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9th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 17 – THE AHOM DYNASTY, THE Mughals AND THE MARATHAS

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9th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER – 17

THE AHOM DYNASTY, THE Mughals AND THE MARATHAS

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The founder of Ahom dynasty Sukapha.

2. The founder of the Mughal dynasty was Babur.

3. The most famous emperor among the Mughals was Akbar.

4. The king who built the Taj Mahal at Agra was Shahjahan.

5. The Mughal emperor who established the new religion Din-e-Ilahi was Akbar.

6. Shivaji’s mother was Jijabai.

II. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group.

7. Write briefly important achievements of Ahom dynasty. 

Answer: Ahoms were migrated from Thailand and Myanmar, settled in Assam. Despite of their external origin, they quickly adopted Indian culture. Lachith became the commander-in-chief of Ahom army. This post was called as ‘Borphukhan’. So, he was called as ‘Lachith Borphukhan’. He conducted strict training sessions for the army and introduced modernized warfare weapons. By driving away Moghal officers and army, he recaptured Itkuli fort and consolidated his position. He also reconquered Guwahati. In the battle at Alboi, Ahoms displayed great courage, by defeating the Mughals. However this victory came at the cost of many soldiers losing their lives. After the death of Chakradwaja Singha, Udayadithya Singha ascended the throne in 1670. He confronted persistent Mughal attacks, and a significant naval attack took place at Sarai Ghat in 1671, the Ahoms were most victorious. In the same year Lachith Borphukhan passed away due to ill health. The Ahom kings established six capitals in their kingdom at different times. Over the course of 598 (1228-1826) years, the Ahoms defeated Moghals 17 times securing their rule over North-East India.

8. Describe the military achievements of Babar.

Answer: Babur had to ascend the throne at the very tender age of 11 years. When he lost his kingdom and was wandering aimlessly, he got the inspiration to attack India, and he invaded India five times. He defeated the Delhi sultan Ibrahim Lodhi in the battle of Panipat in 1526 and established the Mughal dynasty in India. This battle is known as the first battle of Panipat. Delhi was his capital. Over a period of four years, he defeated Rana Sangramsingh of Mewad, the Rajput king Mediniraya of Chanderi and Ibrahim Lodhi’s brother, Mohammad Lodhi. Babur conquered Panipat, Goghra and Kanwa. He established Mughal rule over a large area in North India.

9. Compare and contrast the present-day administrative system with that of Sher Shah.

Answer: Sher Shah’s was the head of the administrative system. He had an efficient cabinet ministry, he had complete control over Civil and Military administration. There were 25,000 

infantry, 1,50,000 cavalry and 500 elephants in his army. The cavalry was very strong. The army was divided into various troops and Commandants had been appointed to supervise them. Sher Shah himself paid attention to the organization of the army, arms and ammunition and the discipline of the soldiers. If there was damage to crops during the movement of troops, the government compensated the farmers. Sher Shah constructed new forts at Delhi, Rohtas, Kanauj and Patna.The land in the kingdom had been classified as excellent, aver-age and bad according to their level of fertility. The farmers gave of their income as land tax to the government. Sher Shah was known for his impartial justice. Hence he had earned the title “Sultan of the fair justice”. The Sultan was the highest judge in the kingdom. He decided all the final appeals. He conducted his court every Wednesday evening. Sher Shah brought a new coin ‘Daam’ and ‘Rupiah’ into circulation. 

This coin weighed 180 liquorice seeds. All the other Mughal kings continued this practice.

10. What are the areas won by Akbar?

Answer: After the death of Humayun, Hemu, the military General of Bengal king Mohammad Shah Abdali, conquered Delhi and Agra. This led to the terrific battle at Panipat in 1556 between Hemu and the Mughals. This is known as the II Battle of Panipat. Akbar emerged victorious in this battle. His Prime Minister and royal representative, Bairamkhan came to Akbar’s assistance during the war. With the help of mighty army, Akbar conquered Malwa, Jaipur, Gondavan, Chittor, Ranathambhor, Kalinjar, Gujarat and Bengal. The Battle of Haldighat is the most significant battle in the history of medieval India. In the battle 

at Haldighat, the Mughal army was v i c t o r i o u s . T h e remaining states of Kashmir, Sindh, Orissa, Baluchistan, K h a n d h a r a n d Ahmednagar came under Akbar. Thus, for the first time, the Mughal kingdom expanded and laid solid foundation for Mughal rule.

11. Describe the contributions of Shahjahan to art and architecture.

Answer: He constructed the famous, immensely valuable ruby-studded Peacock throne. He appointed his son Aurangzeb as the royal representative of Deccan. In 1636, he defeated the Portuguese and conquered Ahmednagar. He brought into practice measurement and evaluation of land in the Deccan region. Later events led Aurangzeb to become the Sultan. During Shahjahan’s time, trade developed between India and the countries of West Asia and Europe. Shahjahan constructed the famous ‘Taj Mahal’ in Agra in memory of his beloved wife, Mumtaz. The Red Fort at Delhi and the buildings in it are the contributions of Shahjahan. Hence, his period is referred as the ‘Golden Age of Mughal Art and Architecture’

12. Describe Shivaji’s system of administration.

Answer: Shivaji had organized an efficient administrative system in his vast kingdom. He had divided his kingdom into many provinces. They were called Swaraj and Mughal areas. Marathi was the language of administration. There were ministers known as Asthapradhans in the central government to assist the king. In addition to them, there were other officials. Province, district and village were the administrative units. Shivaji’s system of revenue collection was Ryotwari system, favorable to farmers. He abolished the jahagir revenue system. In Shivaji’s administration, traditional system of justice was in practice. The village panchayat used to dispense justice in villages. The Maratha army had infantry, cavalry, elephant units and cannon units.

13. Explain the achievements of Bajirao I.

Answer: Baji Rao I, got appointed as Peshwa when he was only 19 years old, he was an unparalleled warrior. With the intention of expanding the Maratha kingdom in North India, he conquered Gujarat, Malwa and gained the authority to collect chauth and sardeshmukhi taxes. He invaded Chitradurga and Srirangapatna of Karnataka. When Baji Rao declared war against the Mughals, Nizam-ul-Mulk, with the intention of assisting the Mughals, tried to march towards Delhi. But he lost to the Marathas in a battle near Bhopal. Due to this, the vast stretch of land between the Narmada and Chambal rivers and 50 lakh rupees came to Baji Rao as war compensation. In addition to this, he conquered Salcet and Basin from the Portuguese and Janjira from the Siddhis. Pune became his administrative centre. At this juncture, the members of the Maratha union, Scindhia of Gwalior, Holkar of  Indore, Bhonsle of Nagpur and Gaikwad of Baroda decided together to become independent. Baji Rao I not only ruled with efficiency but also re-established the glory of the Maratha empire. Hence he was called Shivaji II.

III. Activities:

Write an essay on how Shivaji’s mother Jijabai was successful in inculcating patriotism in Shivaji.

Answer: Shivaji’s mother, Jijabai, was a pious woman who inculcated religious fervor, uprightness, honesty and sincerity in her son. Jijabai used stories from ancient epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata, as well as the lives of great warriors such as Maharana Pratap, to impart values of courage, justice, and duty towards the land and people. These narratives provided Shivaji with ideals and inspiration for his future endeavors. She instilled a strong sense of duty and a deep commitment to protecting the motherland and the dignity of her people, emphasizing the importance of fighting for freedom and self-rule. Her resilience in the face of adversity provided a powerful example for Shivaji to develop similar qualities of courage and determination. Jijabai ensured Shivaji received a thorough education in Hindu scriptures and traditions, fostering a strong sense of identity and pride in his Maratha heritage. She recognized the importance of physical strength and skill in warfare, encouraging rigorous training in martial arts to equip Shivaji with the tools to defend his people. Beyond her maternal love, Jijabai was a mentor who provided wise counsel and unwavering support, fostering the leadership qualities necessary to navigate complex political and military landscapes. 

7th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 15 – SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REFORMS

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7th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 15

SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REFORMS

EXERCISES

 I Fill in the blanks with a suitable word.

1 Raja Ram Mohan Roy started Samvada Koumudi.

2 Mahatma Jyotiba Phule wrote the book Gulamagiri.

3 ‘Dayananda Anglo Vedic College” in Lahore was started by Lala Hamsaraj.

4 Panditha Ramabai started ‘Mukti Mission’ for the upliftment of women.

 II Answer the following in a word or sentence each.

1 Who is called ‘The Father of Indian Renaissance’?

Answer: Raja Ram Mohan Roy is called ‘The Father of Indian Renaissance’.

2 Who is Mahadev Govind Ranade?

Answer: Mahadev Govind Ranade was one of the main leader of Prarthana Samaj.

3 Who is the founder of Satya Shodak Samaj?

Answer: The founder of Satya Shodak Samaj was Mahatma Jyotiba Phule.

4 ‘‘Arise! Awake! Stop not till the goal is reached”. Who gave this call?

Answer: Arise! Awake! Stop not till the goal is reached”. This call given by Swami Vivekananda.

5 Who is Annie Besant?

Answer: Dr. Annie Besant was the President of Theosophical Society (Brahmavidya Samaja)

6 Who was the leader of the Aligarh Movement?

Answer: Syed Ahmed Khan was the leader of the Aligarh Movement. 

7 Name the institution started by Sri Narayana Guru.

Answer: ‘Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam’ is the institution started by Sri Narayana Guru.

8 Who was the author of ‘Stree Purusha Tulana’?

Answer: Tharabai Shinde was the author of ‘Stree Purusha Tulana’.

9 Who was the famous Christian social reformer of India?

Answer: Panditha Ramabai was a famous Christian social Reformer of India. 

 III Discuss in groups and answer the following questions:

1 Write a note on social and religious reformation measures of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.

Answer: Raja Ram Mohan Roy established ‘Brahma Sabha’ in 1828 C.E. This organization renamed as ‘Brahma Samaj,’ the following year. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the representative of harmonious blend of Eastern and Western philosophies. Brahma Samaj vehemently opposed practices of sati, caste system, idol-worship, polygamy, child marriage and all kinds of superstitions. Raja Ram Mohan Roy firmly believed that inhuman practices could be eradicated through western education. Raja Ram Mohan Roy who advocated widow marriage and monotheism, began his social reformation movement by starting a newspaper named ‘Samvada Kaumudi’. Raja Ram Mohan Roy attempted to cleanse the Hindu religion through rationalism. In order to justify his stand, he translated five Upanishads from Sanskrit to Bengali. Ram Mohan Roy was one of the earliest persons to advocate English education. He ran an English school using his own funds. He also established a College of Vedanta. He was one of the pioneers in the field of Journalism too. He published many magazines. To sum up, he dedicated his life to fight against social injustice. 

2.  What is the role of Jyotiba Phule in social reformation?

Answer: A non-Brahmin movement was started by Mahatma Jyotiba Phule (1827-1890 

C.E) in Maharashtra. With an intention to create awareness among the lower strata of the society in Maharashtra, he established the Satya Shodak Samaj. He started schools for untouchables, orphans and widows. He condemned the Brahmin priestly class and explained his philosophy in the form of a dialogue in his book ‘Gulamgiri’ (Slavery). Along with his wife Savitribai, he opened a school for girls in Pune. In 1863 C.E he attempted to put an end to the incidents of female infanticide by starting rehabilitation centres for child widows. He encouraged widow remarriages. B.R. Ambedkar had considered Mahatma Jyotiba Phule as his spiritual mentor.

3 What are the objectives of the Theosophical society?

Answer: The Objectives of the Theosophical Society are as follows.

1. To establish Universal Brotherhood, irrespective of all differences.

2. To do a comparative study of Religion, Philosophy and Science.

3. To investigate the unexplained laws of Nature and the powers latent in man.

4. What is the role of Syed Ahmed Khan in reforming the Muslim community?

Answer: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born in 1817 C.E. at Delhi, he was appointed as the Judicial Officer in the British East India Company. He saw that his community had lost economic and social opportunities due to lack of English education. Hence, he desired that his community would find suitable representation in the government, by getting educated. As a social reformer, he opposed the purdah system, polygamy and the system of talaq. He began ‘Translation Society’ in order to enable translation of English scientific and literary works into Urdu. Later on, the society was renamed as ‘Scientific Society’. In order to spread scientific thinking among Muslims, he started the magazine ‘Aligarh Institute Gazette’. This magazine was published in both English and Urdu. 

5. What were the measures taken by Sri Narayana Guru in reforming backward communities?

Answer: Sri Narayana Guru was born in 1854 C.E. in a family of the ‘Ezhava’ community in Tiruvankur. In 1903 C.E. he established an organisation named ‘Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam’. Through that organization, he strived to achieve social, economic and cultural progress of the Ezhava and other backward communities of Kerala. He opposed caste system and animal sacrifice. He started Sanskrit schools and gave admission to everybody, irrespective of their caste and religion. He built around 30 temples. All people of Kerala including untouchables, were allowed to enter these temples. He wanted every temple to have a good library with the holy books of all the religions. Sri Narayana 

Guru’s vision is evident in this statement: “One God, One Religion and One Caste”. Even Karnataka came under his influence. Sri Narayana Guru passed away in 1928 C.E.

6. What was the role of Panditha Ramabai in the reformation of women?

Answer: Panditha Ramabai was born in Gangamoola of Western Ghats as the daughter of Anantha Shastri Dongre and Lakshmibai. She received education, against the practice of the times. She accepted Christianity while studying in England. She dedicated her life for the betterment of women of India and established an organisation ‘Mukti Mission’ in 1889 C.E. This institution is active till today and provides rehabilitation to widows, orphans and alcoholics.

IV Match the following names in column A with related words in column B. 

                        A                                                          B

1. Swami Vivekananda                        (a) Aligarh Movement

2. Swami Dayananda Saraswati          (b) Sathya Shodhak Samaja

3. Syed Ahmed Khan                           (c) Theosophical society

4. Jyotiba phule                                   (d) Ramakrishna Mission

5. Annie Besant                                   (e) Arya Samaja

Answer:

A                                                          B

1. Swami Vivekananda                        (d) Ramakrishna Mission

2. Swami Dayananda Saraswati          (e) Arya Samaja

3. Syed Ahmed Khan                           (a) Aligarh Movement

4. Jyotiba phule                                   (b) Sathya Shodhak Samaja

5. Annie Besant                                   (c) Theosophical society

V Discuss. 

“Upliftment of women is upliftment of the nation”. Is this statement of Swami Vivekananda relevant even to this day? Discuss in groups.

Activity

Read the biographics of M.G. Ranade, Jyotiba Phule, Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda, Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Sri Narayana Guru. (Refer Bharata Bharati series)

10th Standard, Social, HISTORY Chapter 17 – THE FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE (1857)

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10th Standard, Social, HISTORY Chapter 17

THE FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE (1857)

EXERCISES

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. British historians refer to the 1857 revolt as ‘The Sepoy Mutiny’.

2. During the 1857 revolt, at Barakpura, British officer was killed by Mangal Pandey.

3. Jhansi Rani fought against British and took Gwalior under her control.

4. The declaration passed by the British Queen in 1858 is called ‘Magna Carta’.

II Discuss the following in groups and answer them:

5. The political factors inspired the revolt of 1857. How?

Answer: The political factors which inspired the revolt of 1857 are,

  1. Many kingdoms lost their rights due to the promulgation of Doctrine of Lapse brought about by the British. Satara, Jaipur, Jhansi, Udaipur and other kingdoms came under British control.
  2. Dalhousie cancelled the princely titles of the Nawabs of Tanjore and Carnatic kingdoms. The Mughal sultans, the Nawab of Oudh and other kings were dethroned.
  3. Consequently, lakhs of soldiers who were dependent on these kings, became unemployed. This became a strong cause for the protest of 1857 against the British.

6. The economic changes of the time were responsible for the 1857 revolt. How?

Answer: The economic changes of the time which were responsible for the 1857 revolt are as follows.

  1. Due to the industrial revolution in England, Indian handicrafts and cottage industries suffered heavily.
  2. England, instead of being a trading country, became a hub of industries. The Indian craftsmen became unemployed.
  3. Primarily, the textile and wool industries became sick and people lost their jobs. The cottage industries too suffered a death blow.
  4. The British imposed a heavy tax on sale of Indian goods in England.
  5. Because of the zamindari system, the landlords, acting as commission agents between the Government and the farmers, exploited the farmers. The right given to the taluks to collect tax was withdrawn.
  6. An ‘Inam Commission’ was appointed and all the gifted lands without documents (‘Inam lands’) were taken back. Due to this, the farmers felt insulted and experienced many financial problems. This too led to the revolt of farmers against the government.
  7. What were the factors that disturbed the religious sentiments of the soldiers during the 1857 revolt?

Answer: The Indian soldiers in the British army were being given new rifles called ‘Royal Enfield’. A rumour spread among the soldiers that the cartridges used in these rifles were greased with the fat of cow and pigs. While cows were sacred to the Hindus, pigs were blasphemous for Muslims. This incident became the immediate cause for the revolt. When the British officers ordered the Indian soldiers to pull the safety catch with the help of their teeth, the soldiers rejected the command and revolted against their superiors. At this juncture, an Indian soldier named Mangal Pandey killed a British official. This was the factors that disturbed the religious sentiments of the soldiers during the 1857 revolt.

8. What were the immediate causes for the First War of Independence?

Answer: Most of the Indian soldiers in the British army believed that if they fought together, they could drive away the British from India. In this situation, the soldiers were being given new rifles called ‘Royal Enfield’. A rumour spread among the soldiers that the cartridges used in these rifles were greased with the fat of cow and pigs. While cows were sacred to the Hindus, pigs were blasphemous for Muslims. This incident was the immediate causes for the First War of Independence.

9. Make a list of the reasons for the failure of the revolt.

Answer: The reasons for the failure of the First War of Independence of 1857 are as follows.

  1. The movement did not spread to the whole country. This struggle was intended to protect the interests of a few rather than getting freedom for the country.
  2. Instead of being an organized struggle, it erupted due to certain unexpected reasons.
  3. The unity among the British forces and lack of it among the Indian soldiers also led to the failure.
  4. There was no proper direction or proper leadership. In addition, there was a lack of strategy, expertise among soldiers, effective leadership, discipline and direction.
  5. Many provincial kings, on account of their loyalty to the British, did not support the struggle.
  6. The people lost confidence in the soldiers due to their arson and looting.

10. What were the features of the declaration of the British Queen in 1858?

    Answer: The features of the declaration of the British Queen in 1858 are as follows.

    1. The agreements made by the East India Company with the kings were accepted.
    2. Ambitious expansion plans had to be given up.
    3. A stable government had to be provided to Indians.
    4. There would be equality before law.
    5. The government would exhibit religious tolerance and not to interfere in religious matters of the country.

    III Activities:

    1. On the Indian map, mark the kingdoms which were taken over by the British with the help of the Doctrine of Lapse.

    2. Organise a speech from an expert on “The 1857 revolt was the First War of Independence”.

    10th Standard, Social, Geography, CHAPTER – 14, INDIA – WATER RESOURCES

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    10th Standard, Social, Geography, CHAPTER – 14

    INDIA – WATER RESOURCES

    EXERCISES

    I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

    1. The Sorrow of West of Bengal is Damodar River.

    2. The Sorrow of Bihar is Kosi River.

    3. Biggest irrigation project of Karnataka is Upper Krishna.

    4. Pampa Sagara Dam is in Vijayanagara district of Karnataka.

    5. Hirakud project is built across Mahanadi River.

    II. Answer the following questions in brief:

    6. What is irrigation? What are the types of irrigation?

    Answer: Irrigation means supply of water to agriculture from canals, wells and tanks artificially or manually. The types of irrigation are as follows.

    1. Well irrigation

    2. Canal irrigation

    3. Tank irrigation.

    1. Well irrigation: Supplying ground water by digging or drilling wells is called well irrigation. There are two types of wells. They are 1.Open wells 2.Borewells.

    2. Canal irrigation: India is one of the important country in the world using canal irrigation. Vast areas of cultivable land can be irrigated by this method. There are two types of canal irrigation. They are,

    a. Flood canals b. Perennial canals

    3. Tank irrigation: It is practice in India since ancient times. Water is stored and supplied to cultivable areas through small canals or pipes.

    7. What is multi-purpose river valley project? What are its objectives?

    Answer: India has undertaken the construction of many river valley projects for the maximum utilization of river water resources. These projects have other purposes besides providing water for agricultural use. Such projects are called multi-purpose river valley projects. The main objectives of these projects are as follows.

    1. Providing irrigation facility

    2. Production of hydro-electric power

    3. Prevention of floods

    4. Creating facility for water transportation

    5. Providing water for domestic and industrial use

    6. Preventing soil erosion

    7. Developing fisheries

    8. Enhancing forest wealth.

    8. Name the hydro-electric power projects of Karnataka.

    Answer: The hydro-electric power projects of Karnataka are,

    1. Shivanasamudra
    2. Tungabhadra
    3. Jog
    4. Bhadra
    5. Alamatti
    6. Kali
    7. Supa
    8. Kadra
    9. Kodasalli Dam.
    10. ’Rain water harvesting is compulsory today’. Why?

    Answer: ’Rain water harvesting is compulsory today’. Because Water is very precious. Although India has vast water resource, it is most unevenly distributed. Rainfall is confined to the rainy season. Even in areas of heavy rainfall, water shortage is seen during the summers. The only solution to the drought condition prevailing in India is ‘Rain Water Harvesting’. Collection of rain water is called “Rain Water Harvesting”.

    1. What is National Power Grid?

    Answer: India generates power from various sources. All the states do not have sufficient electric power supply at all times. Hence, to supply power from surplus states to deficit states, a National Power Grid is established. With its help, excess power from any state can be supplied to any other power deficit state.

    III. Match the following projects in ‘A’ with states ‘B’:

    A                                              B

    i. Bhakra dam                          a. Lalbahaddur Shastry Sagar

    ii. Tungabhadra dam               b. Basava Sagar

    iii. Almatti dam                        c. Pampa Sagar

    iv. Narayanapura dam            d. Govinda Sagar

    e. Narmada Sagar

    Answer:

    A                                              B

    i. Bhakra dam                          d. Govinda Sagar

    ii. Tungabhadra dam               c. Pampa Sagar

    iii. Almatti dam                        a. Lalbahaddur Shastry Sagar

    iv. Narayanapura dam            b. Basava Sagar

    Additional Questions:

    1. Name the important multi-purpose river valley project of independent India.

    Answer: The important multi-purpose river valley project of independent India are as follows.

    1. Damodar River Valley Project
    2. Bhakranangal Project
    3. Kosi Project
    4. Hirakud Project
    5. Tungabhadra project
    6. Nagarjunasagar Project
    7. Upper Krishna
    8. Narmada Valley Project
    9. Which are the important hydro-electric power projects of different states in India?

    Answer: The important hydro-electric power projects of different states in India are as follows.

    1. Karnataka: Shivanasamudra, Tungabhadra, Jog, Bhadra, Alamatti, Kali, Supa, Kadra, Kodasalli Dam.

    2. Andhra Pradesh: Srisailam project, Ramapadasagar Project, Sileru project.

    3. Telangana: Nagarjunasagar

    4. Tamil Nadu: Mettur project, Paikara eletric project, Periyar project, Kundha project, Moyar project, Kodayar project etc.

    5. Madhya Pradesh: Bansagar, Gandhisagar, Pench Project.

    6. Maharashtra: Tata hydro-electric power project, Beera project, Vaitarana project, Koyna project.

    7. Odisha: Hirakud project, Kolab project, Rangali project, Naraja project.

    8. Bihar: Kosi project.

    9. Gujarat: Kakrapara project, Kadana project, Ukai project.

    10. Jharkhand: Suvarnarekha project.

    In addition to the above, many other National Power Grid projects are found.

    10th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 5 – Social and Religious Reform Movements

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    10th Standard, Social, History, Chapter – 5

    Social and Religious Reform Movements

    EXERCISES

    I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

    1. The 19th Century is called the period of ‘Indian Renaissance’.

    2. Raja Ram Mohan Roy started the newspaper ‘Samvada Kaumudi’.

    3. The founder of Prarthana Samaj was Atmaram Panduranga

    4. Freedom was the basic necessity of every individual was believed by Jyotiba Phule.

    5.  Swami Vivekananda’s guru was Ramakrishna Paramahamsa.

    6. Young Bengali movement was started by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio.

    II Discuss the following in groups and write the answers:

    7. What were the preachings of the Brahmo Samaj?

    Answer: Brahmo Samaj was in the forefront of the social and religious reformation in the 19th Century. It attempted to bring in reforms in the traditions and customs in Hindu religion. It opposed idol-worship and polytheism, and encouraged monotheism. It condemned performance of yagas and rituals. Since English education exposed Indians to Western political thought, it enabled the development of nationalism among Indians.

    The teachings of the Brahmo Samaj centered on monotheism, rejecting idol worship, Sati, and the caste system, while promoting women’s emancipation and education, and universal brotherhood. It emphasized the importance of human reason and conscience over scriptures and rituals, advocating for prayer and meditation as paths to worship the eternal God.

    8. Analyse the call of Dayananda Saraswati to return to the Vedas.

    Answer: Dayananda Saraswati travelled throughout the country giving lectures and emphasized that the Vedas were the source of truth and knowledge. In this context, he advised people to ‘Back to the Vedas’.

    He encouraged widow marriage. He urged people to use swadeshi goods. He propounded his teachings in a book called ‘Satyartha Prakasha’. ‘Purification Ritual’ was the main activity of Arya Samaj. 

    9. Explain the reforms propagated by Satyashodhak Samaj.

    Answer: Satyashodhak Samaj urged for prohibition of liquor. It vehemently opposed gender inequality, denial of human rights, and exploitation of people and practice of untouchability. It started a movement for social justice. Jyotiba Phule established a primary school for girls. He condemned the slavery being forced on shudras and casteless classes including dalits, and denounced the people responsible for such slavery. He advocated free and compulsory education in order to bring about reform in the social system. It began struggles on behalf of farmers. Phule wrote in detail about exploitation in his book ‘Ghulamagiri’ (‘Slavery’).

    10. Analyse objectives of the Aligarh Movement.

    Answer: The Aligarh Movement aimed at promoting harmony of Eastern and Western ideas through transformation of the Muslims in their political, social, educational, religious and philosophical beliefs. The leadership of this movement was borne by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. With an intention to provide modern education to the Muslim community, he started ‘The Anglo-Oriental College’. Later on, this college was renamed as ‘Aligarh Muslim University’. Its main objective was to provide religious education along with western education, and to create a modern society through western education. Sir Syed remained outside the National Congress and brought the Muslim community together. He supported female literacy and condemned polygamy and ideas against widow marriage.

    11. Explain the vision of Ramakrishna Mission.

    Answer: Swami Vivekananda established Ramakrishna Mission in order to propagate the ideals of his teacher, Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. The main objective of this organization was to spread the message of equality of all religions and to put that into practice. 

    Ramakrishna Ashram has many branches all over the world. The mingling of ancient, modern and western thinkers can be seen here. 

    Ramakrishna Mission is continuing to nurture culture through education and social service. Vivekananda emphasized that nation and religion were like the two faces of a coin. He tried his best in his lifetime to free India from casteism, poverty, illiteracy and unawareness. He believed that the desire of Vivekananda was to educate people. The educated people will bring reforms in the society. He wanted the formation of legislation and through legislation, social reforming rules must be implemented. He urged to stop the blind following of westerns.

    12. Which were the reforms brought about by Annie Besant?

    Answer: Annie Besant, an Irish lady started the activities of Theosophical Society in India and gave it new vitality. She aroused pride in Indian culture through her lectures. She attempted to establish equality, universal brotherhood and harmony in society. Annie Besant gave her full support to the freedom struggle. She started a newspaper called ‘New India’. In 1916 C.E, she started Home Rule movement. She was the President of the Congress Session in 1917. She contributed immensely to Indian philosophy and the Independence struggle.

     13. Explain the contributions of Sri Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana Yogam.

    Answer: The caste differences were too much in Kerala and there were many prohibitions in place. During that period, all were not allowed to use facilities like tanks and roads. They were barred from wearing footwear. Restrictions were there on women’s dress also. They were not allowed to schools. These communities had to lead a suffocating life without basic human rights. In order to address this issue, Sri Narayana Guru started Dharma Paripalana Yogam movement. One Caste, One Religion and One God for human beings was the basic idea of Sri Narayana Guru. Education is the only path to achieve this he declared. He built alternate temples for the backward communities as they were denied entry into temples.

    14. List out the highlights of Periyar movement.

    Answer: ‘Self-Respect Movement’ led by E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker became a new force in South India. Ramaswamy who came out of Congress in 1925, started Self Respect League in 1926. He was called Periyar (Senior Person) out of love by people. Periyar believed that Congress was in favour of Varna system and started a new movement based on Dravida Racial Identity. He said Tamil was the language of Dravidians. He championed equality and criticized caste and gender-based discrimination. He participated in the temple entry movement in 1924 held at Vaikom of Kerala. He became the president of the Justice Party in 1939. He started an association called ‘Dravida Kazhagam’. He also started an English magazine under the tittle ‘Revolt’.

    Even today, Periyar remains as the ideological symbol in Tamil Nadu politics. This is more evident in all the political parties of Tamil Nadu retaining the word ‘Dravida’ with their names.

    15. Which were the principles advocated by Derojio?

    Answer: ‘Young Bengal Movement’ movement was started by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio. The principles advocated by Derojio was as follows.

    1. Derozio worked towards spreading the message that only rational thinking would liberate people from the clutches of superstitions and social discrimination.
    2. The young Bengal movement held discussions and debates on issues like nature, humanism, God and other various topics.
    3. Derozio was an advocate of Women Rights and opposed caste based discrimination. This grew into a new movement, but the influence of this movement was limited to Calcutta and a few areas of Bengal.
    4. He also worked towards creating text books to inculcate new education system. This angered many traditionalists.

    16. What are the contributions of Swami Vivekananda to the Society?

    Answer: The contributions of Swami Vivekananda to the Society are as follows.

    1. Swami Vivekananda established Ramakrishna Mission in order to propagate the ideals of his teacher, Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. The main objective of this organization was to spread the message of equality of all religions and to put that into practice.
    2. He stressed the significance of the individual, his presence and ability. He maintained that apart from prayer and practice of yoga, social service was also necessary for achievement of salvation (moksha).
    3. Ramakrishna Mission is continuing to nurture culture through education and social service. Vivekananda emphasized that nation and religion were like the two faces of a coin.
    4. Swami Vivekananda tried his best in his lifetime to free India from casteism, poverty, illiteracy and unawareness.
    5. He urged to stop the blind following of westerns.
    6. In 1893, at the Chicago Conference of World Religions, Swami Vivekananda upheld the greatness of India by advocating tolerance of all religions, and maintaining that all religions were true.

    III Activity:

    1. Visit Ramakrishna Ashram and collect information about the views of Swami Vivekananda.

    IV Projects:

    1. Visit libraries and read books of social reforms. With the help of your teacher, collect information from the internet on the subject. 

    2. Learn from your teacher about the organizations working towards social reform.

    6th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 6 – ANCIENT DYNASTIES OF SOUTH INDIA

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    6th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 6

    ANCIENT DYNASTIES OF SOUTH INDIA

    EXERCISES

    I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

    1. Thirukkural was composed by Thiruvalluvar.

    2. The great poet of Sangam period is Thiruvalluvar.

    3. The famous king of the Sathavahana dynasty was Gowthameeputra Saatakarni

    4. The capital of Kadamba was Banavasi.

    5. The Halmidi inscription is the earliest Kannada inscription.

    6. Pulakeshi III defeated the Harshavardhana North Indian emperor.

    7. The place Aihole is known as ‘Cradle of Temple’.

    8. The Idol Gomateshwara at Shravanabelogola was built by Chavundaraya, Prime minister of King Rachamulla

    9. The famous ruler of Ganga was Durvineetha,

    10. Chavundaraya wrote ‘Chavundaraya Purana.

    II. Answer the following questions in one sentence.

    1. Who was the heroine of the epic Shilappadigaram?

    Answer: Kannagi is the heroine of the Tamil epic ‘Silappadigaram’ 

    2. Name two epics of the Sangam Age.

    Answer: The two epics of the Sangam Age are, 

    1. ‘Manimegalai’

    2. ‘Thirukkural’

    3. What is a ‘‘Chaitya’’?

    Answer: Sathavahanas contributed considerably to architecture. Three types of Buddhist structures that developed during their time are Chaityas, Viharas and Stupas. Chaityas are the prayer halls of Buddhists.

    4. Where do you find ‘Chaityas’ of Sathavahana times?

    Answer: The Chaitya found near Karle in Maharashtra is very big and beautiful. The Chaitya found near Kanheri is famous.

    5. Where do you find ruins belonging to Sathavahana times in Karnataka?

    Answer: We can see Sathavahana architecture at Sannati and Banavasi in Uttara Kannada of Kalburagi districts.

    6. What is a ‘Shreni’?

    Answer: There were guilds called ‘Shrenies’ in cities. Associations formed to protect the interests of trades like ‘Dhanika Shreni’ for corn merchants. Likewise, there were Shrenis for oil millers, black smiths, bronze-smiths, potters and others, each shreni had a leader called Shreshti or setty.

    7. Who was the famous king of the Kadambas?

    Answer: Mayura sharma was the founder and famous king of this dynasty. 

    8. Which was the capital of the Chalukyas of Badami? In which district it is located?

    Answer: The capital city of Badami Chalukyas was Vatapi (Badami). It is located in Bagalkote district. 

    9. Mention three places where Badami Chalukyan architecture found.

    Answer: The places where Badami Chalukyan architecture found are,

    1. Badami

    2. Aihole, 

    3. Pattadakal

    4. Mahakoota and Nagarala

    10. Who was the most famous king of Pallavas? What was the title he had assumed?

    Answer: Narasimha Varma was the most famous king of Pallavas. He had assumed the title ‘Mahamalla’.

    11. The capital of Gangas Talakadu, is in which district?

    Answer: The capital of Gangas Talakadu, is in Kolar district.

    II. Discuss.

    1. “All persons are equal by birth” – How is this saying of Thirukkural relevant even today?

    Answer: Thiruvalluvar’s statement, “All persons are equal by birth,” is relevant today as it champions humanism by emphasizing that a person’s worth comes from their actions, not their birth circumstances. This ancient ideal challenges the persistence of caste-based discrimination and inequality, offering a rational basis for treating everyone with compassion and respect, aligning with modern human rights principles of equality and social justice. Thirukkural has 1300 stanzas. It has many cryptic statements like: Dharma is having a spotless mind. All human beings are equal by birth.

    2. Factors that were responsible for prosperity during Sathavahana’s time.

    Answer: The factors were responsible for prosperity during Sathavahana’s time are as follows.

    ( i) Agrahars were established for the education among them in Shivamogga district (Sthana Kunduru) was an important center of education. 

    (ii) Sathavahanas contributed considerably to architecture. Three types of Buddhist structures that developed during their time are Chaityas, Viharas and Stupas.

    (iii) Sathavahanas time was prosperous due to internal and external trading. 

    (iv) The East and West coasts of the empire had a number of ports. Bharukacha (present boach), Sopara and Kalyana near Mumbai and there were many such ports on the West coast. 

    (v) India’s trade relations with the Roman Empire of Europe was well-established during the Sathavahanas period. As many commodities were exported to Europe from India, so in return, gold was imported in large quantities.

    (v) There was a foreign trade carried through the ports of east coast. Sathavahana kingdom became much prosperous due to lucrative foreign trade.

    3. What might have been the reasons for the decline of the ancient royal dynasties?

    Answer: Ancient royal dynasties declined due to various internal and external factors. They are, 

    1. A strong empire could collapse if the rulers who followed a capable king were weak or incapable of managing the vast territory and challenges. 

    2. Financial difficulties could arise from excessive spending on the army and bureaucracy, large grants to religious groups.

    3. Attacks from powerful foreign groups, such as the Indo-Greeks, Sakas, or Kushanas, could weaken an empire and claim its territory. 

    4. The growth of powerful regional kingdoms or groups within and around the empire could challenge and ultimately overthrow the ruling dynasty. 

    4. Write a short note on Pampa, Ponna and Srivijaya.

    Answer: Pampa, also known as Adikavi, wrote classic epics like Adi Purana and Vikramarjuna Vijaya, while Ponna wrote Santipurana and earned the title “supreme poet in two languages” for his command of Kannada and Sanskrit. 

    Pampa: Pampa was the greatest Kannada Poet, He composed the first epic poem in Kannada. Hence, Pampa is called ‘Adi Kavi’ of Kannada. The Kannada poems composed before Pampa was not found so far. Pampa was in the court of Arikesari of Vemulavada, ‘Adipurana’ and ‘Vikramarjuna Vijaya’ are Pampa’s greatest epics that influence other major Kannada poets. Ponna is another Kannada epic poet who belongs to this period.

    Ponna: Sri Ponna was another celebrated 10th-century Kannada Jain poet. His main work is Santipurana, a biography of the 16th Jain Tirthankar, Shantinatha. He was patronized by King Krishna III of the Rashtrakuta dynasty and was honored with the title Ubhaya Kavichakravathi (“supreme poet in two languages”) for his mastery of both Kannada and Sanskrit. 

    Srivijaya: Sri Vijaya, a poet in the court of Amoghavarsha Nrupathunga, a Rashtrakuta king. 

    Some historians believe Kavirajamarga may have been co-authored by a poet in the king’s court, the Kannada language theorist Sri Vijaya.

    It was influenced by or written in part by the famous King Amoghavarsha I of Rashtrakuta, and some historians say it is based in part on Kavyadarsha, the Sanskrit text. Kavirajamarga has been co-authored by the Kannada language theorist Sri Vijaya, a poet in the king’s court.

    5. What is special about Kailasa temple and Elephanta cave? 

    Answer: The Kailasa Temple of Ellora is a Monolithic Temple carved out of 100 meters high rock. The credit for its construction goes to Krishna I of Rashtrakuta King. Such an architecture is not seen anywhere in the world. It is a feast for the eyes to see the wonderful sculptor. The story of Ravana lifting mount kailasa, the sculptor is picturesque.

    The glory of the Rashtrakuta sculptural wealth is best seen in the rock-cut cave at Elephanta. Elephanta is a tiny island near Mumbai port. At Elephanta one is wonderstruck by the relief work depicting three-faced Mahesha, which is also called Trimurti.

    6. State the military achievements of Govinda III.

    Answer: Govinda III was the ablest among the Rashtrakuta emperors. He established supremacy of the Rashtrakutas in south India. Thereafter, he led a military expedition in north India and victoriously marched upto the Himalayan region. His court poet described the victory thus: “Govinda’s war-elephants tasted the holy waters of the Ganga”.

    7. Why is Amoghavarsha considered a notable emperor? 

    Answer: Amoghavarsha Nripathunga was the son of Govinda III. When he ascended the throne he was a youth of fourteen. He ruled for more than 60 years. He was a scholar. Amoghavarsha Nripathunga was deeply concerned with the welfare of his subjects. He built the city of Manyakheta (Malkhed in Kalburgi district) which became the Rashtrakuta capital. Sulaiman, a foreign traveller who visited the Rashtrakuta Empire, stated that Rashtrakuta Empire was one among the four mighty empires of the world. (The other empires being the Roman, the Arab and the Chinese).

    8. Why is Vikramaditya VI considered the greatest emperor of the Kalyana Chalukya dynasty? 

    Answer: The greatest emperor of the dynasty was Vikramaditya VI. His long rule witnessed remarkable progress in Karnataka. During his reign Chalukya-Vikrama saka was commenced. Vikramaditya VI patronised several eminent scholars. Bilhana, who was one among them, wrote Vikramankadeva-charita, a biography of Vikramaditya VI. Vignaneshwara was another outstanding scholar in his court. His work Mitakshara samhite is considered an authority on the Hindu law.

    9. Write short notes on Vikramankadeva-charita, Mitakshara Samhite and Manasollasa.

    Answer: Vikramaditya VI patronised several eminent scholars. Bilhana, who was one among them, wrote Vikramankadeva-charita, a biography of Vikramaditya VI. Vignaneshwara was another outstanding scholar in his court. His work Mitakshara samhite is considered an authority on the Hindu law

    The reign of Someshwara III, son of Vikramaditya VI, was marked by peace and prosperity. 

    The emperor patronised arts and literature. He wrote Manasollasa in Sanskrit which deals with several branches of knowledge. Being a renowned scholar he was aptly called 

    Sarvana Chakravarti.

    10. Which temple is known as the Emperor among the Temples? Why?

    Answer: The Mahadeva temple at Itagi (Koppala district) is known as the Emperor among the Temples. Because this temple is the best among the Chalukya temples. An inscription describes this temple as “the Emperor among the Temples”.

    11. Mention any two features of the Hoysala temples.

    Answer: The main features of the Hoysala temples are as follows.

    1. Not only the platform but also the walls, sanctum and tower of the Hoysala temples are star-shaped. A star-shaped wall surface gives scope for the play of light and shade in a very effective way. As a result the sculptures appear sharper and more projected outward.

    2. Hoysala temple. Unlike other temples, it stands on a high platform (jagali) which is star-shaped.

    3. The main attraction of this temple are the madanika sculptures. Madanikas are delicately carved female figurines in different poses.

    12. What is meant by Bhuvaneshwari?

    Answer: The four pillars of Navaranga in Belur Chennakeshava temple are lathe-turned. The delicately carved ceiling of Navaranga is called Bhuvaneshwari.

    13. Where do we find the great temples of the Hoysalas?

    Answer: There are about 100 Hoysala temples found in Hassan, District, The most important among them are at Halebidu and Beluru and Somanathapura. Most of the Hoysala temple are located in Hassan, Tumkuru and Mandya District.

    14. Name the great poets and their literary works of the Hoysala period.

    Answer: The notable poets of the Hoysala period were Janna, Harihara and Raghavanka. Janna was the greatest among them and he was called Kavichakravarti. Harihara wrote in a style known as ragale. He also wrote an epic. Raghavanka wrote several poems which set a new trend in the development of Kannada language. Andayya wrote literary works in Achha Kannada. During this period, the vachanas enriched Kannada literature.

    15. Why is the Brihadishvara temple famous for?

    Answer: The Chola’s contribution to architecture is also remarkable. The Brihadishvara temple at Tanjavur is world famous, it is 1000 year old. The tall vimana of Brihadishvara temple is the tower which is raised above the sanctum. The vimana rises in thirteen storeys as if touching the sky. Its height is 61 m (200 feet). The Brihadishvara is the largest and the tallest of all Indian temples. It is recognised as the world Heritage site. It is a common feature to install a statue of bull (Nandi) right in front of Shiva temples. The single-stone bull at the Brihadishvara temple is the largest in south India.

    16. What are the achievements of Rajaraja Chola?

    Answer: Rajaraja Chola was a powerful ruler and an able administrator. His vast empire included all the regions south of the Tungabhadra as well as Sri Lanka and the Maldives. To keep his empire secure, he built a strong army and navy. The marvellous Brihadishvara temple is his contribution.

    17. What are the special features of the Chola village administration?

    Answer: The village administration under the Chola Empire was exemplary. The administration was largely left to the village assemblies. The assemblies were elected bodies. For day to day administration, various committees were formed with specific functions. They were required to submit accounts periodically. They use to remove disqualified members out of the assembly. On the whole, the committees functioned more or less on the lines of the present day village panchayats.

    Activities:

    1. Collect pictures of artefact’s of Pallava and Chalukya times with information.
    2. Read life-stories of Harshavardhana and Pulikeshi-II (Source: Bharatha Bharati Pustaka Sampada).
    3. Collect the pictures of the structural monuments of the Rashtrakuta and the Kalyana Chalukya Age with short description. 
    4. Locate on the map the capitals and architectural centres of the Rashtrakutas and the Kalyana Chalukyas.
    5. Make a model of Gommata using clay or any other material.
    6. If you have chance to visit shravanabelagola enjoy the artifacts at Shravanabelagola. View and gather information about Veeragallu’s around you.
    7. Collect the pictures of the Hoysala and the Chola sculptures and architecture with brief description. 
    8. Locate on the map the historical places associated with the Hoysalas and the Cholas.

    6th Standard, Social, Geography, Chapter 11 – MAJOR LANDFORMS

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    6th Standard, Social, Geography, Chapter 11

    MAJOR LANDFORMS

    EXERCISES

    I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

    1. The various terrestrial features of the earth are called landforms.

    2. The highest point of the mountain is called Peak.

    3. The Himalayan Mountain is an example of variety of Fold Mountains.

    4. In the desert, ground water comes out in the form of spring is called Oases.

    5. The area with a flat top and steep sides are called Plateaus

    II. Answer the following questions in one sentence.

    1. What is a mountain?

    Answer: Mountains are the uplifted portions of the Earth’s surface and are much higher than the surrounding areas. They have steep slopes and small peaks, rising to more than 1000 metres above sea level.

    • What is a mountain range?

    Answer: A line of mountains, with or without peaks, is known as a ‘mountain range’.  

    • What is a plateau?

    Answer: Plateaus are elevated flat lands with steep sides. They are also called tablelands. Generally they rise above the surrounding areas. They have uneven surface.

    • Which is the highest plateau in the world?

    Answer: The Plateau of Tibet is the world’s highest plateau and is known as the ‘Roof of the World’.

    • What is a plain?

    Answer: Extensive areas of flat or undulating land, usually lowlands are called ‘plains’.

    • What is a desert?

    Answer: Deserts are hot during the day and quite cold at night. Deserts get very little rainfall and therefore deserts are mainly dry. Therefore extensive dry lands are called ‘Deserts’.

    • Name any island that belongs to India.

    Answer: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep Islands are the major islands of India.

    • What are natural regions?

    Answer: The regions which have similar climatic conditions, relief features, soil, vegetation, animal life, human occupations, etc. are called ‘Natural Regions’. Areas having similar natural features are called ‘Natural Regions’.

    Additional Questions:

    1. What are the types of Landforms?

    Answer: The types of Landforms are,

    • Mountains
    • (ii) Plateaus
    • (iii) Plains.

    2 . Mention the Types of Mountains:

    Answer: the Types of Mountains are as follows.

    (a) Fold mountains

    (b) Block mountains

    (c) Volcanic mountains.

    3. What are the Importance of Mountains?

    Answer: The Importance of Mountains are,

    1. Mountains are form natural boundaries between countries.
    2. They are storehouse of resources.
    3. They provide water for the generation of hydro-electricity.
    4. Mountains are origin of rivers.
    5. They have good effect on climate.
    6. They have scenic beauty, hence they are tourist centres.
    7. They are ideal for plantation crops.

    4. Name the Types of Plateaus.

    Answer: Plateaus can be divided into three types. They are,

    (a) Intermontane Plateaus

    (b) Piedmont Plateaus

    (c) Continental Plateaus

    5. What are the Importance of Plateaus?

    Answer: The Importance of Plateaus are,

    1. Plateaus are a storehouse of minerals wealth.
    2. They are very suitable for the generation of hydro-electricity
    3. They have fertile soil which is suitable for agriculture
    4. They are useful for animal rearing.

    6 . Mention the types of Plains.

    Answer: There are three types of plains. They are, 

    (a) Structural Plains

    (b) Erosional Plains

    (c) Depositional Plains

    7. Mention the Importance of Plains.

    Answer: The Importance of Plains are as follows.

    • Plains have vast level land and fertile soil
    • They are very useful for agriculture and Industries
    • They are favourable for the development of transport.
    • They have been centres of civilization
    • Plains encourage the growth of towns and cities.

    8 . Describe the Importance of Deserts.

    Answer: Deserts are inhabited by nomads who go from place to place with their herds of animals. The desert soil is not very fertile. But wherever water is available, crops can be grown. e.g. Nile valley of Egypt. Most deserts are rich in minerals like petroleum. They are Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, etc.

    9 . Mention the Types of Natural regions.

    Answer: The Types of Natural regions are,

    1. Equatorial Region or Amazon type

    2. Tropical Grassland Region or the Sudan type

    3. Tropical Monsoon Regions

    4. Tropical Oceanic Regions

    5. Tropical Deserts or the Sahara type

    6. Temperate Deserts Regions

    7. The Mediterranean Regions

    8. The warm Temperate Regions (China type)

    9. Cool Temperate Oceanic Regions (West European type)

    10. Temperate Grassland Regions or Prairie type

    11. Cool Temperate East Coastal Regions (St. Lawrence type).

    12. The Cold Continental Region or Taiga type

    13. The Cold Desert or Tundra type.

    Activities:

    Prepare models of different types of landforms.

    Collect pictures of the different mountains, plateaus or plains of the world.

    With the help of the teacher identify the major Mountains, Plateaus and Plains found in different continents on the world map.

    6th Standard, Social, Civics, Chapter 9 – TYPES OF GOVERNMENT

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    6th Standard, Social, Civics, Chapter 9 – TYPES OF GOVERNMENT

    EXERCISES

    I. Fill in the blank with the suitable words.

    1. The government is a system in which the representatives have been elected by the people is called democratic government.

    2. The feeling that we all are one is equality.

    3. The dictatorship government is the system where one person or group opinion is final.

    4. The Karl Marx was the propagator of communist government.

    II. Answer the following questions.

    1. What is governance?

    Answer: A systematic administration which is necessary for a happy and peaceful life of the citizens of a nation is called governance.

    2. What is a Dictatorship government?

    Answer: A system the entire power of the state is concentrated in one person or a small group is called Dictatorship government. A dictatorial government system stands in the opinion of a single person or a group without any restrictions.  

    3. What is Communist government?

    Answer: We call the system of government that advocates the principle that the sources of production such as land, labour and capital belong to the community and that each person should work according to his ability and get according to his needs. Such government we call Communist Government.

    4. Explain the basic principles of democracy.

    Answer: Democracy is a type of government. Here, the government through representatives elected by the people is called democratic government. Freedom of choice for citizens to choose their representatives is the life of democracy. Democracy in its true sense is a system that guarantees a person the necessary individual freedom, freedom of expression, and the freedom of establishing an association and arranging the relationship of the individual with the state.

    5. List the characteristics of Dictatorship government.

    Answer: The characteristics of Dictatorship government are,

    1. In Dictatorship government system the entire power of the state is concentrated in one person or a small group.
    2. A dictatorial government system stands in the opinion of a single person or a group without any restrictions.
    3. Democracy upholds freedom while dictatorship opposes it. A dictator can rule as he pleases.
    4. In such a government justice, religion, economy and social policies are all decided by the dictator’s command.
    5. Citizens do not have the power to question and oppose it.

    6 . List the characteristics of communist government.

    Answer: The characteristics of communist government are as follows.

    1. The system of government that advocates the principle that the sources of production such as land, labour and capital belong to the community and that each person should work according to his ability and get according to his needs.
    2. Private property is not allowed here. Communism based on the principle of equality, is a pro-human system without distinctions between rich and poor in society.
    3. Private property gradually widens the gap between the rich and the poor creating inequality in the society.
    4. Ultimately majority of the working people win. Then a communist society without any discrimination will be created.

    III. Discuss.

    1. India is a large democratic country. Discuss with the help of the teacher how the basic principles of democracy are applied here.

    Answer: India is a representative democracy, meaning people elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. All adult citizens in India have the right to vote, a process called universal adult franchise, which ensures that everyone can participate in selecting their leaders. The principle of equality means everyone is treated without discrimination and is given equal opportunities in society. Citizens have the freedom to hold different ideas and to participate in the affairs of their country. Citizens have a right to be involved in decisions made by the government, especially since these decisions affect their lives. The government is answerable to the people for its actions and decisions. The Parliament, made up of elected representatives, works to control and guide the government. General elections are held every five years, allowing citizens to change their representatives if they are not satisfied with the government’s performance.

    2. Share in your class, how you as a citizen, will govern if you become a representative of the people.

    Answer: If I become a representative of the people I will serve the people as follows.

    • Participating in every debate and vote on legislation, proposing new laws or amending existing ones to create the laws that govern the country.
    • By asking questions, debating government policies, and examining the government’s actions to ensure they are efficient and effective. 
    • Serve as a voice for my electorate, bringing their views, needs, and aspirations to the national parliament. 
    • I will participate in parliamentary debates on current issues and government policies, ensuring that the voices of their constituents are heard in the policymaking process. 

    Activities:

    1. List the difference between democratic, dictatorial and communist governments.
    2. Do you agree with this statement, ‘citizens are lords in a democracy’? Discuss in the class.
    3. What is your favourite type of government? Write about how it contributes to the prosperity of the country.
    4. Collect more information about Dictatorship government.

    9th Standard, Social, Economics, Chapter 15 – Sectors of Indian Economy

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    9th Standard, Social, Economics, Chapter – 15

    Sectors of Indian Economy

    EXERCISES

    I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

    1) Main occupation of India is Agriculture.

    2) Health and Education come under Tertiary sector.

    3) The total Geographical land of Karnataka is 1,91,791 Sq Kms.

    4) SBM was established by Sir M Vishweswaraiah in 1913.

    5) Manufacturing activities belong to Secondary sector.

    6) The coastline area of Karnataka is Karavali and 320 km. long

    7) To expand higher education Karnataka government has established ‘Karnataka knowledge commission.

    8) New Economic Policy was introduced in 1991.

    II. Answer the following questions with group discussion. 

    9)  Define primary sector.

    Answer: The primary sector includes agriculture and its allied activities like Sericulture, Horticulture, Animal husbandry, Poultry, Fishery, and Floriculture etc. which provide raw materials to agro-based industries.

    10) Explain the importance of Indian agriculture sector.

    Answer: Agriculture is a major occupation in India. Still it is the backbone of our economy. Its importance can be briefed as follows,

    1. People are still depending on agriculture, directly and indirectly for their livelihood.

    2. It provides raw materials for agro-based industries. 

    3. It provides food for human beings and fodder for animals.

    4. It helps in the capital formation through the savings of the farmers.

    11) Explain the importance of Industrial sector.

    Answer: The importance of Industrial sector are as follows.

    1) It brings higher income to the nation.

    2) It provides employment to the people. 

    3) Standard of living of the people will be increased. 

    4) It helps to modernise the agriculture as it provides tractors, machineries, fertilisers etc.

    5) Reduces the pressure of population on agriculture. Many will migrate to cities & towns. 

    6) It helps to earn more foreign exchange. 

    7) Industrial regions also develop as centres of trade, education, transport, Banking etc.

    12) Which districts of Karnataka are called as cradle of Banking?

    Answer: Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of Karnataka are called as the Cradles of banking industry.

    13) What is Education according to Gandhiji?

    Answer: According to Gandhiji ‘Education brings all round development in personality of the child’.

    14) State the group of Industries.

    Answer: The industries can be classified into three groups. They are as follows.

    a) Agro-based Industries 

    b) Forest-based Industries

    c) Mineral-based Industries.

    15) List the important irrigation projects of Karnataka.

    Answer: The important irrigation projects of Karnataka are, 

    1. Tungabhadra Dam
    2. Upper Krishna Project (Almatti and Narayanpur dams)
    3. Kabini Dam, KRS Dam
    4. Hemavathi Project
    5. Harangi Project, and the innovative Ramthal Drip Irrigation Project. 
    6. Upper Bhadra
    7. Mahadayi projects

    16) What is Health according to W.H.O.?

    Answer: According to World Health Organization- Health refers to “the person, who is free from physical, mental, social and intellectual disorders”.

    Additional Questions:

    1 . What is Tertiary sector? What are the types of Tertiary sector?

    Answer: Tertiary sector is also called service sector. At present the world economy is dominated by service sector. The types of Tertiary sector are as follows.

    1. Banking
    2. Insurance
    3. Trade
    4. Transport and communication
    5. Health
    6. Education and training etc.

    2. The condition of farmers is not yet satisfactory. Why?

    Answer: Though agriculture is the main occupation, the condition of farmers is not yet satisfactory due to the following reasons.

    1) Majority of farmers are small and marginal.

    2) Large portion of cropped area is rain fed.

    3) Productivity in agriculture is very low.

    4) Majority of farmers are ignorant about the modern tools and new techniques of production.

    5) Farmers do not get the correct price for their products due to the existence of middlemen.

    3. List the Industries which are located in Karnataka.

    Answer: The Industries which are located in Karnataka are,

    1. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
    2. National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL),
    3. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL),
    4. Indian Telephone Industries (ITI),
    5. Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML),
    6. Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL),
    7. Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT)
    8. TVS motor cycle manufacturing Plant at Mysuru,
    9. Tata motors at Dharwad,
    10. Electrical equipments manufacturing companies like Kirloskar, ABB, Kavika, Larsen and Turbo (L&T)
    11. . Infosys and Wipro are the leading IT (Information technology) Companies from Karnataka.

    III. Activities: 

    1) “The Third sector is in top position in the world.” Give a real picture with supported information about this statement.

    2) List the industries that are in your locality and classify.

    IV. Project:

    1) Prepare a project on Karnataka Economy by explaining the different Economic activities.

    9th Standard, Social, Political Science, CHAPTER, 8 – THE JUDICIARY

    yakshadeepa
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    9th Standard, Social, Political Science, CHAPTER – 8

    THE JUDICIARY

    EXERCISES

    I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

    1. The Supreme Court came into existence on January 28, 1950.

    2. The number of writs that can be issued under Article 32 of the constitution is 5 types.

    3. Criminal courts came into existence on 1st April, 1974.

    4. The lowest Revenue court is the Tahsildar Court.

    II. Answer the following questions.

    5.How are the judges of the Supreme Court appointed and what are their qualifications?

    Answer: The President appoints the Chief Justice and the other judges of the Supreme Court. The qualifications of a Supreme Court judge are as follows.

    1. Should be a citizen of India.

    2. Should have served as a High Court Judge for at least 5 years, or should have been an advocate of the High Court for at least 10 years.

    3. Should be a distinguished jurist. In the view of the president of India.

    6. What are the functions of the High Court?

    Answer: The functions of the High Court are as follows.

    1. Original jurisdiction to settle disputes relating to matrimonial relations, death certificate and contempt of court.

    2. Appellate jurisdiction to entertain and dispose of appeals against judgments passed by subordinate courts.

    3. It has the power to supervise cases in subordinate courts falling within the jurisdiction of the High court, to direct them to observe certain rules and to collect all records. Apart from these, it handles recruitment and control of staff, protection of fundamental rights, receiving various writ petitions and providing justice.

    7. Which are the subordinate courts under the Civil Courts?

    Answer: The subordinate courts under the Civil Courts are,

    1. Court of Subordinate Judges

    2. Court of Additional Subordinate Judges

    3. Court of Munsiffs

    4. Court of Additional Munsiffs

    8. What was the purpose of establishing Lok Adalats? When did they come into existence?

    Answer: In India, the legal procedure is time-consuming and expensive. As an alternative, the Government has set up other forms of legal institutions which function faster and are less expensive. This was the purpose of establishing Lok Adalat. These institutions came into existence in 1985.

    Additional Questions.

    1 ) What are the powers and functions of the Supreme Court?

    Answer: The powers and functions of the Supreme Court are as follows.

    1. Original Powers: Resolving the disputes between the Union and the States, and between the States; interpreting the provisions of the Constitution vested with Supreme Court.
    2. Appellate Powers: Citizens may file cases in the Supreme Court against the judgements given in the lower courts.
    3. Advisory Powers: The Supreme Court has the authority to advise the President on matters of public importance, constitutional importance and legislative importance.
    4. Powers of Judicial review: The Supreme Court has the power to review whether the statutes enacted by the legislature and the orders and decisions of the executive are constitutional or not. If these are in violation of the constitution they are declared unconstitutional and invalid. This is called judicial review.
    5. Protection of Fundamental Rights: The Supreme Court protects fundamental rights by issuing special order (writs) under Article 32 of the constitution of India. So the Supreme Court is the guardian of the fundamental rights.

    2 ) Describe the Appointment, Tenure and Removal procedure of Supreme Court Judges.

    Answer: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and other judges are appointed by the President. The Sitting Chief Justice recommends the most senior judge of the Supreme Court for the appointment of the next chief justice. On this recommendation, the President appoints the chief justice of the Supreme Court. Other judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the president, on the recommendation of the collegium comprising of the chief justice of India and other four senior judges of the Supreme Court and on the advice of the union cabinet. His retirement age is 65 years but he can submit his resignation to the president even before that. He may be removed by the president on the recommendation of a definite majority of both the houses of the Parliament on the grounds of proven misconduct or incapacity.

    3.How are the judges of the High Court appointed and what are their qualifications?

    Answer: The chief justice of the High Courts are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the collegium consisting of the chief justice of India and other four senior judges of the Supreme Court and on the advice of the union cabinet. Other judges of the High Court are appointed by the president on the recommendation of a collegium comprising the chief justice of the Supreme Court and two other senior judges.

    The qualifications for becoming a High Court judge are:

    1. Should be a citizen of India.

    2. Should have served as a judge for 10 years in any subordinate court in India or must have served as an advocate for 10 years in one or more high courts.

    4. Describe the Appointment, Tenure and Removal procedure of High Court Judges.

    Answer: The chief justice of the High Courts are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the collegium consisting of the chief justice of India and other four senior judges of the Supreme Court and on the advice of the union cabinet. Other judges of the High Court are appointed by the president on the recommendation of a collegium comprising the chief justice of the Supreme Court and two other senior judges. The retirement age of the chief justice of the High Court judges is 62 years. He can submit his resignation to the President even before that. He can be removed by the President on the recommendation of a definite majority of both the houses of the Parliament on the grounds of proven misconduct or incapacity.

    5. Which are the other courts functioning under criminal court?

    Answer: The other courts functioning under criminal court are,

    1. Chief Magistrate Court
    2. First Grade Magistrate Court
    3. Second Grade Magistrate Court
    4. Third Grade Magistrate Court

    6. Describe about Revenue courts. Name the different Revenue courts.

    Answer: There are Revenue courts in every district. They take up cases related to land tax, land records etc. Revenue Courts comprise the following courts.

    1. Tahsildar Court
    2. Assistant Commissioner Court
    3. District Revenue Court or District Magistrate Court
    4. Commissioner’s Court

    III. Activities:

    1. Meet an advocate in your locality and learn more about the Supreme Court.

    2. Visit the nearest court in your area. Watch the proceedings of the court and prepare a brief report on your experience.

    IV. Project:

    1. Collect reports of High Court judgments from newspapers and prepare an album.

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