there without help all perished, for none but Polyphemus himself could have removed that mass of stone which he had placed to guard the entrance.

  • How did Ulysses prove that “manly wisdom excels brutish force”?

Answer: Ulysses hatched a plot to incapacitate the Cyclop and escape from the cave alive. Ulysses waxed bold with the contemplation of his project, and took a bowl of Greek wine, and merrily dared the Cyclop to drink. He chose a stake from among the wood which the Cyclop had piled up for firing, in length and thickness like a mast, which he sharpened, and hardened in the fire; and selected four men, and instructed them what they should do with his stake and made them perfect in their parts.

  1. What ‘gift’ does the Cyclop offer Ulysses in return for the wine?

Answer: Cyclop offer a gift to Ulysses in return for the wine and said “this is the kindness I will show thee, Noman: I will eat you last of all your friends.” He had scarce expressed his savage kindness when the fumes of the strong wine overcame him.

11. How do the brave Greeks blind the Cyclop?

Answer: They placed the sharp end of the stake in the fire till it was heated red-hot; and some god gave them a courage beyond that which they were used to have, and the four men with difficulty bored the sharp end of the huge stake, which they had heated red-hot, right into the eye of the drunken cannibal.  He becomes a blind.

12. Why didn’t the fellow Cyclops help Polyphemus when he cried out for help?

Answer: When the fellow Cyclops came flocking from all parts to inquire what trouped Polyphemus, Polyphemus replied that that Noman had hurt him. Noman had killed him, Noman was with him in the cave. They replied, “If no man has hurt thee, and no man is with thee then thou art alone; and the evil which affects thee is from the hand of Heaven, which none can resist or help.” So they left him and didn’t help Polyphemus.

13. How did Ulysses help his men escape from the cave?

Answer: Ulysses made knots of the osier twigs upon which the Cyclop commonly slept, with which he tied the fattest and fleeciest of the rams together, three in a rank; and under the middle ram he tied a man. And now the sheep began to issue forth very fast: as they passed, he felt the backs of those fleecy wools, never dreaming that they carried his enemies under them. So they passed on till the last ram came loaded with his wool and Ulysses together.

14. How did Ulysses himself escape from the cave?

Answer: Ulysses wrapping himself fast with both his hands in the rich wool of one, the fairest of the flock. Polyphemus removed the stone, and sat in the threshold, feeling if he could lay hold on any man going out with the sheep. They passed on till the last ram came loaded with his wool and Ulysses together. He stopped that ram, and felt him, and had his hand once in the hair of Ulysses, yet knew it not. But he didn’t recognize Ulysses. 

15. How did Ulysses introduce himself to the Cyclop at the end of the story?

Answer: Ulysses introduce himself to the Cyclop at the end of the story as “if any ask thee who imposed on thee that unsightly blemish in thine eye, say it was Ulysses, son of Laertes, the King of Ithaca am I called, the waster of cities”.

III. NOTE ON THE AUTHOR:

Charles Lamb (1775-1834) born in London, was a great essayist (Essays of Elia), a poet and a much loved story teller. He, with his sister Mary Ann Lamb, wrote Tales from Shakespeare designed to make Shakespeare familiar to the young. His Adventures of Ulysses from which Ulysses and the Cyclops is an extract, was another successful attempt aimed at familiarising the Greek epic The Odyssey to the young.

10th Standard, Science, CHAPTER 13 – Our Environment

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10th Standard, Science CHAPTER 13

Our Environment

E X E R C I S E S

1. Which of the following groups contain only biodegradable items?

(a) Grass, flowers and leather

(b) Grass, wood and plastic

(c) Fruit-peels, cake and lime-juice

(d) Cake, wood and grass

Answer: a, c, d

2. Which of the following constitute a food-chain?

(a) Grass, wheat and mango

(b) Grass, goat and human

(c) Goat, cow and elephant

(d) Grass, fish and goat

Answer: (b) Grass, goat and human

3. Which of the following are environment-friendly practices?

(a) Carrying cloth-bags to put purchases in while shopping

(b) Switching off unnecessary lights and fans

(c) Walking to school instead of getting your mother to drop you on her scooter

(d) All of the above

Answer: (d) All of the above

4. What will happen if we kill all the organisms in one trophic level?

Answer: If we kill all the organisms of one trophic level, it will lead to an increase in the number of organisms at the lower trophic level and decrease in the number of organisms at the higher trophic level. This will result in disruption in the food web and hence the ecosystem. The transfer of food energy to the next trophic level will stop. The organisms in the higher trophic level will die.The organisms in the lower trophic level will increase in population. This will break the food chain.

5. Will the impact of removing all the organisms in a trophic level be different for different

trophic levels? Can the organisms of any trophic level be removed without causing any damage to the ecosystem?

Answer: If all plants are removed, then herbivores will die because they won’t have food. 

If herbivores are removed, then carnivores will starve and die. 

If all primary consumers are removed, then secondary consumers will starve and die. 

If all organisms in a trophic level are removed, then the population of organisms at the lower trophic level will increase, and the population of organisms at the higher trophic level will decrease. Energy flows unidirectionally in food chains, with energy loss at each trophic level. 

No. The organisms of any trophic level can’t be removed without causing any damage to the ecosystem.

6. What is biological magnification? Will the levels of this magnification be different at different levels of the ecosystem?

Answer: Biological magnification is the process by which harmful chemicals increase in concentration as they move up the food chain. The substances become more concentrated as they move up the food chain, and are incorporated into the diet of organisms at higher levels. For example, pesticides or heavy metals can enter lakes, rivers, and oceans, and then move up the food chain into aquatic organisms, fish, birds, animals, and humans. 

 Yes, biological magnification levels vary at different levels of an ecosystem. It increases as you move up the food chain, and is highest at the top levels. 

7. What are the problems caused by the non-biodegradable wastes that we generate?

Answer: Non-biodegradable waste can cause many problems, including pollution, soil damage, and harm to living organisms. 

Burning non-biodegradable waste releases toxic gases. 

Non-biodegradable waste can accumulate in the soil and make it barren. 

Non-biodegradable waste can pollute water. 

Non-biodegradable waste can deplete soil fertility. Non-biodegradable waste can make soil unsuitable for plant growth.

Chemicals like DDT can accumulate in the food chain. Cattle can die after eating plastics. Non-biodegradable waste can harm living organisms. 

8. If all the waste we generate is biodegradable, will this have no impact on the environment?

Answer: Biodegradable waste can still impact the environment, even if it’s handled properly.  This is because of the amount of waste generated, the time it takes to decompose, and the impact of decomposition on the environment. Too much biodegradable waste can create a breeding ground for flies, mosquitoes, and worms that spread disease. 

9. Why is damage to the ozone layer a cause for concern? What steps are being taken to limit this damage?

Answer: At the higher levels of the atmosphere, ozone performs an essential function. It shields the surface of the earth from ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun. This radiation is highly damaging to organisms, for example, it is known to cause skin cancer in human beings. Damage to the ozone layer is a major concern because it allows harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun to reach Earth’s surface.

To limit this damage, the primary step taken globally is to significantly reduce the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) through the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty that restricts the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances. In 1987, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) succeeded in forging an agreement to freeze CFC production at 1986 levels. It is now mandatory for all the manufacturing companies to make CFC-free refrigerators throughout the world.

Some more Text Book Questions:

  1. What are trophic levels? Give an example of a food chain and state the different trophic levels in it.

Answer: The steps in a food chain where energy and food are transferred are called trophic levels.

Example of food chain:

Grass          Insects           Frogs          Snakes

  1. Grass -The first trophic level, where food is produced 
  2. Insects – The second trophic level, where primary consumers eat plants 
  3. Frogs – The third trophic level, where secondary consumers eat primary consumers 
  4. Snakes – The fourth trophic level, where tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers 
  • What is the role of decomposers in the ecosystem?

Answer:  Decomposers play a vital role in the ecosystem by breaking down dead organisms and returning nutrients to the soil, water, and air. This process helps plants grow and reproduce, and keeps the environment clean. 

  • Why are some substances biodegradable and some non-biodegradable?

Answer: Substances that are broken down by biological processes are said to be biodegradable. Substances that are not broken down in this manner are said to be non-biodegradable. These substances may be inert and simply persist in the environment for a long time or may harm the various members of the eco-system.

Substances are considered biodegradable if they can be broken down by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi into simpler organic compounds, while non-biodegradable substances lack the chemical structure that allows them to be decomposed by these organisms, usually because they are synthetic materials with complex bonds that microbes cannot readily break down; essentially, the key difference lies in the ability of microorganisms to digest and utilize the substance’s components. 

  • Give any two ways in which biodegradable substances would affect the environment.

Answer: When biodegradable substances decompose, they release carbon into the atmosphere.  Biodegradable waste can pollute water. Biodegradable waste can pollute the land. 

  • Give any two ways in which non-biodegradable substances would affect the environment.

Answer: The two ways in which non-biodegradable substances would affect the environment are,

i) They contaminate soil and water resources as they cannot be decomposed by micro-organisms.

(ii) These substances, when accidentally eaten by stray animals, can harm them and can even cause their death.

  • What is ozone and how does it affect any ecosystem?

Answer: Ozone is a gas made of three atoms of oxygen. It is a hazardous gas that is prevalent high up in the atmosphere. Ozone is a vital gas for all sorts of ecosystems on earth as it protects the environment from the damaging effects of UV radiation causing skin cancer and cataract and impairs our immune system. Depletion of this ozone layer can significantly impact ecosystems by exposing organisms to harmful UV rays, potentially causing damage to plant life, disrupting marine ecosystems, and increasing the risk of skin cancer in humans. 

  • How can you help in reducing the problem of waste disposal? Give any two methods.

Answer: The two ways we can help in reducing the problem of waste disposal are,

  1. Minimize using single-use disposable items by opting for reusable alternatives like water bottles and shopping bags.
  2. Properly separate waste at home by sorting recyclable materials from general trash to ensure they can be recycled effectively. 

10th Standard, Karnataka Social/ Geography, CHAPTER 29 – INDIA – NATURAL DISASTERS

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10th Standard, Karnataka Social/ Geography CHAPTER – 29

INDIA – NATURAL DISASTERS

EXERCISES

I. Answer the following questions in brief:

1. What are natural disasters?

Answer: Many incidents occurring in Nature are beyond human control. Preventing these and predicting their occurrence at a certain place is beyond science too. Naturally-occurring destructive incidents resulting in loss of human life and property are called natural disasters.

2. What are the effects of cyclones?

Answer: The effects of cyclones are as follows.

  1. Cyclones are very destructive. Sometimes, the life of the people of cyclone-hit areas gets totally changed.
  2. They cause large scale deaths.
  3. Ocean tides inundate the inland water-bodies and make them salty.
  4. Crops get totally destroyed.
  5. Transport links, electricity supply and the daily life of the people get affected badly.
  6. Cyclone-hit areas suffer from infectious diseases, leading to huge casualties.

3. What are floods?

Answer: When there is heavy rainfall and excessive melting of ice, the volume of water increases in the river leading it to overflow. This is called “floods”.

4. What is Landslide?

Answer: Land mass sliding down the slopes from mountains or hills are called land slide.

5. What is Earthquake?

Answer: Vibration or movement of the upper layers of the earth due to the pressure created inside is called Earthquake.

6. What are the causes of floods? Describe flood-prone areas in India.

Answer: The causes of floods are,

  1. The uncertainty of monsoon rainfall sometimes gets heavy rainfall causes floods.
  2. Accumulation of silt in the rivers leads to overflowing of water on either side of the river, causing floods.
  3. Breach of dams or retention walls leads to sudden release of large quantity of water resulting in floods.
  4. Rivers changing their course can also cause floods.
  5. Heavy rainfall during cyclones can also lead to floods.
  6. Earthquakes in the sea are also causes floods.

Apart from the natural causes mentioned above, man-made causes like deforestation, improperly built dams, weak retention walls, and illegal encroachment of land are also important causes.

Flood-prone regions are found all over the country.

  1. The Ganges and its tributaries Yamuna, Gandak, Kosi and Ghagra rivers cause floods in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
  2. Damodar and Suvarnarekha rivers cause floods in Chattisgarh and West Bengal states.
  3. Brahmaputra and its tributaries Dibang, Dihang, Subansiri and Lohit rivers cause floods in Assam.
  4. Cloudburst often causes abrupt floods in the Himalayas.
  5. Narmada, Tapti, Sabaramathi and Mahi rivers cause floods for some days in a year in the state of Gujarat.
  6. Krishna, Tungabhadra, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Dhoni, Bennehalla etc. cause floods during rainy season in Karnataka.

7. What is Coastal Erosion? Mention its management.

Answer: The erosion of land by the waves in the coastal areas is called coastal erosion. Prevention or management of Coastal erosion can be done as follows.

  1. Prohibiting sand mining in coastal areas.
  2. Constructing retention walls along the length of coast wherever waves are strong.
  3. Stocking of large rocky boulders along the coast to reduce the impact.
  4. The most effective method of preventing coastal erosion is by growing mangrove forests along the coast.

8. Write about the effects of earthquake and precautions to be taken.

Answer: The effects of earthquake are,

1 . The loss of life and destruction of property, 2. Obstruction to transport, 3. Spread of infectious diseases, 4. Increased tidal activity, 5. Tsunamis, 6. Change in river’s direction.

The precautions to be taken to earthquake are,

  1. Restricting construction of multi-storied building in earthquake-prone areas.
  2. Using very light material for construction of houses in these areas.
  3. Constructing houses to ensure stability.
  4. Providing basic amenities to the quake-affected areas.
  5. Disconnecting power supply in the event of an earthquake. Remedies during natural disasters

III. Project:

  1. With the help of your teacher, make a list the flood affected places in India.

Answer: The flood affected places in India are West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Kerala, Haryana, Assam and Uttar Pradesh. Flood prone areas in India are in the areas beside the major rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Mahanadi, Teesta, Brahmaputra etc. India is one of the most natural disaster prone countries in the world.

Some more Questions.

Fill in The blanks

  1. Naturally-occurring destructive incidents resulting in loss of human life and property are called Natural disasters.
  2. When there is heavy rainfall and excessive melting of ice, the volume of water increases in the river.
  3. Land mass sliding down the slopes from mountains or hills are called land slide.
  4. Landslides are common in the mining areas.
  5. The erosion of land by the waves in the coastal areas is called coastal erosion.
  6. Vibration or movement of the upper layers of the earth due to the pressure created inside is called Earthquake.

Answer the following Questions.

  1. What are the preventive measures for cyclones?

Answer: The preventive measures can be taken for cyclones are,

  1. Evacuation of people from low-lying areas.
  2. Ready to keeping generators, boats, helicopters and other transport facilities.
  3. Re-routing trains and buses from the cyclone-prone areas.
  4. Keeping people constantly informed about the movement of the cyclone.
  5. Keeping the army battalions ready.
  6. Ready to keeping food, potable water and clothes ready.
  7. Ready to keeping medicines and medical facilities ready.
  • What are the Effects of floods?

Answer: The Effects of floods are as follows.

  1. Floods are causes, loss of shelter, property, land and crops of the people.
    1. Telecommunication, electricity supply and transport facilities get affected.
    1. Besides washing away the fertile upper layers of soil, a lot of trees are destroyed.
    1. Stagnant water in the low lands leads to dangerous diseases.
  2. Mention the Flood control measures.

Answer: The Flood control measures are,

  1. To control floods, bunds should be constructed on either side of rivers.
    1. Constructing dams across rivers, collecting water in reservoirs and directing the water to other places.
    1. Establishing centers to issue flood warnings.
    1. Afforestation in the river basins will prevent soil erosion, and also reduce accumulation of silt in the rivers there by reducing the chances of floods.
  2. What are the causes for Landslides?

Answer:  The causes for Landslides are,

  1. In the mountainous areas and coasts, constantly flowing water and tides remove soil creating slopes leading to landslides.
    1. When railways, roads and canals are constructed in the steep mountainous areas, the slopes become steeper leading to landslides.
    1. Collection of loose soil on clay soil layer can enhance steep slope formation leading to landslide.
    1. Landslides are common in the mining areas. Excavation of earth to reach the ore deposits deep down can cause landslides.
    1. Deforestation and deep tilling of the slopes can cause landslides.
  2. What are the effects of Landslides?

Answer: The effects of Landslides are,

  1. Flowing small rivers are checked by landslides.
    1. Transportation is affected.
    1. Streams and many plants get submerged.
    1. Landslides can cause loss of life and damage to property.
  2. Mention two effects of Coastal Erosion

Answer: The two effects of Coastal Erosion are,

  1. Large amount of land mass submerg into the sea due to coastal erosion by waves.
    1. Many houses and also property get loss and damaged.
  2. What are the reasons for earthquake?

Answer: The reasons for earthquake are,

  1. Pressure increases in the interior of the earth.
    1. Change in the Magma from one part to another.
    1. Urbanisation.
    1. Deforestation, Construction of Dams, Mining activities etc.,
  2. Mention the places of India which earthquakes are happened?

Answer: The occurrence of earthquakes is fairly widespread. The northern Himalayas, East Assam, Gujarat in the West have witnessed most of the earthquakes. In South India, Koyna, Latur and other places have experienced some earthquakes.

  • What are the measures can be taken in the case of Natural disasters?

Answer: Distribution of food, drinking water, distribution of medicine, temporary shelter facilities, necessary basic amenities, essential services to be provided in the case of Natural disasters.

10th Standard, Social Science (Political Science), Chapter 22 – WORLD ORGANIZATIONS

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10th Standard, Social Science (Political Science) – Chapter – 22

WORLD ORGANIZATIONS

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. UN has been established in __________.

Answer: 24th October 1945

2. The Headquarters of UN is situated in the city of __________.

Answer: New York

3. The organ of the UN resembling the Cabinet is __________.

Answer: General Assembly.

4. Tenure of Judges of International Court of Justice is __________ years.

Answer: 9 Years.

5. The head office of FAO is at ______________.

Answer: Rome of Italy.

6. International Court of Justice is at __________.

Answer: Hague of Netherland. 

7. The present Secretary General of UN is __________.

Answer: Antonio Guterres

8. World Health Organisation has been started in the year __________.

Answer: 1948

9. SAARC has been established in the year __________.

Answer: 1985

II. Discuss in group and answer in two or three sentences.

10. Who are responsible for the formation of UN?

Answer: When the time of Second World War, leaders like Winston Churchill of England, Joseph Stalin of Russia, and Franklin D. Roosevelt of America decided to have a new global organization is called United Nations (UN). So they are responsible for the formation of UN.

11. Which are the main organs of UN?

Answer: The main Organs of UN are,

 1) General Assembly

2) The Security Council

3) The Economic and Social Council

4) Trusteeship Council

5) International Court of Justice

6) The Secretariat

12. Who are the permanent members of Security Council?

Answer: U.S.A., Russia, Britain, France and China are the permanent members of Security Council.

13. What are the objectives of WHO?

Answer: The objectives of WHO are,

  1. W.H.O. strives to eradicate epidemics like Cholera, plague, malaria, small pox and COVID-19 etc. It fights against AIDS, Cancer and similar global level health hazards.
  2. To eradicating small pox from the world.
  3. In its agenda there are issues like population explosion, environment protection, hunger and malnutrition.

14. Prepare the list of activities of International Labour Organization?

Answer: The activities of International Labour Organization are,

  1. The welfare of the working class.
  2. Solving the issues like social security, protection from health hazards, standard of living etc. of working classes comes under the purview of I.L.O.
  3. Providing the maternity benefits of women labour, minimum wage, housing benefits etc.

15. Expand the word SAARC.

Answer: SAARC – South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

III. Discuss in group and answer in 6 to 10 sentences.

16. List out the objectives of UN.

Answer: The objectives of UN are,

1) To maintain international peace and security

2) To develop friendly relations among nations.

3) To establish faith in fundamental human rights.

4) To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character.

5) To establish justice and respect for international obligation and

6) To function as a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.

17. Explain the formation of General Assembly.

Answer:

  1. General Assembly is the general body consisting of all the members of the U.N.
  2. Each member country can send 5 members but have only single vote.
  3. The Assembly at its first session elects a President for a term of one year.
  4. It also elects 17 vice Presidents and 7 Chairmen for the 7 standing Committees.
  5. The ordinary session normally commences in September and lasts until mid December.
  6. A two third majority of members present and voting is required on all important questions.
  7. It is playing a prominent role in almost all global issues as ‘a World Parliament’.

18. What are the activities of Economics and social Council?

Answer: The activities of Economics and social Council are,

  1. To study and report about international economic, social, cultural, educational, health and related matters. Accordingly issues like that of refugees, status of women, housing etc come under its purview (functional area).
  2. It makes recommendations for the observance of human rights and fundamental freedom.
  3. A number of issues such as the status of refugees, women and housing issues come under the purview of this board.
  4. The Council coordinates the wok of specialized agencies like International Labour Organization (I.L.O.) Food and Agricultural Organization (F.A.O.) World Health Organization (W.H.O.) etc.
  5. It can conduct (convene) international conference pertaining to human resources, culture, education etc.

19. Explain the role of UN in maintaining world peace.

Answer: Security Council of UN is primarily aiming at solving international disputes through peaceful means. If there is a necessity, it may direct the UN peace keeping force (IPKF) for international peace and security. It elects the judges of the International Court of Justice and recommends the name for the post of the Secretary General.  UN is working to maintain international peace and security and to develop friendly relations among nations.  UN is also establishing justice and respect for international obligation and working to function as a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.

20. What are the functions of UNESCO.

Answer: The functions of UNESCO are,

  1. UNESCO is a prominent specialized organ mainly dealing with the promotion of science, education, and culture throughout the globe.
  2. It aims at the development of technical education, information technology, creative thinking, cultural and environment studies.
  3. In the development of knowledge and its dissemination UNESCO assists state and non-state institutions all over the World.

21. Explain the role of IMF in solving the economic problems of the World.

Answer: IMF aims at solving international economic problems. It strives to promote world trade, economic stability and sound balance of payment situations. This Institution consists of Board of Governors, Executive Directors and Managing Directors. The functioning of IMF has been widely appreciated for its efficiency and transparency. It may be described as Central Bank of central banks of different countries. It strives to harmonize the economic relations of advanced and poor nations.

22. List out the objectives of Commonwealth of Nations.

Answer: The objectives of Commonwealth of Nations are,

  1. Upholding of democracy, liberties,
  2. ‘Commonwealth of Nations’ assists to eradicate poverty.
  3.  Promotion of world peace, sports, science, and cultural ties
  4. This Organization helps to promote friendly ties among the member states.

23. Explain the European Union.

Answer: The European Union or EU is a Union of 27 European countries. It was established in 1992 by the Treaty of European Union in Maastricht (A city in the Netherland). It implements a common single market, a single currency, common agricultural and trade policy etc.

The most important EU institutions are

  1. The Council
  2. The Commission
  3. The European Parliament
  4. The European Court of Justice
  5. European Central Bank.  

       As such EU may resemble a federation or Confederation. Supporters of the European Union agree that it is a force for peace and democracy. Its head office is at Brussels of Belgium.

7th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 16 – FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE (1857 – 58 C.E)

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7th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 16

FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE (1857 – 58 C.E)

EXERCISES

I Fill up the blanks with a suitable word.

1 Common Military Service Act was enforced by Lord Canning.

2 The Indian soldier who refused to use the fat-smeared rifle in Barackpore was Mangal Pandey.

3 The mutiny was lead by Kunwar Singh  in Bihar.

4. 1857 protests were called “the First war of Independence by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar.

II Answer the following in a word or a sentence each.

1 What was the immediate cause of the 1857 C.E. struggle for Independence?

            Answer: The immediate cause of the 1857 C.E. struggle for Independence are as follows.

1 . In 1857 C.E. a new kind of gun (Enfield Rifle) that was brought into the army became the immediate cause for the revolt.

2 . Before the cartridges were loaded into these guns by the soldiers, the paper covering them had to be torn off with their teeth.

3. A news spread like wild fire that pig and cow fat were smeared on this paper coverings.

4. This hurt the religious sentiments of both Hindu and muslim soldiers.

5. When the soldiers showed reluctance to use such cartridges, they were punished by the British.

2 Mention the results of the 1857 C.E. revolt.

            Answer: The results of the 1857 C.E. revolt are as follows.

1 . As a result of this revolt, the rule of the East India Company ended.

2 . The British Queen took over the administration of India.

3 . In 1858 C.E. Queen Victoria issued a ‘Proclamation’. This proclamation promised to respect the rights, customs and traditions of the Indians.

4 . It also emphasized that there would be no interference in the religious life of the people.

5. The 1857-58 C.E. war paved the way for the modern national movement for independence. It became a constant source of inspiration for the freedom struggle.

3 Which were the states that were occupied by the British, under the doctrine of Subsidiary Alliance?

Answer: The provinces annexed by the British through the subsidiary alliance system include Hyderabad, Mysore, Awadh, Tanjore, the Peshwa’s territories, the Bhonsle Raja of Berar, and several Rajput states like Jodhpur, Jaipur, and Bundhi. These states lost their sovereignty and came under British control, allowing the British to maintain troops at the local rulers’ expense.  

III Write short notes on.

1 The causes for freedom struggle.

2 Jhansi Rani Laxmibai

3 Bahadur Shah II

1 . The causes for freedom struggle: India’s economy had weakened due to the long period of British rule. People of different classes were subjected to great suffering. Farmers were crushed under the burden of taxes. Cottage industries had been destroyed and the professions being followed traditionally had lost their relevance. People had become destitutes. The causes for the revolt can be classified into political, economic, social, religious, administrative and military in nature. Some of these were direct causes whereas others were indirect.

2 . Jhansi Rani Laxmibai: Jhansi Rani Laxmibai the Queen of Jhansi, was a pivotal and fearless leader in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, resisting the British East India Company’s oppressive rule. After her husband’s death in 1853, the British East India Company’s Governor-General, Lord Dalhousie, applied the “Doctrine of Lapse” to Jhansi. When the rebellion broke out in 1857, angered Rani organized and led her troops, which included both men and women, to defend Jhansi against a British siege. In March 1858, British forces under General Hugh Rose attacked Jhansi. When Jhansi fell in the battlefield, she made a legendary escape on horseback with her young son tied to her back and galloped to Kalpi to join other rebel forces. She and other rebel leaders, including Tatya Tope, successfully captured the fort of Gwalior. However, a British counterattack followed.  Rani Lakshmibai fought her final battle near Gwalior in June 1858. Dressed as a soldier, she was mortally wounded in combat and died on the battlefield. Rani Lakshmibai remains a powerful symbol of Indian independence, women’s empowerment, and defiance against oppression.

3 Bahadur Shah II: Bahadur Shah II, popularly known as Bahadur Shah Zafar, was the last Mughal emperor of India. A ruler in name only, he was a noted Urdu poet and a key symbolic figure in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. His exile by the British in 1858 marked the official end of the Mughal Empire. Born in Delhi in 1775, Bahadur Shah II was the second son of Emperor Akbar II. He succeeded his father to the throne in 1837 at the age of 62. The period of 1857 C.E. in Meerut, soldiers killed each and every European they set their eyes on. The enraged mob screamed ‘Maro farangiko’ (Kill the foreigners!) and advanced towards Delhi. In Delhi, they declared the old and the last Mughal King, Bahadur Shah II as the Emperor of India.

Additional questions:

1 . Which were the states that were occupied by the British, under the doctrine of Lapse policy?

Answer: Doctrine of Lapse made many kings and Nawabs lose their positions. Satara, Jaipur, Sambalpur, Udaipur, Jhansi, Oudh and others had been occupied by British. Due to this problematic situation and political pressures, the Mughal king, Bahadur Shah had been reduced to a name-sake king. The pension of some kings had been withheld. Royal titles of a few kings were cancelled.

2. Name the causes of the revolt of 1857 C.E.

Answer: The causes of the revolt of 1857 C.E. are as follows.

1 . Political cause

2. Economic cause

3. Social cause

4. Religious cause

5. Administrative cause

6. Military cause

7. Immediate cause

Activity: Read the life histories of Mangal Pandey, Jhansi Rani Laxmibai, Tatya Tope, Nana Saheb, Begum Hazrat Mahal, Kunwar Singh, Mundargi Bhimrao and other revolutionaries. (Refer to the Bharata-Bharati series of books).

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