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8th Standard, Social, BUSINESS studies, CHAPTER 15 – MEANING AND IMPORTANCE of BUSINESS STUDIES

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8th Standard, Social, BUSINESS studies, CHAPTER-15

MEANING AND IMPORTANCE of BUSINESS STUDIES

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. The best example for Entrepot trade is Singapore and Middle East countries.

2. Cottage industries are mainly concentrated in villages. 

3. The manufacture of chemicals is carried out in small scale industries.

4.  The sole objective of business should be earning reasonable profit.

5. To safeguard the quality of goods Bureau of Indian standards institution has been started. 

II . Answer each of the following questions in two to four sentences:

6. Which are the different types of mobile shops?

Answer: The different types of mobile shops are as follows. 

1. Hawkers, 

2. Peddlers, 

3. Street vendors or footpath traders

4. Market vendors.

7.  Who are wholesalers?

Answer: Wholesale traders buy goods in large quantity from producers and sell them to the retailers in small quantities. Generally, they deal with one or two types of goods.

8. Name the three types of foreign trade.

Answer: The three types of foreign trade are as follows.

  1. Export
  2. Import
  3. Entrepot

9.  Mention the important goods produced by cottage and small scale industries.

Answer: The important goods produced by cottage and small scale industries are as follows.

Cottage industries: Carpentry, smithy, carpet weaving, pottery, blanket making, stone carving

Small scale industries: Chemical industry, manufacture of engineering goods, shoes, bicycles, fans, radios, sewing machine, soaps, garments.

10. Which organizations overcome the hindrance of place and risk?

Answer: To overcome the hindrance of place the services of transportation are used. To overcome the hindrance of risk the services of Insurance companies are used.

11. Mention the antisocial activities of traders to earn more profit.

Answer: To earn more profits, some antisocial practices are followed, and some of them are-adulteration, charging excess or abnormal rates, using false weights and measures, creating artificial scarcity, hoarding the goods and carrying out black marketing etc.

12. What are the steps taken by the government to overcome the anti-social practices in business?

Answers: In our country the Government has introduced Public Distribution System to avoid anti-social practices. To maintain the standard of goods and essential commodities the government has opened an institution – Bureau of Indian standards. ISI and AGMARK marks are printed on goods and commodities to certify their quality etc. Every industrial product must have a seal on its cover pack, the quantity, the date of manufacture, date of expiry, Maximum retail price (MRP). It is a legal mandatory provision. Government has also opened Janatha bazaars, consumer co-operative societies etc. to supply essential commodities to the people. Despite these measures, business becomes public cheating, in the absence of business ethics.

III . Answer each of the following questions in eight to ten sentences:

13. What are the economic objectives of business?

Answer: We are under the impression that earning profit is the main objective of business. But it is not so, the sole objective of business includes earning reasonable profit that is sufficient to enable the business to cover the costs and the business man to lead a normal comfortable life. Business supplies goods and services to the consumers and thus creates consumers. It uses the available resources to produce the goods that are sufficient to consumers. It produces such goods that are required according to the changes that take place from time to time. It brings changes in production by adopting new techniques. It also enables the consumers to know about the changes in products through advertisement.

14. What are the social objectives of business?

Answers: Business produces and supplies the goods that are required for the development of a nation. It provides employment to many and pays them fair wages and salaries and helps them to improve their standard of living. Business contributes its share the economic development of a nation by paying rates, taxes and duties. Business also contributes a fair share for the social welfare of the nation by starting and running of schools, colleges, hospitals, stadiums and also by maintaining public gardens etc.

15. Mention the services rendered by retail traders.

Answer: the services rendered by retail traders are as follows.

  1. They are the last connecting link in the distribution of goods.
  2. They supply variety of goods produced by different producers to the consumers.
  3. They store the goods to meet the demand of the consumers.
  4. They take the risk of loss in business or loss of goods.
  5. They grade the goods and supply according to the tastes of the consumers.
  6. They provide credit facilities to the consumers, give more information about the newly available goods in the market and suggest alternative goods for the particular goods that are not available.

16. List out the different retail traders and write two/three sentences on each of them.

Answer: List of the different retail traders are

  1. Permanent shops: They are opened at a fixed place and carry out trade.
  2. Itinerant or Mobile Traders: They do not have a fixed place to carry on their trade. The important among them are Hawkers, Peddlers, Street vendors and Market vendors.
  3. Hawkers: They carry goods on their heads, move from “door to door” and sell their goods. They generally sell only one or two type of goods. e.g. – Vegetables, fruits, flowers etc.
  4. Peddlers: They carry their goods on wheeled carts and sell them to the consumers at their doors. They generally sell more than one type of goods.
  5. Street vendors or footpath traders: They display goods in busy street corners or on pavements and sell them to the consumers.
  6. Market vendors: Weekly markets take place at villages or towns once in a week. Different traders take their goods to these markets and sell them to the consumers.

17. Explain briefly the two types of Industries.

Answer: The two types of Industries are Primary Industries and Secondary Industries.

Primary Industries: Primary industries produce goods by using the natural resources. e.g. – agriculture, fishing, dairy farming, mining etc. These industries are further divided as: genetic industries and extractive industries.

Secondary Industries: They are labour oriented industries. They are further divided into manufacturing industries and construction industries.

18. What is the need of foreign trade to a country?

Answer: No country in the world is self-sufficient in all the natural resources. Some countries have plenty of natural resources. Using the available natural resources they produce more goods than they require and the excess is exported to other countries. In the same way some countries have deficit of some natural resources and depend on other countries for their requirement and import them. Thus there is a great need for foreign trade. The need for foreign trade is increasing day by day. It also helps to foster friendship among the countries.

Additional Questions

  1. What is cottage industry? Give example.

Answer: Cottage industries are also called household industries. They are carried out by craftsmen in their own houses with the help of family members or apprentices (persons who like to learn work). Carpentry, smithy, carpet weaving, pottery, blanket making, stone carving etc. are some examples.

  • What is Small scale industry? Give example.

Answer: These are organized on a small scale in a particular place (sheds). They use electric power and some machines. They employ labourers and adopt modern techniques. Chemical industry, manufacture of engineering goods, shoes, bicycles, fans, radios, sewing machine, soaps, garments are some examples for small scale industry.

  • What is foreign trade?

Answer: The trade between two countries is called foreign trade.

  • Mention the activities of the wholesalers which helps retailers and consumers.

Answer: The activities of the wholesalers are as follows.

1. They help the retailers in many ways such as supplying goods to the retailers in small quantities.

2. They provide credit facility to the retailers, whenever required.

3. They advertise for goods on behalf of the retailers.

4. They supply market trends to the retailers.

5. They do not keep high margin of profit.

6. They render some services to the producers such as market trends, prices and taste of the consumers.

7. Advertise on behalf of the producers.

8. They also provide storage facility for goods.

IV. Activity: 

1. Visit weekly market near your place and learn how buying and selling is carried on there and write an essay.

8th Standard, English SL, Poem 3 – No Men are Foreign

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8th Standard, English SL Poem 3

No Men are Foreign

Glossary:

beneath all uniforms: all are one though appearances a single body breathes are different.

peaceful harvests: to live with no hatred strength that can be 

won by love: only love can win strength, not another form of strength.

our hells of fire and dust :  reference to evil effects of war

uniforms: note that the poet has soldiers in his mind.

dispossess: to disown

betray: to be disloyal

condemn: to express a strong disapproval of some work

arms:  fire arms

defile:  make something impure

outrage: a very wrong or cruel act 

starved: to go without food

long winter: winter which lasts for a long time; here it suggests hardship and suffering 

C1 Answer the following questions and share your responses with your partner:

1.   What does the poet remind us of in the first line of the poem?

Answer: The poet remind us of in the first line of the poem that there is no men are strange in the world and there are no countries are foreign in the universe. 

2. What, according to the poet, are we doing when we hate others?

Answer: According to poet, we shall dispossess, betray and condemn them when we hate others.

3. What are the two bad effects of war? Read lines 16 to 19 and answer. 

Answer: The two bad effects of war are, 

1. It will kills the innocent people.

2. It will pollute the earth, air and water that is everywhere our own.

3. Hatred between the people will increase.

Read and Write:

C2 Read and discuss your responses with your partner. Then write.

1. How do you think we are all treated alike by nature?

Answer: The nature providing the natural resources like Sunlight, air and water to all the people of the universe equally. There is no discrimination in nature. Everyone have the right to cultivate this land and produce the food to live in this world. That is how we are all treated alike by the nature. 

2. Read the third stanza carefully. What message does the poet want to convey to us?

Answer: ‘‘Everyone in the world like us. All the people have the eyes like ours that wake or sleep. We can won the hearts of our enemies by love. People have to free to live the common life in every land. This should be understand and recognize by all the people’’

This message was the poet want to convey to us.

3. Do you agree with the poet that we should wage no war? How do you justify that?

Answer: Yes. I agree with the poet that we should wage no war. Because,

1. It will kills the innocent people.

2. It will pollute the earth, air and water that is everywhere our own.

3. Hatred between the people will increase.

4. Some are of the opinion that the poet might have written this poem after witnessing the bad effects of the Second World War. Mention some of the lines in the poem to support that opinion.

Answer: Some are of the opinion that the poet might have written this poem after witnessing the bad effects of the Second World War. The lines in the poem to support that opinion are as follows.

( i) Like ours; the land our brothers walk upon

( ii) Beneath all uniforms, a single body breathes

( iii) Are fed by peaceful harvests, by war’s long winter starv’d,

( iv) Or sleep, and strength that can be won

( v) To hate our brothers, it is ourselves

( vi) Remember, we who take arms against each other

( vii) Our hells of fire and dust outrage the innocence

5.   Briefly describe how a war spoils everything.

Answer: War spoils everything by causing widespread destruction and suffering: it leads to death and injury for soldiers and civilians, destruction of cities and infrastructure, economic collapse, and severe mental health problems like depression. Millions of people will die or are injured and leaving families. War causes trauma, stress, and lasting mental health issues, such as depression, for those who experience it. Wars drain treasuries, destroy industries, and lead to economic crises, causing widespread poverty and rising prices. Food production is slowed, leading to starvation, and essential resources become scarce. Wars break down the social order, creating fear, hatred, and a sense of loss in communities. 

Suggested Reading: My Greatest Olympic Prize – Jesse Owens

8th Standard, Social Science, History, CHAPTER 5 – Sanatana Dharma

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8th Standard, Social Science, History, CHAPTER 5

Sanatana Dharma

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The meaning of the word Veda is knowledge.

2. Most of the Upanishads are in the form of philosophical discussions.

3. The auxiliary disciplines to understand the Vedas, its pronunciation and practice are Vedangas. 

4. The great epics of India are Ramayana and Mahabharata.

5. The pillars of Indian philosophy are the Darshanas.

II Answer the following questions in brief:

6. Name the Vedas.

Answer: There are four Vedas available today. The name of the Vedas are as follows.  

  1. Rigveda
  2. Yajurveda
  3. Samaveda 
  4. Atharvaveda

7.  What are the four divisions (Skandas) of the Vedas?

Answer: The four divisions (Skandas) of the Vedas are, 

  1. Samhitha 
  2. Bramhana 
  3. Aaranyaka
  4. Upanishad 

8. What is Smriti? Why they are also called Dharmasutras?

Answer: Smriti means that which is remembered. These works of the post- Vedic period are called Smritis because they are reminiscent of the Vedas and the Upanishads. These are also called Dharmasutras, manuals on Dharma, because they give the rules of everyday life, the rules to lead a worldly life, its ethics and etiquette and the rules of good character and conduct.

9.  Which are the important Darshanas?

Answer: The six important Darshanas are as follows.

  1. Nyaya
  2. Vaisesika
  3. Saankhya
  4. Yoga
  5. Purva Mimamsa 
  6. Uttara Mimamsa

10. How many major schools of ‘Agama traditions’ are there?

Answer: There are three major schools in Agama traditions. They are

  1. Vaishnava
  2. Shaiva
  3. Shaakta  

11. What is the message of the ‘Sanatana Dharma’?

Answer: ‘Aano bhadrah kratavo yantu vishwatah’, a Vedic chant which means ‘Let good things flow to us from all sides of the universe’ is the message of Sanathana Dharma.

Additional questions:

  1. The word ‘Sanatana’ means ‘most ancient’.
  2. The Vedas are called ‘Shrutis’, as this knowledge is heard and learned by the sages.
  3. The sage Krishnadwaipayana categorized the immeasurable cluster of Vedas and hence he was also called ‘Vedavyasa’
  4. The most ancient and influential among them is the Manusmriti.
  5. Smritis also includes Vedanga, Purana, Itihaasa and Darshanas.

12. What is Vedanga? Mention the types of Vedanga.

    Answer: Vedangas are the auxiliary disciplines to understand the Vedas, its pronunciation and practice. They are Siksha (phonetics), Chandas (prosody), Vyakaran (grammar), Nirukta (etymology), Jyotishya (astrology) and Kalpa (religious practices).

    13. Which are the Sources of Sanatana Dharma?

    Answer: The Sources of Sanatana Dharma are as follows.

    1. Shrutis
    2. Smritis

    III Activities:

    1.  Listen to properly intonated Vedic chants. In which language are they composed? Collect information.

    2.  List out the values and messages written in the Upanishads.

    3.  Take the help of your teacher to know and collect at least five Shanti mantras and their meanings.

    8th Standard, Social History, CHAPTER-6, JAINISM AND BUDDHISM

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    8th Standard, Social History, CHAPTER-6

    JAINISM AND BUDDHISM

    EXERCISES

    I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

    1 The first Jain Tirthankara was Rishabha.

    2 Vardhamana was born at Kundala grama in Vaishali.

    3 Mahaveera attained enlightenment (Kaivalya) in his 42nd year.

    4 Mahaveera attained Nirvana at Pavapuri of Bihar in his 72nd year.

    5 The original name of Gautama Buddha was Siddartha.

    6 Buddha delivered his first sermon at Sarnath near Banaras.

    7 The first sermon of Buddha is called Dharma Chakra Pravarthana.

    8 Macedonian king who attacked India was Alexander.

    II Answer the following questions in brief:

    9 Which are the five Vows and Triratnas preached by Mahaveera?

    Answer: The five Vows and Triratnas preached by Mahaveera are as follows.

    The 5 vows are as follows:

    1. Non-violence

    2. Truth

    3. Astheya

    4. Aparigraha

    5. Brahmacharya

    The triratnas are as follows:

    1. Samyakgyan

    2. Samyakdarshan

    3. Samyakcharitra

    10 Name the sects among the Jains.

    Answer: The sects among the Jains are as follows.

    1. Swethambars: Those saints and their followers who wear white clothes are called Swethambars
    2. Digambars: Those saints and their followers who do not wear any clothes are called Digambars.

    11 Which are the four Noble Truths preached by Buddha?

                Answer: The four Noble Truths preached by Buddha are,

    1) The whole world is full of sorrows and suffering.

    2) Desire is the main cause for sorrows.

    3) Only by the liberation of excessive desires peaceful life could be led.

    4) For eliminating desire one should follow Eight Fold Path.

    12 What is the middle path?

                Answer: The ‘Eight Fold Path’ preached by Buddha is called the Middle Path.

    13 Which are the Eight Fold Path preached by Buddha?

    Answer: The Eight Fold Path preached by Buddha are,

    1. Right Action

    2. Right Speech

    3. Right Vision

    4. Right Livelihood

    5. Right Effort

    6. Right Recollection

    7. Right Resolve

    8. Right Thought.

    14 Write a note on the Tripitikas.

                    Answer: After Buddha’s death, his followers collected his teachings and tradition in the form of Tripitakas. These are Vinaya, Dhamma and Abhidhamma pitakas. Over a period of time, disagreements developed in the teachings and different branches of Buddhism sprang up. Thus Hinayana, Mahayana, Vajrayana and their sutras came into being. Today we see many organizations across the globe adopting different ways of realizing Buddha.

    III Activities:

    1 Collect information about the life of Mahaveera.

    Answer: Vardhamana was born in Kundala grama in Vaishali, one of the republics. His father was Siddhartha, the king of the Gnatrika tribe. His mother was Trishaladevi, the princess of the Republic of Licchavi.  Vardhamana controlled his senses and achieved power over comfort and pain. Due to this achievement, he came to be known as ‘Mahaveera’ and became a ‘Jina’. A Jina was one who had overcome his senses and become victorious. Thus his followers came to be called Jains. Mahavira (599/540 BCE – 527/468 BCE) was the 24th and last Tirthankara of Jainism, known for renouncing his royal life at age 30 to become an ascetic in search of spiritual enlightenment. After 12 years of intense meditation, he attained Kevala Jnana (perfect knowledge) at age 42 and then spent 30 years teaching non-violence (Ahimsa), truth, and the Jain principles of conduct to spread peace and liberate souls.

    Mahaveera spent his last 30 years in preaching his knowledge to the people around the Ganga and Yamuna rivers. He travelled towards Western India preaching his thoughts. He attained nirvana in his 72nd year in Pavapuri of Bihar.

    2 Collect pictures related to the life of Gautama Buddha.

    8th Standard, Social, Sociology, CHAPTER 10 – MAN AND CULTURE

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    8th Standard, Social, Sociology CHAPTER–10

    MAN AND CULTURE

    Exercises

    I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

    1. Culture means cultivate.

    2. Conventions are activities engage in again and again in our daily lives.

    3. We get to see unity pluralistic culture in India.

    II. Answer the following in brief:

    4. What is culture?

    Answer: Culture is that complex system involving knowledge, the arts, morality, law, customs, abilities and talents that we learn being members of society. In short, whatever we are, that is our culture.

    5. Give examples of the cultural diversity in your environment.

    Answer: The cultural diversity in our environment are

    There cannot be the same kind of culture in any society. There will be different cultures depending on the religions and life styles followed by the people.

    1. A classroom or neighbourhood might have students or residents who speak different native languages, such as Hindi, English, or local Kannada dialects. 
    2. People might wear different traditional clothes like a sari, a salwar kameez, or a lungi, reflecting their regional and cultural background
    3. The different groups of people celebrating festivals such as Diwali, Eid, or Christmas, each with its own rituals and traditions. 

    In India we get to see a pluralistic culture consisting of hundreds of tribes, thousands of castes, many races and hundreds of languages. That is the reason why India is said to have unity in diversity.

    6. What are customs and traditions?

    Answer: Culture is made up of beliefs, values, rules, social conventions and morals. These can collectively be called customs and traditions.

    7.  Give examples for customs and traditions.

    Answer:  Customs are practices that are followed regularly by individuals or a community. The example for customs and traditions are

    1. Celebrating festivals such as Diwali (Festival of Lights), Holi (Festival of Colours), which bring people together. 
    2. Indian practices like wearing a saree or dhoti, performing Namaskara as a greeting, removing footwear before entering a temple.
    3. Using the Namaskara or Namaste gesture to greet elders or others, showing respect. 
    4. Enjoying regional dishes like dosas and sambar in the South or biryanis in the North, as a significant part of culture. These are shared practices, beliefs, or ways of life passed down through generations that define a community’s identity. 

    The example for customs and traditions in local are

    1. Bisuparaba
    2. Nagaradhane
    3. Keddasa (Bhumipooja)
    4. Aati amavase
    5. Aati  hunime
    6. Tulasi Pooja
    7. Ugadi

    III. Answer the following in four-five sentences each:

    8. What are conventions? Give an example of a convention.

    Answer: Conventions are the activities we engage in again and again in our daily lives.

    We engage in eating, sleeping, greeting and other similar activities according to the prevailing conventions without giving much thought to them. These activities are inseparable parts of culture. For example, you do not ask your teacher everyday how you have to sit down to eat or sit in the class. You will have learnt all of them just through practice of conventions. Conventions enable us to do our daily duties without any hesitation.

    9. Explain cultural diversity.

    Answer: There cannot be the same kind of culture in any society. There will be different cultures depending on the religions and life styles followed by the people. We call this pluralistic culture. Even when cultures vary, they can influence one another deeply. For instance, the chudidar worn by women is a kind of dress which has come from the South-West Indians to us. In the same manner, the trousers and shirts that we wear, the English language that we speak have come to us from the British. In India we get to see a plu­ralistic culture consisting of hundreds of tribes, thousands of castes, many races and hundreds of languages. That is the reason why India is said to have unity in diversity.

    10. Describe the various aspects of culture.

      Answer: The culture divided into two groups. They are,

      1. Material culture
      2. Non material culture
      3. Material culture: Material culture are tangible objects created and used by people in a society, such as clothing, tools, technology, architecture, and food.
      4. Non material culture: Non material culture are tradition, belief, ritual and custom, Moral values, ideals, art, literature, religion language etc.

      IV. Activity:

      1. Describe a fair held in your locality and discuss about it with your elders.

      8th Standard, Social Science, History, CHAPTER 4 – PROMINENT CIVILIZATIONS OF THE WORLD

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      8th Standard, Social Science, History, CHAPTER 4

      PROMINENT CIVILIZATIONS OF THE WORLD

      EXERCISES

      I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

      1. The writings of Egyptian Civilization are called hieroglyphics.

      2. The kings who ruled Egypt are called ‘Pharaohs’.

      3. The Greeks referred to Mesopotamia as ‘Land between the rivers’.

      4. The most famous king of the Amorites is Hammurabi.

      5. ‘Princep’ means ‘The First Citizen of the State’.

      6. The language of the Romans is Latin language.

      7. Texcoco is a lake in Mexico.

      8. The important deity of the Incas was the Sun God

      II Match the following:

      A                                                          B

      i. Hwang River                                         a Mesopotamia

      ii. Cuneiform                                            b King of the Amorites

      iii. Cleopatra                                            c Shang

      iv. Hammurabi                                        d China

      v. Chinese dynasty                                   e the last Egyptian queen

      Answer:

      A                                                          B

      i. Hwang River                                         d China

      ii. Cuneiform                                            a Mesopotamia

      iii. Cleopatra                                            e the last Egyptian queen

      iv. Hammurabi                                        b King of the Amorites

      v. Chinese dynasty                                   c Shang

      III Answer the following questions in brief:

      9. Which are the civilizations of ancient Columbia?

      Answer: The civilizations of ancient Columbia are Maya, Aztec and Inca.

      10. Who are the ‘Mayas’?

      Answer: The American-Indian aborigines of Yucutan area of Mexico are called the Mayas.

      Their language is called Yucutec. Physically, the Mayas were short, brown complexioned, long-haired and generally round- headed people. The Mayas were the most advanced among the ancient American Indians.

      11. How are ‘mummies’ preserved?

      Answer: The dead body would be smeared with various chemicals and wrapped with a thin cloth. The entire body was in this way preserved. The body protected thus was called ‘mummy’. It would be kept in a specially designed coffin. The grave was considered the true ‘place’ for an Egyptian. Hence all around the dead body, items needed for daily use and small dolls of a cook and barber would be kept to fulfil all future needs.

      12. Write a paragraph on the Pyramids.

      Answer: The dead body would be smeared with various chemicals and wrapped with a thin cloth. The entire body was in this way preserved. The body protected thus was called ‘mummy’. It would be kept in a specially designed coffin. The grave was considered the true ‘place’ for an Egyptian. In the beginning, graves were created by carving into boulders on the hills. As the Egyptians moved north, they had to construct graves in the desert itself. Tall towers were built on these graves using huge blocks of stone in order to protect the eternal sleep of the dead. Kings and wealthy people vied with each other to build taller and taller towers. The Greeks called these structures ‘Pyramids’.

      13. How was ‘Hwangho River’ China’s sorrow?

      Answer: The River which led to the establishment of the Chinese civilization was known as ‘China’s Sorrow’. This was the Hwang Ho River. During the floods this river changed its course in an unpredictable manner and inundated houses and agricultural lands. It would render all the canals useless. This was the reason the people of that area referred to it as the ‘Symbol of Sorrow’.

      Additional Questions:

      1. What is ‘Ziggurat’?

      Answer: The Sumerians, the hilly tribe from the north, were the first to come here. They who used to worship their gods on top of the hills, after coming to the plains, built artificial hills and established their places of worship there. These were called Ziggurat.

      2. The legendary Hanging Gardens was one of the seven wonders of the Old World.

      3. What are the Contribution of Egyptians?

      Answer: The Egyptians were expert farmers. They knew a lot about irrigation. They had built temples. They invented the calendar which has helped us to measure time. More than anything else, they had mastered the art of writing. It was a symbolic language. It consists of small drawings and has been called hieroglyphics (sacred writings).

      4. Mesopotamia is an area which lies in a valley between two rivers.

      5. Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians and Chaldeans – used this system of writing, which was called Cuneiform.

      6. Who were the first ones to evolve a system of writing in Mesopotamia?

      Answer: The Sumerians were the first ones to evolve a system of writing in Mesopotamia.

      7. What is Cuneiform?

      Answer: Cuneiform is a system of writing which used in Mesopotamia. For 30 centuries all those who entered the fertile valley – Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians and Chaldeans – used this system of writing, which was called Cuneiform.

      8. Who was the creator of Hanging Gardens of Babylonia? Why was the garden built for?

      Answer: The King Nebuchadnezzar II was the one who created the gardens of Babylonia. Nebuchadnezzar’s wife Amitis was from Mead. It is said that Nebuchadnezzar got the gardens built in order to console his wife who was missing the beautiful environment of hills, trees and flowers of her motherland.

      9. How did the ‘The Great wall of China’ built?

      Answer: The Chinese Empire consisted of many small provinces. Seven big states were created bringing these smaller provinces under them. Every state that was created thus, constructed a wall along its boundary for protection. Emperor Qin Shihuangti ordered that the walls of the northern Chinese states be connected. This enabled the northern walls to ward off the attacks of invaders from the north. The construction of the great wall began in the 7th century B.C.E. and continued till the 16th century C.E. The worn-out parts were repaired and strengthened. When the work was completed it stretched to more than 5000 kilometres. It is one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

      10. Write a note about Greek civilization.

        Answer: The Greeks came from the north to the region of the Aegean sea. These tribals who were mainly shepherds, came in search of grasslands. Every group which came in this manner had a distinctive name like the Acheans, the Ionians and the Dorians. These people called themselves Hellenese or the Greeks. The Greeks originally belonged to tribes. There used to be a king looking after many tribes. The people used to engage in agriculture and animal-husbandry. They also used to engage in making pots, swords and ornaments. Trade was through barter system. Battles and conquests formed adventurous activities of their lives. The Greeks believed that their Gods lived on Mount Olympus. They prayed for good harvests and success in their various activities. There were no priests among the Greeks. The king prayed on behalf of all the people.   

                    

        11. What are the two classes in in the Roman society?

          Answer: The two classes in in the Roman society are the Patricians and the Plebians. The Patricians were the elite in society. They were land-owners and formed the upper class. It is they who controlled the Senate. The Plebians were the common people. They were the ordinary workers, small land-owners, artisans, small traders and soldiers. Their rights were limited.

          12. Where was Inca Empire spread?

            Answer: The Inca empire which flourished during the 15th and 16th centuries spread in the areas of Peru, Ecuador, Chile and Argentina.

            13. Write a short note about the art and culture of Inca civilization.

              Answer: The talent of the Incas can be seen more in their organizational ability than in their artistic interests. The palace on the island in Lake Titicaca and the Moon Temple are two famous buildings of the Incas. The Incas had developed new ways of making pots, cloth and in working with metals. Creation of gold jewellery had progressed very well in parts of North Peru. The chest shields, pictures of the Sun in the temple, and the designs on the gold ornaments of the palace are a testimony to their creative craftsmanship in gold work. There was a Sun Temple in all Inca centres. They worshipped objects of nature like the Moon, the Stars and lightning, and prayed to other natural phenomena.

              IV Activities:

              1. Learn about the life history of the Greek philosophers from your teacher.

              2. Study and watch Shakesphere’s drama Julius Ceasar.

              3. Collect information about the Nile River.

              7th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 3 – ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS TO INDIA

              yakshadeepa
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              7th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 3

              ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS TO INDIA

              EXERCISES

              I. Answer the following questions in a sentence.

              1. Who were the first Europeans to reach India through sea route for trade?

              Answer: Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach India through sea route for trade.

              2. Who discovered the sea route to India?

              Answer: Vasco da Gama discovered a new sea route to India.

              3. What was the capital of Dutch?

              Answer: Pulicat was the capital of Dutch.

              4. When was the British East India Company established?

              Answer: The British East India Company established in 1600 CE.

              5. Name the trade centers of the French.

              Answer: The trade centers of the French are Pondichery, Machalipatnam, Calicut, Mahe, Karaikal and Chandranagar.

              6. Who was the Mughal emperor who granted ‘Dastak’ to the British?

              Answer: Farrukh Siyyar was the Mughal emperor who granted ‘Dastak’ to the British

              II. Discuss in groups and answer the following.

              1. List out the causes responsible for the decline of the Portuguese in India.

              Answer: The causes responsible for the decline of the Portuguese in India are as follows.

              1. Possession of strong navy by the Dutch and the English posed a formidable challenge to the Portuguese.
              2. Portuguese Government officials became highly corrupt, losing their loyalty. Later reduced their government a pathetic condition.
              3. Religious fanaticism was the reason for the decline of the Portuguese. They attempted to convert the locals forcefully.
              4. With the decline of Vijayanagar Empire, their trade declined.

              2. What were the causes that led to the decline of the French?

                Answer: The causes that led to the decline of the French are,

                1. French army commanders in India were not given complete support by the Government of France.
                2. Political confusion and revolutions took place in France. This led to their decline in India.
                3. French Navy was not superior to the English Navy.

                III. Match the items from list ‘A’ with the information given in the list ‘B’.

                A                                              B

                1. Portuguese                              a) Pondicherry

                2. Dutch                                       b) Calcutta (Now Kolkata)

                3. French                                      c) Pulicat

                4. English                                      d) Goa

                Answer:

                A                                              B

                1. Portuguese                              d) Goa

                2. Dutch                                       c) Pulicat

                3. French                                      a) Pondicherry

                4. English                                      b) Calcutta (Now Kolkata)

                1. What are the causes for the rise of Portuguese in India?

                Answer: The causes for the rise of Portuguese in India are as follows.

                1. Zamorin, the King of Calicut granted trade permission, to voyager Vasco da Gama.
                2. In 1509 CE, Albuquerque was appointed as Governor (Viceroy) of India. In 1510 C.E he captured Goa from the Sultan of Vijayapur. Until Portuguese left India, Goa remained as the capital of the Portuguese.
                3. Successive Governors after Albuquerque established colonies at Diu, Daman, Salsette, Bassein, Chawl, Mumbai Santhome and Hugli in Bengal and other places.

                2. Name the trade centres of Dutch in India.

                  Answer: The trade centres of Dutch in India are,

                  1.  Agra,
                  2. Machalipatnam,
                  3. Surat,
                  4. Karaikal,
                  5. Nagapatnam,
                  6. Cochin

                  3. Pondicherry was the capital of the French.

                  4. Name the trade centres of French in India.

                  Answer: the trade centres of French in India are,

                  1. Pondichery,
                  2. Machalipatnam,
                  3. Calicut,
                  4. Mahe,
                  5. Karaikal and
                  6. Chandranagar.

                  Activity:

                  Draw the map of India and locate the early European settlements.

                  7th Standard, Social, Civics, Chapter 10 – UNION GOVERNMENT

                  yakshadeepa
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                  7th Standard, Social, Civics, Chapter 10

                  UNION GOVERNMENT

                  EXERCISES

                  I. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word:

                  1 The person holding the highest office in the Republic of Bharath is the President

                  2 The two houses of Parliament are ‘Lok Sabha’ and the ‘Rajya Sabha’

                  3 The Lower house of Parliament is ‘Lok Sabha’.

                  4 The tenure of Rajya Sabha members is six years.

                  II. Discuss in groups and answer

                  1 Which are the three organs of the Union Government? What are their functions?

                              Answer: The Union has three organs. They are Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. Their functions are,

                  Legislature: The function of this organ is to make laws. Besides, it checks the Executive.

                  Executive: This organ implements the laws through the administration.

                  Judiciary: This organ gives judgements.

                  2 What are the qualifications required to become a Member of Lok Sabha?

                  Answer: The qualifications required to become a Member of Lok Sabha are as follows.

                  (1) One should be a citizen of India.

                  (2) They must be at least 25 years of age.

                  (3) They should not hold any post in the government.

                  (4) They should not have lost mental health.

                  (5) They should not have been sentenced to imprisonment.

                  (6) They should not be insolvent i.e. not having enough money to pay one’s debts.

                  (7) They must have to obtain the eligibility assigned by the Parliament time to time.

                  3 Who has the authority to amend the Constitution?

                   Answer: Parliament has the authority to amend the Constitution.

                  4 What is the role of the Prime Minister?

                  Answer: The role of the Prime Minister are as follows.

                  1 Prime Minister is the Leader of the Lok Sabha.

                  2 Prime Minister has the power to allot portfolios.

                  3 Prime Minister is the Head of the Government.

                  4 Prime Minister has the power to reshuffle the Cabinet.

                  5 On the advice of the Prime Minister, the Ministers are appointed by the President.

                  6 Prime Minister recommends to the President for the dismissal of the Ministers.

                  5 How is the union cabinet constituted?

                  Answer: The union cabinet will constitute as follows.

                  1. The President invites the Leader of the majority party elected by the people to form the Government
                  2. He appoints him as the Prime Minister.
                  3. Later, he appoints the remaining Ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister.
                  4. The Prime Minister and the Ministers form the Union Cabinet.
                  5. The Prime Minister allocates Departments to the Ministers. On certain occasion he can demand the resignation of any Minister.
                  6. When the Prime Minister resigns, the Cabinet will dissolve with him.

                  6. What is ‘Parliamentary system’ or the ‘Cabinet system’?

                  Answer: The process of forming the Cabinet in this way is known as the ‘Parliamentary system’ or the ‘Cabinet system’.

                  Additional Questions and Answers:

                  1. The maximum number of seats in the Lok Sabha is 552.
                  2. The Lok Sabha Members are elected for a term of five years.

                  3. What are the powers and functions of the Speaker?

                    Answer: The powers and functions of the Speaker are,

                    1. deciding the matters to be discussed in the House
                    2. Maintaining the discipline, peace and dignity of the house.
                    3. Conducting the discussion in a proper manner, and taking decisions.

                    4. The maximum number of seats in the Rajya Sabha is 250.

                    5. The Vice-President of India is the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

                    6. What are the powers and functions of the Parliament?

                    Answer: The powers and functions of the Parliament are,

                    1. Legislative powers

                    2. Financial powers

                    3. Administrative powers

                    4. Authority to amend the Constitution

                    7. The ‘President‘ is the head of the Indian Republic.

                    8. A person must have completed 35 years of age to become the President of India.

                    9. What are the powers of the President of India?

                    Answer: The powers of the President of India are as follows.

                    (1) The President appoints the Leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha as the Prime Minister. On the advice of the Prime Minister, he appoints the other Ministers.

                    (2) The assent of the President is necessary for any Bill to become an Act.

                    (3) The Supreme command of the Defence Forces is vested in the President. He has the power to declare war.

                    (4) The President has the power to appoint the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts.

                    (5) He has the power to grant pardon and authority to reduce punishment.

                    Activities

                    1 Meet the Lok Sabha Member of your Constituency and learn about his functions and duties.

                    2 Conduct a model Parliament Session in your school.

                    3 Prepare a list of the Prime Ministers of India and display it in your school.

                    7th Standard, Social science, Geography, CHAPTER 14 – SOUTH AMERICA

                    yakshadeepa
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                    7th Standard, Social science, Geography CHAPTER 14

                    SOUTH AMERICA

                    EXERCISES

                    I Fill in the Blanks:

                    1 The locals of the continent of South America are called Red Indians.

                    2 The largest country in South America is Brazil.

                    3 World’s highest waterfall found in South America is Angel Falls (974 m).

                    4 World’s highest lake is Lake Titicaca.

                    5 The grassland of South America is called Pampas

                    II Answer the following:

                    1 Explain the location and Extent of S.A.

                    Answer: A large part of the South American continent lies mainly in the Southern Hemisphere. The Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, pass through the continent. It is triangular in shape, broader in the north and tapers towards the south. It’s latitudinal and 

                    Longitudinal extant is 120 N to 560 S latitudes and 350 W to 810 W longitudes. The continent of South America is located in the western Hemisphere. 

                    The continent is surrounded by water bodies on all sides except in the north. In the north, the Panama Canal separates South America from North America. The Caribbean Sea borders the north, the Atlantic Ocean in the east and north-east, the Pacific Ocean lies in the west and the South is bordered by the icy waters of Antarctica.

                    2 Mention the important grass lands of South America.

                    Answer: The important grass lands of South America are as follows.

                    1. The Pampas of Argentina
                    2. The Llanos of Venezuela
                    3. The Campos of Brazil

                    3 Name the important plants and wild animals of South America.

                    Answer: The important plants and wild animals of South America.

                    Plants: cotton, sugarcane, cocoa, and coffee,

                    Wild animals: jaguar, Puma, anaconda, capybara, and spectacled bear, Llama and Alpaca

                    4 Name the important cities with high density of population in South America

                    Answer: The important cities with high density of population in South America are as follows.

                    Buenos Aires,

                    Rio-de-Janerio,

                    Valparaiso,

                    Sao Paulo,

                    Lima, Bogotá,

                    Caracas,

                    Santiago

                    Additional Questions and Answers:

                    1. South America is the fourth largest continent in the world.
                    2. South America is the world’s largest producer of coffee.
                    3. South America is called the Land of Grasslands.

                    4. What are the major physical divisions of the South America continent?

                      Answer: The major physical divisions of the South America continent are as follows.

                      1. The Andes Mountains.

                      2. The Eastern highlands.

                      3. The Central lowlands.

                      4. The Western Coastal Plains.

                      5. Which are the important rivers in South America?

                      Answer: The important rivers in South America are Amazon, Parana, Paraguay, Uruguay and the Orinoco.

                      6 . South America is known as the ‘Continent of Birds’.

                      7. What are the major crops of South America?

                      Answer: The major crops of South America are Maize, wheat, Rice, Coffee, Cotton, Cocoa, Sugarcane etc.

                      8. Brazil is the world’s largest producer of coffee.

                      9. Brazil is the leading producer of sugarcane and it is second largest producer in the world.

                      10. The cowboys of South America called gauchos who rear the Cattle.

                      11. The largest forest in the world is Amazon rainforest located in South America.

                      Activities

                      1 On the outline map of South America mark the countries and their capitals, important mountains, rivers, lakes, grass lands with the help of good Atlas.

                      2 Make a list of important plants, animals and birds found in S.A. and collect their pictures.

                      7th Standard, Social science, Geography CHAPTER 14 – SOUTH AMERICA

                      yakshadeepa
                      -
                      0

                      7th Standard, Social science, Geography CHAPTER 14

                      SOUTH AMERICA

                      EXERCISES

                      I Fill in the Blanks:

                      1 The locals of the continent of South America are called Red Indians.

                      2 The largest country in South America is Brazil.

                      3 World’s highest waterfall found in South America is Angel Falls (974 m).

                      4 World’s highest lake is Lake Titicaca.

                      5 The grassland of South America is called Pampas

                      II Answer the following:

                      1 Explain the location and Extent of S.A.

                      Answer: A large part of the South American continent lies mainly in the Southern Hemisphere. The Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, pass through the continent. It is triangular in shape, broader in the north and tapers towards the south. It’s latitudinal and 

                      Longitudinal extant is 120 N to 560 S latitudes and 350 W to 810 W longitudes. The continent of South America is located in the western Hemisphere. 

                      The continent is surrounded by water bodies on all sides except in the north. In the north, the Panama Canal separates South America from North America. The Caribbean Sea borders the north, the Atlantic Ocean in the east and north-east, the Pacific Ocean lies in the west and the South is bordered by the icy waters of Antarctica.

                      2 Mention the important grass lands of South America.

                      Answer: The important grass lands of South America are as follows.

                      1. The Pampas of Argentina
                      2. The Llanos of Venezuela
                      3. The Campos of Brazil

                      3 Name the important plants and wild animals of South America.

                      Answer: The important plants and wild animals of South America.

                      Plants: cotton, sugarcane, cocoa, and coffee,

                      Wild animals: jaguar, Puma, anaconda, capybara, and spectacled bear, Llama and Alpaca

                      4 Name the important cities with high density of population in South America

                      Answer: The important cities with high density of population in South America are as follows.

                      Buenos Aires,

                      Rio-de-Janerio,

                      Valparaiso,

                      Sao Paulo,

                      Lima, Bogotá,

                      Caracas,

                      Santiago

                      Additional Questions and Answers:

                      1. South America is the fourth largest continent in the world.
                      2. South America is the world’s largest producer of coffee.
                      3. South America is called the Land of Grasslands.

                      4. What are the major physical divisions of the South America continent?

                        Answer: The major physical divisions of the South America continent are as follows.

                        1. The Andes Mountains.

                        2. The Eastern highlands.

                        3. The Central lowlands.

                        4. The Western Coastal Plains.

                        5. Which are the important rivers in South America?

                        Answer: The important rivers in South America are Amazon, Parana, Paraguay, Uruguay and the Orinoco.

                        6 . South America is known as the ‘Continent of Birds’.

                        7. What are the major crops of South America?

                        Answer: The major crops of South America are Maize, wheat, Rice, Coffee, Cotton, Cocoa, Sugarcane etc.

                        8. Brazil is the world’s largest producer of coffee.

                        9. Brazil is the leading producer of sugarcane and it is second largest producer in the world.

                        10. The cowboys of South America called gauchos who rear the Cattle.

                        11. The largest forest in the world is Amazon rainforest located in South America.

                        Activities

                        1 On the outline map of South America mark the countries and their capitals, important mountains, rivers, lakes, grass lands with the help of good Atlas.

                        2 Make a list of important plants, animals and birds found in S.A. and collect their pictures.

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