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9th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 4 – VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE AND BAHAMANI KINGDOM

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9th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER – 4

VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE AND BAHAMANI KINGDOM

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Vijayanagara Empire was established in the year 1336.

2. The poetess, who wrote Madhuravijaya is Gangadevi.

3. Praudhadevaraya’s minister was Lakkanna Dandesha.

4. The king who wrote Amukta Malyada in Telugu was Krishnadevaraya.

5. The minister who established a famous madrasa at Bidar was Mohammad Gawan.

6. The king who wrote Kitab-E-Navarasa was Ibrahim Adil Shah II.

II. Answer the following questions after discussing in your group.

7. Name the four dynasties who ruled Vijayanagara Empire.

Answer: The four dynasties who ruled Vijayanagara Empire are,

  1. Sangama
  2. Saluva
  3. Tuluva
  4. Araveedu

8. What were the achievements of Devaraya II?

Answer: The achievements of Devaraya II are as follows.

  1. Devaraya II had earned the title of ‘Elephant Hunter’.
  2. Devaraya II defeated the king Kapilendra of Gajapathi dynasty of Orissa and seized Kondaveedu.
  3. He expanded the kingdom up to Krishna River in the north east. Later, he defeated the Kerala ruler and received royalties from Kerala and Sri Lanka. This earned him the title “Dakshinapathada Chakravarthi” (the Emperor of the South).
  4. Devaraya II chased the traditional foe Sultan Ahmed Shah of Bahamani till Bijapur and occupied Mudgal and Bankapura.
  5. Being a poet himself, he had in his court the Sanskrit scholar, Dindima and the Kannada scholar, Lakkana Dandesha.

9. What were the problems Krishnadevaraya had to face when he ascended the throne?

Answer: The problems Krishnadevaraya had to face when he ascended the throne was as follows.

  1. When Krishnadevaraya came to power, the kingdom faced various complicated internal and external problems.
  2. The Europeans who had arrived through new sea-route established their colonies.
  3. The five Shahi kingdoms of the Bahamani dynasty plunged into wars with Krishnadevaraya.
  4. The kings of Ummatthur and Orissa were a constant source of threat.

10. What are the contributions of Vijayanagara Empire to the economic system and society?

Answer: The contributions of Vijayanagara Empire to the economic system and society are as follows.

Economic system: The Vijayanagara kings constructed wells, tanks and canals to encourage irrigation and agriculture. There were five kinds of practices of land holdings like geni, guttige, siddhaya, vara and gadi (tenancy, lease holdings and other kinds). The Vijayanagara empire achieved great progress in the field of industries and commerce. Spices like pepper, cloves and cardamom, salt petre, iron ore, diamonds, granulated sugar, musk, sandal perfume etc. were exported by them. There were important textile industries. Coins of different denominations like gold coins, gadyaana, pagoda, silver coins and copper coins were in use. Bhatkal, Honnavara and Mangaluru were the important ports of Vijayanagara, and foreign traders from Arab, China and Portugal had trade relation with the Vijayanagara Empire.

Society: There was also occupation-based caste system. There were many skilled artisans, blacksmiths, goldsmiths, bell-metal smiths, carpenters, weavers and cobblers in the society. The practices of child marriage, sati and devadasi systems were prevalent. Though monogamy was the common practice, kings and rich people had many wives. Women enjoyed a dignified status in society. There were female wrestlers and female palace guards. Holi, Deepavali and Dasara festivals were celebrated publicly. Dasara festival used to be celebrated with pomp and glory at Hampi under royal patronage. As an evidence of this Mahanavami dibba can still be seen. Music and dance enjoyed great popularity.

11. Describe the art and architecture of the Vijayanagara period.

Answer: The art and architecture of the Vijayanagara period was most memorable. The style of constructing huge towers (Gopura) in front of the temples was first started by the kings of Vijayanagara.

  1. During the period of the Vijayanagara kings, temples were built in Hampi, Shringeri, Tirupati, Lepakshi, Karkala, Moodabidri, Bhatkal, Chidambaram, Kanchi, Kalahasti, Nandi, Srishaila, Kolar and other places. The structure of Vidyashankara temple at Shringeri is unique in India.
  2. The most ancient temple of Vijayanagara is Virupaksha temple at Hampi. The Vijaya Vitthala temple of Hampi is known for its magnificent architectural beauty. The saptaswara musical pillars, huge Kalyana Mantapas and the Stone Chariot have enhanced the beauty of this temple.
  3. The Dasara festival was celebrated on the Mahanavami Dibba constructed by Krishnadevaraya
  4. Kamal Mahal, Elephant stable, Queen’s bath are wonderful examples of Indo-Muslim architectural style. Lakshminarasimha, Kadalekalu Ganesha, Sasuvekalu Ganesha and Uddana Veerabhadra’s idols are attractive.
  5. The Vijayanagara kings patronized fine arts like music, dance, drama and yakshagana. Artists enjoyed great respect in the palace and temples. Saint Purandaradasa and Kanakadasa had enriched Carnatic music through kirtanas. Dancers, adorned in exquisite costumes and jewellery, performed dance in the temples and palaces.

12. Mohammad Gawan was an able Prime Minister of Bahamani Kingdom. How?

Answer: Mohammad Gawan was an able Prime Minister of Bahamani Kingdom. As a Prime Minister, he took the Bahamani kingdom to great heights. He learnt Muslim religious verses and law at Kairo, also gained proficiency in Arabic and Parsi languages. He served as the Prime Minister during the rule of Bahamani kings Humayun, Nizam Shah and Mohammad Shah III. He was responsible for enhancing the glory of Bahamani kingdom by his efficient administration and victories. Gawan conquered Konkan, Goa and Belagavi. Later, he invaded Orissa and conquered Kondaveedu. In the year 1481, he invaded Kanchi and plundered its huge wealth. Thus, Mohammad Gawan who was responsible for the all-round development of the Bahamani kingdom. After him, the kingdom became weak and disintegrated into five parts.

13. Describe the administration and taxation system during the rule of the Bahamani sultans.

Answer: the administration and taxation system during the rule of the Bahamani sultans is as follows.

Administration: There were three levels of administration namely Central, Provincial and Village. Among these, there was revenue, judicial and military administration too. The Sultan was the chief of the central administration. The cabinet was called Majlis-E-Ilwith. Top officials, commandants, ulemas and amins, friends and relatives of the Sultan, attended the meeting. Gawan converted the then existing four provinces (Tarafs) into eight units and these provinces were divided into fifteen Sarakars. The Subedar was the administrator in each of these Sarakars. Sarakars were divided into paraganas. Kotwal, Deshmukh and Desai were the administrators of the paraganas. The village head was Patel, Kulkarni and guards as staff. The village units were independent units.

Taxation: Amir-E-Jumlas were the head of the revenue authorities. Land tax was the main source of income for the kingdom. 1/3 to ½ of the agricultural production was collected as land tax. There were 50 kinds of taxes including house, mines, tobacco, grasslands, trade and employment. The money earned by taxation was used for maintaining palaces, wars and bodyguards, construction and maintenance of forts.

14. Explain the education, art and architecture of the Bahamani sultans.

Answer: The educational policy of the Adil Shahis was to propogate Islamic culture. There were schools known as maktabs. They were under the control of mosques. The students in the maktabs were taught the alphabet, religion, law, poetry and rhetoric. The madrasas were centers of higher education. Mohammad Gawan who was a scholar himself, established a madrasa (college) at Bidar to encourage study of the Islamic religion and law. This college was 242 ft. length, 222 ft. width and 56 ft height three-storied magnificent building constructed in the Deccan style. It had a library with around 3000 manuscripts. The college was also a lodge for students, teachers and orthodox people. Astronomy, grammar, mathematics, philosophy and political science were studied in this college.

The Sultans developed Indo-Saracenic style of architecture. The Jamia mosque built by Ali Adil Shah I is a prominent monument even today. Ibrahim Roza, Gol Gumbaz, Gagan Mahal and Asar Mahals are the important monuments of this time. These monuments have made the Adil Shahis world famous. The Gol Gumbaz at Vijayapura is one of the greatest structures in the world. It has an area of 1800 sq.ft. There are 7- storied minarets in the four corners of the building. There is a huge dome in the center.

III. Activities:

1. Collect pictures of the various momuments at Hampi.

2. Read the books which describe the Vijayadashami celebrations on Mahanavami platform at Hampi.

3. Listen to the stories of Tenali Rama from your elders and write them down.

IV. Projects:

1. Visit Hampi and write an essay on the monuments.

2. Write an essay on the market system at Hampi during the Vijayanagara period.

9th Standard, Social, Political Science, CHAPTER 7 – THE STATE GOVERNMENT

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9th Standard, Social, Political Science, CHAPTER – 7

THE STATE GOVERNMENT

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The Union of India comprises 28 States and 8 Union Territories.

2. The Karnataka Legislative Council comprises 224 members.

3. The State Cabinet, comprising the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers is the real Executive.

4. The Governor is appointed by the President.

II. Answer the following questions with group discussion.

5. Explain the structure of the Legislative Assembly.

Answer: Vidhana Sabha is the lower house of state legislature. The strength of the Vidhana Sabha depends on the population of the State. The maximum number of seats of any Vidhana Sabha should not exceed 500 or be below 60. However, the number of seats in small States is less. Sikkim legislative assembly consist of 32 members. Karnataka legislative assembly at present consist of 224 elected members. 224 members are directly elected by the people. 36 seats for scheduled caste and 15 seats for schedule tribes reserved in Karnataka legislative assembly. After the enactment of 128th constitution Amendment bill as an act (Narishakti Vandhana Adiniyam) 33% of seats in legislative assemblies must be reserved to women.

6. Which fields are represented by the members of the Legislative Council?

Answer: The number of members of the Karnataka Legislative Council is 75. These members represent 5 fields. They are,

  1. Some are elected from among the Members of the Legislative Assembly
  2. Elected from Local Bodies
  3. Elected from Graduate’s Constituencies
  4. Elected from Teacher’s Constituencies.
  5. The Governor nominates some Members considering services rendered in the fields of art, science literature, education, social service and co-operative movement.

7. What are the qualifications, and the term of office of the Governor?

Answer: The qualifications of the Governor are as follows.

(1) Should be a citizen of India.

(2) Should have completed 35 years of Age.

(3) Should not hold any office of profit under the Government.

(4) Should not be a Member of either Parliament or State Legislature. If he is a Member of either, parliament or state legislature, he should resign from that post when he is appointed as the Governor.

The term of office of the Governor is 5 years.

8. Write a short note on the powers and functions of Chief Minister.

Answer: The Chief Minister is the Head of the State Government. Success or failure of the State Government depends on his personal charm. He is the repository of all the power of the State. He is the Head of the Council of Ministers, the Legislature, and the Leader of the majority party in the Legislature.

The Functions and Powers of the Chief Minister are as follows.

1. He recommends to the Governor for the formation of the Cabinet.

2. He recommends to the Governor to allocate Portfolios to the Ministers and to change the portfolios allotted to the Ministers.

3. He can recommend to the Governor to remove those Ministers who are not loyal to the Government.

4. As Head of Government, he plays a very important role in formulation of policies.

5. As Head of the Cabinet, he can summon or postpone its meetings.

6. He has the power to co-ordinate and supervise the working of all Departments.

7. He has the power to recommend the governor to dissolve the Legislative Assembly before expiry of its term.

8. He acts as the link between the Governor and the Council of Ministers.

9. He acts as an adviser to the Governor and recommends to the Governor regarding appointment of various posts.

Additional Questions:

  1. What are the Legislative Powers and functions of State Legislature?

Answer: The Legislative Powers and functions of State Legislature are

  1. Financial powers and Functions
  2. Executive powers and functions
  3. Electoral powers and functions
  4. Powers to amend the Constitution
  5. Other powers and functions: The reports of state public service commission, state backward class’s commission, state women commission and reports of other commissions are discussed in legislative assembly.
  6. What are the qualifications of the M.L.C (Member of Legislative Council)?

Answer: The qualifications of the M.L.C are as follows.

1) Should be a citizen of India.

2) Should have completed 30 years of age.

3) Should not hold in office of profit.

4) Should not be sentenced to imprisonment by the court.

5) Should not have mental illness.

6) Should not be bankrupt.

7) Should possess all qualifications from time to time as required by the parliament.

3. What are the Powers and functions of the Legislative Council?

Answer: The Powers and functions of the Legislative Council are as follows.

a. Financial powers and functions: The Legislative council has lesser financial powers than legislative assembly. According to constitution the financial bill should be presented in legislative assembly first. A finance bill passed by legislative assembly is sent for approval of legislative council. Then the council has to return bill with its assent to the legislative assembly within 14 days.

b. Administrative powers and functions: The Legislative Council does not have much control over administration. It can obtain information by Members posing questions to Ministers. If the questions are not answered properly, it can only insist on the Minister’s resignation but cannot move a No Confidence motion.

4 . What are the Powers and functions of the Governor?

Answer: The Powers and functions of the Governor are,

  1. Executive powers and functions
  2. Legislative powers and functions
  3. Financial powers and functions
  4. Judicial powers and functions
  5. Discretionary powers

III. Activities:

1. Visit the Karnataka Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council and prepare a report on it.

2. Like the State Assembly, form the School parliament and observe the proceedings and make the Report.

IV. Projects:

1. Discuss the Assembly proceedings with the M.L.A. of your constituency.

2. Prepare an album of the photographs of Karnataka Chief Ministers till now.

9th Standard, Social, Geography, CHAPTER 13 – LAND RESOURCES OF KARNATAKA

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9th Standard, Social, Geography, CHAPTER – 13

LAND RESOURCES OF KARNATAKA

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Utilising land for different purposes is called ‘land utilization’.

2. Largest net area sown is in Kalburgi district.

3. The Belagavi district is the largest producer of sugarcane in Karnataka.

4. Tobacco contains an intoxicating substance called nicotine.

II. Answer the following questions in brief.

5. Name the different types of land utilization in Karnataka.

Answers: The different types of land utilization in Karnataka are as follows.

1. Net area sown

2. Forest area

3. Land not available for cultivation 

4. Other uncultivated land 

5. Fallow land

6. Write a note on the importance of agriculture in Karnataka.

Answer: The importance of agriculture in Karnataka:

Agriculture is one of the ancient, primary occupations of Karnataka. It is the main source of livelihood for many. It is the backbone of our state’s economy. Economic progress depends on agriculture. Agriculture provides employment to people. It also provides food for the people and raw materials to industries. It is a source of revenue to the state and to earn foreign exchange. Coffee, silk, spices, tobacco, cotton etc are the agricultural products which are exported. Agriculture helps in the development of tertiary occupations like transport, banking, insurance etc. It plays an important role in the political and social systems of the state.

7. What is meant by ‘irrigation’? Name the main crops grown under irrigation.

Answer: Crops grown by using water from canals, tanks or wells is called ‘irrigation’. 

Paddy, Coconut, Arecanut and sugarcane are the main crops grown under irrigation.

8. Explain the main characteristics of ‘mixed farming’.

Answer: The main characteristics of ‘mixed farming’ are as follows.

  1. Mixed cultivation is a series of different crops.
  2. A mixed type of farming is gaining popularity. In addition to growing crops, dairy farming, silkworm rearing, sheep rearing, poultry, bee-keeping, fishery etc. are taken up and it is called mixed farming.
  3. Crops and animals are raised simultaneously.
  4. Two or more crops are grown at a same time in this form of agriculture.
  5. Growing of more than 2 crops will help the farmer to gain at least some profit in one type of crop will damages.
  6. Rotation of crops is also practiced in mixed farming.

9. Write a note on Maize.

Answer: Globally maize is considered as the “Queen of Grains” is the food of South Karnataka. Maize which is grown in plenty in south Karnataka is predominantly used as food for the human beings and fodder for the animals. Jowar and Maize belong to the grass family. It is a tropical crop, requiring moderate rainfall and moderate temperature. Mixed black and red soil and alluvial soil are suitable for jowar. It is a rain-fed crop and grown by using broadcasting method. It depends on the South-West Monsoons.

III. Match the following.

            A                                                          B

i. Coffee                                               a. Vijayapura

ii. Cotton                                             b. Tumakuru

iii. Paddy                                              c. Belagavi

iv. Ragi                                                d. Raichur

v. Jowar                                               e. Haveri

                                                            f. Kodagu

Answer:

A                                                          B

i. Coffee                                               f. Kodagu

ii. Cotton                                             e. Haveri

iii. Paddy                                              d. Raichur

iv. Ragi                                                b. Tumakuru

v. Jowar                                               a. Vijayapura

Additional questions:

  1. What are the major advantages of Mixed farming?

Answer: The major advantages of mixed farming are,

  1. Spread labour requirement
  2. Protects farmers from the loss or poor market price.
  3. Helps in soil fertility.
  4. What are the types of cultivation?

Answer: The types of cultivation are,

  1. subsistence farming,
  2. irrigation farming,
  3. dry farming,
  4. mixed farming,
  5. shifting cultivation,
  6. commercial farming,
  7. Plantation farming etc.
  8. What are the major crops of Karnataka?

Answer: The crops of Karnataka can be classified as follows.

Food crops – paddy, ragi, maize, pulses, millets,

Commercial crops – sugarcane, cotton, tobacco, mulberry.

Oilseeds-groundnut, ningerseed, sesame, sunflower etc.

Plantation crops – coffee, coconut, arecanut, rubber, banana etc.

IV. Activities:

1. Collect samples of the various kinds of food grains and pulses grown in Karnataka.

2. On a map of Karnataka mark the areas where jowar, ragi and other food grains are grown.

V. Project:

1. Note down the names of the crops grown in the surrounding areas of your place. Collect pictures of the same.

8th Standard, Social, POLITICAL SCIENCE, CHAPTER 8 – CITIZEN AND CITIZENSHIP

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8th Standard, Social, POLITICAL SCIENCE, CHAPTER – 8

CITIZEN AND CITIZENSHIP

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1 The people living in India under the British rule were termed as subjects.

2 A temporarily residing foreigner in our country is called an alien.

3 Citizenship Act was passed in the year 1955.

4 The method through which you have acquired citizenship is Citizenship by birth.

II Answer the following questions in brief:

5 What is citizenship?

            Answer: Citizenship refers to the legal status of being a permanent member of a sovereign state, which grants individuals full rights and imposes responsibilities like obeying laws and paying taxes and possesses civil and political rights and owes allegiance to the state to which he belongs.

6 What are the benefits enjoyed by a citizen?

Answer: The benefits enjoyed by a citizen are as follows.

  1. He enjoys security and gets protection from the State.
  2. He enjoys a peaceful life as the state ensures law and order.
  3. In modern times under social welfare schemes he enjoys benefits like education, health, insurance, settlement, employment and such others provided by the state.
  4. He enjoys both the civil and political rights.
  5. He enjoys the fundamental rights guaranteed by the constitution.
  6. He can participate in the Political processes like voting and contesting in the elections.
  7. He is eligible to occupy certain offices such as those of the President of India, Vice-President, Judge of Supreme court, High Courts and such others.
  8. He is eligible for recruitment to all public services.

7 Name the body which has the authority to legislate the laws on citizenship in India.

            Answer: Parliament is the sole authority to legislate the laws on citizenship in our country.

8 Mention the methods of acquiring citizenship.

Answer: There are two methods of acquiring citizenship. They are as follows.

1. Natural Citizenship

2. Naturalised Citizenship

9 Explain the citizenship by naturalization.

Answer: Citizenship can also be acquired through naturalization. According to this method, an alien can become a citizen after fulfilling certain conditions. Though these conditions vary from state to state.

10 What are the methods of losing citizenship?

     Answer: The methods of losing citizenship are as follows.

1. Renunciation: Any Indian citizen can renounce his citizenship voluntarily by submitting an application before the concerned authority.

2. Termination: If any citizen of India acquires the citizenship of any other country his Indian citizenship is terminated by law. This procedure does not require the submission of any application.

3. Deprivation: If any person has obtained the citizenship of India by fraud or if he/she has indulged in anti-national activities or shown disloyalty towards the Constitution of India, the government of India deprives him/her of his/her citizenship. It is forced termination.

11 Mention a situation under which citizenship is terminated.

            Answer: The situations under which citizenship is terminated are as follows.

  1. If any citizen of India acquires the citizenship of any other country his Indian citizenship is terminated by law. This procedure does not require the submission of any application.
  2. If any person has obtained the citizenship of India by fraud or if he/she has indulged in anti-national activities or shown disloyalty towards the Constitution of India, the government of India deprives him/her of his/her citizenship. It is forced termination.

12 Mention the types of citizenship and write the differences between them.

            Answer: There are two types of citizenship. They are single citizenship and dual citizenship.

The differences between single citizenship and dual citizenship are as follows.

  1. Single citizenship: People have only one citizenship that is National citizenship irrespective of the province that they belongs to.

Dual citizenship: Dual citizenship is a system of having separate citizenship for a nation and a state.

  • Single citizenship: There is no separate state citizenship bifurcation in to single and dual for example India. For example we live in Karnataka but we have Indian Citizenship.

Dual citizenship: A person is citizen of the state in which he resides as well as citizen of that nation. For example, dual citizenship exists in the USA where there is a federal state system. If citizen live in state of New-Jersey, he has citizenship of the state of New-Jersey. Along with that there is citizenship of the USA.

13 What are the duties of a citizen towards his nation?

            Answer: The duties of a citizen towards his nation are as follows.

  1. He must respect the Constitution and obey the laws of the government.
  2. He must protect the national honour and dignity by his words and deeds.
  3. He must not indulge in anti-national activities.
  4. He must oppose and check the evil practices like corruption, nepotism, dowry, child marriage, etc., through constitutional means.
  5. He must take part in the political activities of the state as the quality of the government depends on the quality of citizens.
  6. He must place the national interest above the personal interest and work for national progress.
  7. He must be service minded and must be prepared to sacrifice for the sake of nation.
  8. He has the obligation like paying taxes and defending the nation.

Additional Questions:

  1. What are the methods of acquiring citizenship in India?

Answer: The methods of acquiring citizenship in India are as follows.

1. Citizenship by birth

2. Citizenship by descent

3. Citizenship by registration

4. Citizenship by naturalization

5. Citizenship by the incorporation of a new territory

2. What are the conditions for an alien to acquire citizenship through naturalization?

Answer: The conditions for an alien to acquire citizenship through naturalization are as follows.

a) Domicile or Residence: Long residence in a foreign state entitles a person to acquire the citizenship of that state.

b) Marriage: A woman acquires the citizenship of her husband’s country when she marries a foreigner. But the husband does not get the citizenship of his wife’s country.

c) Foreign service: A person appointed in the government service of a foreign state may be granted the citizenship of that country.

d) Application: In all states an alien may be granted citizenship if he applies for it and satisfies certain conditions.

e) Property: A person who purchases property in a foreign country, desires to become a citizen of that country may be granted the citizenship.

3. What are the differences between the citizen and alien?

Answer: The differences between the citizen and alien are as follows.

1. Citizens are permanent residents of their state. Aliens are temporary residents or tourists.

2. Citizens enjoy political rights, aliens are not given political rights like right to vote, right to contest election, right to hold public offices etc. These are not enjoyed by an alien.

3. Citizens owe allegiance to their state. An alien is a foreigner who is a citizen of another state. He should respect and follow the laws of the state in which he is temporarily living.

4. But citizen cannot be driven out of his state. An alien can be asked to leave the country of temporary residence for various reasons such as illegal activities, expiry of visa period, etc.

III Activities:

1 Prepare a pictorial representation of the fundamental duties and exhibit it in your school.

2 Discuss the benefits of fundamental rights under the guidance of your teacher.

3 Discuss the importance of right to equality and right to freedom in India (under the guidance of your teacher).

4 Prepare a pictorial chart showing the methods of acquiring and losing citizenship and exhibit it in your classroom.

5 Discuss the benefits of single citizenship in India.

6 Supposing the dual citizenship as in US is introduced in India, how does it benefit us? Discuss.

IV Projects:

1 Collect information from the newspapers and magazines about the violation of fundamental rights and the remedial measures taken.

2 Collect information from the authorities concerned about the procedure to be followed by an Indian if he wants to stay in a foreign country for a short period of time.

8th Standard, Social, Geography, CHAPTER 13 – ATMOSPHERE

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8th Standard, Social, Geography, CHAPTER – 13

ATMOSPHERE

Exercises

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The two major gases of the atmosphere are Nitrogen and Oxygen.

2. The lowest layer of the atmosphere is Troposphere.

3. The average air pressure of the atmosphere at the sea level is

1013.25 mb.

4. Westerlies is also known as Anti-trade Winds.

5. The scientific study of weather is ‘Meteorology’.

II Answer the following questions briefly:

6. What is atmosphere?

Answer: Atmosphere is a thin layer of gases, dust particles and water vapour surrounding the Earth.

7.  Name the important layers of the atmosphere.

Answer: The important layers of the atmosphere are as follows.

1. Troposphere, 

2. Stratosphere, 

3. Mesosphere, 

4. Thermosphere (Ionosphere)

5. Exosphere.

8.  What is the significance of ozone layer?

Answer: Stratosphere is the second layer of the atmosphere. This layer extends up to 50 km’s from the surface. It lies between troposphere and mesosphere. In this layer Ozone is the most important gas which absorbs ‘ultraviolet rays’ of the sun and protect all forms of life on the Earth. This layer is free from clouds and other important weather phenomenon and provides ideal flying conditions for jet aircrafts

9.  What is Doldrum? Where is it found?

Answer: The equatorial low pressure belt is a zone of high temperature and low pressure.  This region is called ‘Doldrum. This region gets direct rays of the Sun almost throughout the year. Hence air is always very warm and hot. This is a calm region with very little wind. So it is known as ‘Doldrum’ means ‘belt of calm’ (equatorial calm). Doldrum found between 0° to 5° North and South of the equator.

10. Name the different types of planetary winds.

Answer:  Winds are classified into 4 major types. They are Planetary winds, Seasonal winds, Local winds, Cyclones and Anti cyclones

1. Planetary winds: Planetary Winds are also called ‘Permanent winds’ or ‘Prevailing winds’ or ‘Regular winds’. They classified into 3 types. They are, 

a) Trade Winds b) Westerlies or Anti-trade Winds c) Polar winds

2. Seasonal winds

3. Local winds

4. Cyclones and Anti cyclones: 

a) Cyclones: They are divided into Tropical cyclones, Temperate cyclones.

b) Anti Cyclones.

11. What are local winds? Give any two examples.

Answer: Local winds also known as periodic winds are the result of variation in local temperature, pressure, humidity which in turn are attributed to the formation of air currents, crossing mountain ranges, valleys and other relief barriers. 

 Two common examples are,

1. Sea Breeze: A cool wind then blows from the high-pressure area over the water to the low-pressure area over the land. 

2. Land Breeze:  A wind blows from the cooler land towards the warmer sea. 

The other local winds are Mountain breeze (Katabatic winds),Valley breeze (Anabatic winds) and other few winds are Loo (India), Chinook or Snow eater (USA), Fohn (Alps region), Mistral (France), Sirocco (Sahara region), Brick Fielder (Australia), Blizzard (Antarctica) etc.

12. Mention the different types of clouds.

Answer: Clouds are classified in to 4 types on the basis of their shapes and heights at which they occur. The important types of clouds are as follows.

1. Stratus

2. Cumulus, 

3. Cirrus

4. Nimbus 

These are further categorized into ten main types, such as 

  1. Cirrus (Ci)
  2. Cirrocumulus (Cc)
  3. Cirrostratus (Cs)
  4. Altocumulus (Ac)
  5. Altostratus (As)
  6. Nimbostratus (Ns)
  7. Cumulus (Cu)
  8. Cumulonimbus (Cb)
  9. Stratocumulus (Sc)
  10. Stratus (St)

13. Distinguish between weather and climate.

Answer: The main differences between weather and climate as follows.

1. Weather: The day-to-day or even hour-to-hour state of the atmosphere at a specific location. 

Climate: The average weather conditions and variations over a large area for a long period. 

2. Weather: Short-term, from minutes to days or weeks. 

Climate: Long-term, typically observed over decades, such as 30 years or more. 

3. Weather: A sudden rain shower, a very hot afternoon, or a strong gust of wind are all examples of weather. 

Climate:  A tropical climate with warm temperatures year-round, or a desert climate characterized by very little rainfall, describe climate. 

4. Weather: Affects daily activities, such as what to wear, whether to carry an umbrella, or if you can play outside. 

Climate: Influences major aspects of life in a region, such as the types of crops that can be grown, the kind of industries, and the overall lifestyle of the inhabitants. 

III Define the following:

14. Ionosphere: Thermosphere layer lies next to Mesosphere. In this layer temperature rises drastically. It is also called ‘Ionosphere’ as the gaseous atoms are ionized due to very high temperature. 

15. Normal lapse rate: Normal lapse rate is the decreasing rate of temperature with the increase of altitude. The rate of decrease is 10 C for every 165 meters or 6.40 C for every 1000 meters of height (1 km).

16. Torrid zone: This is the zone of high temperature. This region is found between 0° or Equator and Tropic of Cancer in the north (23°.30l N) and the Equator and Tropic of Capricorn (23°.30l S) in the south. This region receives direct rays of the Sun.

17. Orographic rainfall: Orographic rainfall is also called ‘Mountain rainfall’ or ‘Relief rainfall’. When moisture laden air is obstructed by a mountain barrier, the air is forced to rise up. As the air rises upwards, it cools and gets saturated. Further cooling of this air causes condensation resulting in orographic or mountain rainfall. 

18. Climatology: The scientific study of climate is called ‘Climatology’.

IV Terms to remember:

1. Insolation: The Sun is the main source of energy to the Earth which supplies heat through insolation. Insolation means incoming solar radiation from the sun to the Earth. 

2. Inversion of temperature: In some situations temperature also increase with increasing height. This takes place in mountain valleys during long winter nights with clear sky, dry air, no wind and snow covered surface.

3. Anemometer: ‘Anemometer’ is used to measure the speed of the wind.

4. Roaring forties: The westerlies of southern hemisphere are very strong over the oceans. Hence they are called ‘Roaring Forties’ (40° south latitude),

5. Nimbus clouds: Nimbus clouds are rain clouds which occur at low levels. These clouds have the shape of stratus or cumulus. 

6. Meteorology: The scientific study of weather is called ‘Meteorology’.

Additional Questions:

1 . Which are the various elements influences the Weather condition?

Answer: Weather condition of a place is influenced by various elements are as follows.

  1. Temperature
  2. Pressure
  3. Wind
  4. Humidity
  5. Clouds
  6. Rainfall

2. Name the important factors which influence atmospheric temperature.

Answer: The important factors which influence atmospheric temperature are latitude, altitude or height, distance from the sea, wind, ocean currents, relief, clouds, rainfall etc.

3. What is atmospheric pressure? Name the instrument used by measuring atmospheric pressure.

Answer: Air has weight and it exerts pressure. This is called atmospheric pressure. Air pressure is measured by an instrument called Barometer.

4. What is pressure belt? Name the Major pressure belts of the Earth.

Answer: The pressure on the earth is distributed in the form of belts. There are seven pressure belts. They are,

1. The Equatorial low pressure belt

2. North Sub- tropical high pressure belt

3. South Sub-tropical high pressure belt

4. North -Sub- Polar low pressure belt

5. South Sub-polar low pressure belt

6. North Polar high pressure belt

7. South Polar High pressure belt

5. What is Humidity? Name the instrument used by measuring Humidity?

Answer: Humidity is the amount of water vapour or moisture present in the air. Humidity is measured by using an instrument called Hygrometer or Psychrometer.

6 . What are the different types of Humidity?

Answer: The different types of Humidity are as follows.

  1. Absolute humidity
  2. Relative humidity
  3. Specific humid­ity

7. What is rainfall? Name the types of rainfall. 

    Answer: Precipitation in the form of water droplets is called rainfall. The types of rainfall are as follows.

    1. Convectional rainfall
    2. Orographic rainfall
    3. Cyclonic rainfall.

    V Activity:

    1. Draw a diagram showing different temperature zones on the basis of latitudes.

    8th Standard, Social, Geography CHAPTER 12 – LITHOSPHERE

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    8th Standard, Social, Geography CHAPTER – 12

    LITHOSPHERE

    Exercises

    I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

    1. The continental crust is also called SIAL (Silica and Aluminium).

    2. Vast basin shaped volcanic mouth is ‘Caldera’.

    3. The most destructive earthquake waves are Surface Waves (LW).

    4. Stalactities and Stalagmites are most common in Underground water.

    5. The Beaches are formed by sea wave work.

    II Answer the following questions briefly:

    6. Mention the three major layers of the interior of the Earth. 

    Answer: The three major layers of the interior of the Earth are, 

    1. The Crust

    2. The Mantle

    3. The Core.

    7.  Name the types of volcanoes on the basis of frequency of eruption.

    Answer: The types of volcanoes on the basis of frequency of eruption are as follows.

    1. Active Volcanoes

    2. Dormant Volcanoes

    3. Extinct Volcanoes

    8. Mention the important earthquake zones of the world.

    Answer: The important earthquake zones of the world are, 

    1. Primary Waves (PW)

    2. Secondary Waves (SW)

    3. Surface Waves (LW)

    9.  What is weathering? Name the three main types of weathering.

    Answer: Weathering is the wearing away or breaking down or gradual disintegration of rocks by agents (Temperature, rainfall, wind etc.) present in the atmosphere. The three main types of weathering are,

    1. Mechanical weathering:

    2. Chemical weathering:

    3. Biological weathering: 

    10. Name the landforms associated with the work of river. 

    Answer: The landforms associated with the work of river are, 

    1. The Upper Course: 

    2. The Middle Course:

    3. The Lower Course: 

    III. Match the following:

                A                                                           B

    i. SIMA                                                 a) Earthquake

    ii. Sandstone                                       b) Yellow soil

    iii. Epicentre                                        c) Oceanic crust

    iv. Geyser                                            d) Sedimentary rock

    v. Loess                                                e) Underground water

    Answer:

    A                                                           B

    i. SIMA                                                 c) Oceanic crust

    ii. Sandstone                                       d) Sedimentary rock

    iii. Epicentre                                        a) Earthquake

    iv. Geyser                                            e) Underground water

    v. Loess                                                b) Yellow soil

    IV. Define the following: 

    11. Aqueous rocks

    Answer: The sedimentary rocks are formed after the disintegration of igneous rocks. Therefore they are called secondary rocks. These rocks are also called aqueous rocks because they are formed in the water bodies (Lake, Sea and Ocean beds).

    12.  ‘Pacific ring of fire’

    Answer: Coastal margins of the Pacific Ocean consisting of Philippines, Japan, USA, Central America, South America etc. Where world’s largest volcanoes are found.

    13. Mechanical weathering

    Answer: When the rock is broken and disintegrated without any chemical alteration, the process is called Physical weathering or Mechanical weathering. The important processes of mechanical weathering are Granular disintegration, Block disintegration and Exfoliation. 

    14. Moraine

    Answer: ‘Moraines’ are the most important landforms of the glaciated region. The important depositional landforms produced by glaciers are Moraines, Drumlins, Esker, Kames, Outwash plains, Till plains etc.

    15. Carbonaceous rocks

    Answer: When the rainwater falls on limestone rocks, the calcium carbonate present in the rocks absorbs carbon dioxide from rainwater and becomes calcium bicarbonate.

    16. Tsunami

    Answer:  Tsunami is a large sea wave occasionally experienced along the coasts of Japan and in other regions caused by an underwater earthquake. In Japanese language ‘Tsunami’ means ‘harbour waves’.

    17.  Continental glacier

    Answer: Continental glaciers are extensive ice sheets found in polar regions eg., Greenland and Antarctica.

    18. Hot spring

    Answer: Whenever warm or hot water comes out naturally it is called hot spring or thermal spring. They are usually found near the volcanic regions.

    V. Terms to remember: 

    1. NIFE: The most important materials of the core are Nickel (NI) and Ferrous (FE) (Iron). So it is known as NIFE.

    2. Arenaceous and Argillaceous rocks:  Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks built up by fragments of pre-existing rocks which have been produced by the processes of weathering and erosion eg., Sandstone (Arenaceous rocks) and Shale (Argillaceous rocks).

    3. Tectonic forces: Tectonic forces are internal Earth forces caused by the movement of lithospheric plates, which result in changes to the Earth’s surface, such as the formation of mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes. 

    4. Mountain glacier: The glaciers found in the Polar regions are called Mountain glaciers.

    5. Aeolian cycle: The “Aeolian cycle” refers to the continuous processes of wind eroding, transporting, and depositing sediment, shaping landforms like sand dunes

    6. Beaches: Sea waves are the regular undulation of water on the sea or ocean. The work of sea waves is significant along the sea shore or coasts. Beaches are the important landforms associated with sea waves.

    Additional Questions:

    1. What are the three types of Rocks?

    Answer: The three types of Rocks are,

    1. Igneous rocks: Types of igneous rocks are Intrusive igneous rocks and Extrusive igneous rocks.
    2. Sedimentary rocks: Types of Sedimentary rocks are Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks, Chemically formed sedimentary rocks and Organically formed sedimentary rocks
    3. Metamorphic rocks.

    2. Mention the Distribution of earthquakes.

      Answer: The Distribution of earthquakes is as follows.

      1. The coastline around the pacific ocean: This includes Newzealand, Phillippines, USA, Japan, Peru, etc.,

      2. Coastal area around the Mediterranean sea.

      3. The Himalayan Mountain region of India (Shivalik region).

      3. What is Tsunami?

      Answer: Tsunami is a large sea wave occasionally experienced along the coasts of Japan and in other regions caused by an underwater earthquake. In Japanese language ‘Tsunami’ means ‘harbour waves’.

      4 . Mention the different types of Chemical weathering.

      Answer: The different types of Chemical weathering are,

      1. Oxidation
      2. Carbonation
      3. Hydration
      4. Solution

      5. What are the Types of Glacier?

      Answer: The Types of Glacier are as follows.

      1. Glacier are Continental glaciers,
      2. Mountain or Alpine or Valley glaciers

      6. What are types of springs?

      Answer: The types of springs are as follows.

      1. Perennial spring
      2. Intermittent springs:
      3. Hot springs
      4. Geyser
      5. Artesian wells

      VI. Activities:

      1. Collect the different rocks from your environment.

      2. During a school excursion, observe how a waterfall is formed.

      8th Standard, Social, ECONOMICS, Chapter 14 – MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMICS

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      8th Standard, Social, ECONOMICS, Chapter 14

      MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMICS

      Exercises

      I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

      1. The word ‘Economics’ originates from the Greek words Oikos and Nomo. 

      2. Kautilya who was in the Mauryan court, wrote the book Arthashastra.

      3. The quality of the goods and services which can satisfy man’s wants is called utility.

      4. The physical and intellectual work that is done in return for money is called labour or work.

      II. Answer the following in a sentence each: 

      5. What is Economics?

      Answer: Economics is a Social Science. It deals with economic activities, problems of Individuals, business units, Society and that of the global economy.

      6.  Who is identified as the ‘Father of Economics’?

      Answer: Adam Smith is identified as the ‘Father of Economics’.

      7.  What are Economic Activities?

      Answer: We will have to do some work in order to earn money. Man makes use of his skills and labour to earn money, and satisfies his wants by utilizing that money. In order to earn money and wealth, and thereby to satisfy his wants, man engages himself in various activities. These activities are called economic activities.

      8. A student buys a pen and writes with it. What kind of economic activity is this?

      Answer: A student buys a pen and writes with it. This activity is called consumption activity.

      III. Answer the following in three or four sentences each:

      9.  What are man’s economic activities?

      Answer: Man’s economic activities can be classified into four different kinds. They are,

      1. Production Activities: Production activities are those that produce goods and services. For ex: Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Fishing, Mining, Forest Development, different kinds of industries, Transport, Communication etc.
      2. Consumption Activities: Goods and services are produced for consumption. Man satisfies his wants by buying goods and services. All these activities are known as consumption activities.
      3. Exchange Activities: The producers produce goods for the consumers. There is a marketing system to supply the produced goods to the consumers. In this system, activities of collection of goods, transportation, selling and buying take place.
      4. Distribution Activities: The income that is earned through the production of goods has to be distributed to the various factors of production that have enabled the production. This process involves activities undertaken to determine the price of the factors of production.

      10. Why do we need to study Economics?

      Answer: We need to study Economics. Because,

      1. Economics helps us to understand poverty, unemployment, economic inequality and other related problems that we get to see around us, and to find solutions for those problems.
      2. When we attempt to satisfy our unlimited wants through our limited income, problems of choice crop up. Economics enables us to find solutions in such situations. 
      3. When producers want to create goods and services, they face with questions like – what to produce? How to produce? Whom to produce for? At what price to produce? Knowledge of economics guides them in such situation.
      4. Economics identifies the reasons for the rise and fall of prices, and the results of such fluctuations. It provides ideas to bring stability in prices. 
      5. Land, water, forests, minerals and other natural resources are limited in quantity. Economics suggests ways to make use of these limited resources with care and efficiency, and also passes them on to the next generation.

      11. How has the meaning of Economics changed from time to time?

      Answer: The word Economics is derived from the Greek Words Oikos and Nomos. ‘Oikos’ means house and ‘Nomos’ means management. Hence Economics literally refers to ‘Management of a household’. However, It is not confined to the study of household management alone. The meaning and the subject matter of Economics has expanded enormously over the period of time.

      Additional Questions.

      1. What is Production Activity? Give Examples.

      Answer: Production activities are those that produce goods and services. For ex: Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Fishing, Mining, Forest Development, different kinds of industries, Transport, Communication etc.

      • What is consumption Activity?

      Answer: Goods and services are produced for consumption. Man satisfies his wants by buying goods and services. All these activities are known as consumption activities.

      • What is Exchange Activity?

      Answer: The producers produce goods for the consumers. There is a marketing system to supply the produced goods to the consumers is called Exchange Activity. In this system, activities of collection of goods, transportation, selling and buying take place.

      • What is Distribution Activity?

      Answer: The income that is earned through the production of goods has to be distributed to the various factors of production that have enabled the production is called Distribution Activity. This process involves activities undertaken to determine the price of the factors of production.

      IV. Activities:

      1.  List the economic activities of the members of your family are engaged in.

      Answer: The economic activities of the members of your family are as follows.

      1. Buying Stationary to children.

      2. Selling the crops to the market.

      3. Purchasing the household items.

      4. Buying food items, clothing etc.

      5. Exchanging the old items for new.

      2. Identify the various economic activities of the people around you or your village are engaged in.

      Answer: The various economic activities of the people around me or my village are engaged in are,

      1. Buying food items, clothing etc.

      2. Exchanging the old items for new.

      3. Selling the crops to the market.

      4. Selling the agricultural products

      5. Buying various agricultural equipment.

      6. Maintaining the vehicle and purchasing daily fuel.

      7. Selling the Milk to Milk society.

      3. List the goods that you consume every day.

      Answer: The goods that we consume everyday are,

      1. Pen. 2. Scooter 3. T. V

      4. Refrigerator 5. Washing machine 

      6. Mobile phone 7. Books 8. Combs 9. Basic food and water, 10. Hygiene products like soap and toothpaste, 11. Shelter and clothing. 12. Grains, pulses, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. 13. Notebooks, 14. Glasses, cups 15. Toilet paper, bleach 16. Fruits & Vegetables

      4. Observe how farmers decide to grow different types of crops.

      Answer: Farmers decide which crops to grow by evaluating land suitability (soil type, topography), climate (temperature, rainfall), water availability, and market demand and pricing. They also consider cost of production, financial incentives like government subsidies, pest management strategies such as crop rotation and the impact of their past experiences and neighbouring farmers’ practices.

      8th Standard, Social, BUSINESS studies, CHAPTER 15 – MEANING AND IMPORTANCE of BUSINESS STUDIES

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      8th Standard, Social, BUSINESS studies, CHAPTER-15

      MEANING AND IMPORTANCE of BUSINESS STUDIES

      Exercises

      I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

      1. The best example for Entrepot trade is Singapore and Middle East countries.

      2. Cottage industries are mainly concentrated in villages. 

      3. The manufacture of chemicals is carried out in small scale industries.

      4.  The sole objective of business should be earning reasonable profit.

      5. To safeguard the quality of goods Bureau of Indian standards institution has been started. 

      II . Answer each of the following questions in two to four sentences:

      6. Which are the different types of mobile shops?

      Answer: The different types of mobile shops are as follows. 

      1. Hawkers, 

      2. Peddlers, 

      3. Street vendors or footpath traders

      4. Market vendors.

      7.  Who are wholesalers?

      Answer: Wholesale traders buy goods in large quantity from producers and sell them to the retailers in small quantities. Generally, they deal with one or two types of goods.

      8. Name the three types of foreign trade.

      Answer: The three types of foreign trade are as follows.

      1. Export
      2. Import
      3. Entrepot

      9.  Mention the important goods produced by cottage and small scale industries.

      Answer: The important goods produced by cottage and small scale industries are as follows.

      Cottage industries: Carpentry, smithy, carpet weaving, pottery, blanket making, stone carving

      Small scale industries: Chemical industry, manufacture of engineering goods, shoes, bicycles, fans, radios, sewing machine, soaps, garments.

      10. Which organizations overcome the hindrance of place and risk?

      Answer: To overcome the hindrance of place the services of transportation are used. To overcome the hindrance of risk the services of Insurance companies are used.

      11. Mention the antisocial activities of traders to earn more profit.

      Answer: To earn more profits, some antisocial practices are followed, and some of them are-adulteration, charging excess or abnormal rates, using false weights and measures, creating artificial scarcity, hoarding the goods and carrying out black marketing etc.

      12. What are the steps taken by the government to overcome the anti-social practices in business?

      Answers: In our country the Government has introduced Public Distribution System to avoid anti-social practices. To maintain the standard of goods and essential commodities the government has opened an institution – Bureau of Indian standards. ISI and AGMARK marks are printed on goods and commodities to certify their quality etc. Every industrial product must have a seal on its cover pack, the quantity, the date of manufacture, date of expiry, Maximum retail price (MRP). It is a legal mandatory provision. Government has also opened Janatha bazaars, consumer co-operative societies etc. to supply essential commodities to the people. Despite these measures, business becomes public cheating, in the absence of business ethics.

      III . Answer each of the following questions in eight to ten sentences:

      13. What are the economic objectives of business?

      Answer: We are under the impression that earning profit is the main objective of business. But it is not so, the sole objective of business includes earning reasonable profit that is sufficient to enable the business to cover the costs and the business man to lead a normal comfortable life. Business supplies goods and services to the consumers and thus creates consumers. It uses the available resources to produce the goods that are sufficient to consumers. It produces such goods that are required according to the changes that take place from time to time. It brings changes in production by adopting new techniques. It also enables the consumers to know about the changes in products through advertisement.

      14. What are the social objectives of business?

      Answers: Business produces and supplies the goods that are required for the development of a nation. It provides employment to many and pays them fair wages and salaries and helps them to improve their standard of living. Business contributes its share the economic development of a nation by paying rates, taxes and duties. Business also contributes a fair share for the social welfare of the nation by starting and running of schools, colleges, hospitals, stadiums and also by maintaining public gardens etc.

      15. Mention the services rendered by retail traders.

      Answer: the services rendered by retail traders are as follows.

      1. They are the last connecting link in the distribution of goods.
      2. They supply variety of goods produced by different producers to the consumers.
      3. They store the goods to meet the demand of the consumers.
      4. They take the risk of loss in business or loss of goods.
      5. They grade the goods and supply according to the tastes of the consumers.
      6. They provide credit facilities to the consumers, give more information about the newly available goods in the market and suggest alternative goods for the particular goods that are not available.

      16. List out the different retail traders and write two/three sentences on each of them.

      Answer: List of the different retail traders are

      1. Permanent shops: They are opened at a fixed place and carry out trade.
      2. Itinerant or Mobile Traders: They do not have a fixed place to carry on their trade. The important among them are Hawkers, Peddlers, Street vendors and Market vendors.
      3. Hawkers: They carry goods on their heads, move from “door to door” and sell their goods. They generally sell only one or two type of goods. e.g. – Vegetables, fruits, flowers etc.
      4. Peddlers: They carry their goods on wheeled carts and sell them to the consumers at their doors. They generally sell more than one type of goods.
      5. Street vendors or footpath traders: They display goods in busy street corners or on pavements and sell them to the consumers.
      6. Market vendors: Weekly markets take place at villages or towns once in a week. Different traders take their goods to these markets and sell them to the consumers.

      17. Explain briefly the two types of Industries.

      Answer: The two types of Industries are Primary Industries and Secondary Industries.

      Primary Industries: Primary industries produce goods by using the natural resources. e.g. – agriculture, fishing, dairy farming, mining etc. These industries are further divided as: genetic industries and extractive industries.

      Secondary Industries: They are labour oriented industries. They are further divided into manufacturing industries and construction industries.

      18. What is the need of foreign trade to a country?

      Answer: No country in the world is self-sufficient in all the natural resources. Some countries have plenty of natural resources. Using the available natural resources they produce more goods than they require and the excess is exported to other countries. In the same way some countries have deficit of some natural resources and depend on other countries for their requirement and import them. Thus there is a great need for foreign trade. The need for foreign trade is increasing day by day. It also helps to foster friendship among the countries.

      Additional Questions

      1. What is cottage industry? Give example.

      Answer: Cottage industries are also called household industries. They are carried out by craftsmen in their own houses with the help of family members or apprentices (persons who like to learn work). Carpentry, smithy, carpet weaving, pottery, blanket making, stone carving etc. are some examples.

      • What is Small scale industry? Give example.

      Answer: These are organized on a small scale in a particular place (sheds). They use electric power and some machines. They employ labourers and adopt modern techniques. Chemical industry, manufacture of engineering goods, shoes, bicycles, fans, radios, sewing machine, soaps, garments are some examples for small scale industry.

      • What is foreign trade?

      Answer: The trade between two countries is called foreign trade.

      • Mention the activities of the wholesalers which helps retailers and consumers.

      Answer: The activities of the wholesalers are as follows.

      1. They help the retailers in many ways such as supplying goods to the retailers in small quantities.

      2. They provide credit facility to the retailers, whenever required.

      3. They advertise for goods on behalf of the retailers.

      4. They supply market trends to the retailers.

      5. They do not keep high margin of profit.

      6. They render some services to the producers such as market trends, prices and taste of the consumers.

      7. Advertise on behalf of the producers.

      8. They also provide storage facility for goods.

      IV. Activity: 

      1. Visit weekly market near your place and learn how buying and selling is carried on there and write an essay.

      8th Standard, English SL, Poem 3 – No Men are Foreign

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      8th Standard, English SL Poem 3

      No Men are Foreign

      Glossary:

      beneath all uniforms: all are one though appearances a single body breathes are different.

      peaceful harvests: to live with no hatred strength that can be 

      won by love: only love can win strength, not another form of strength.

      our hells of fire and dust :  reference to evil effects of war

      uniforms: note that the poet has soldiers in his mind.

      dispossess: to disown

      betray: to be disloyal

      condemn: to express a strong disapproval of some work

      arms:  fire arms

      defile:  make something impure

      outrage: a very wrong or cruel act 

      starved: to go without food

      long winter: winter which lasts for a long time; here it suggests hardship and suffering 

      C1 Answer the following questions and share your responses with your partner:

      1.   What does the poet remind us of in the first line of the poem?

      Answer: The poet remind us of in the first line of the poem that there is no men are strange in the world and there are no countries are foreign in the universe. 

      2. What, according to the poet, are we doing when we hate others?

      Answer: According to poet, we shall dispossess, betray and condemn them when we hate others.

      3. What are the two bad effects of war? Read lines 16 to 19 and answer. 

      Answer: The two bad effects of war are, 

      1. It will kills the innocent people.

      2. It will pollute the earth, air and water that is everywhere our own.

      3. Hatred between the people will increase.

      Read and Write:

      C2 Read and discuss your responses with your partner. Then write.

      1. How do you think we are all treated alike by nature?

      Answer: The nature providing the natural resources like Sunlight, air and water to all the people of the universe equally. There is no discrimination in nature. Everyone have the right to cultivate this land and produce the food to live in this world. That is how we are all treated alike by the nature. 

      2. Read the third stanza carefully. What message does the poet want to convey to us?

      Answer: ‘‘Everyone in the world like us. All the people have the eyes like ours that wake or sleep. We can won the hearts of our enemies by love. People have to free to live the common life in every land. This should be understand and recognize by all the people’’

      This message was the poet want to convey to us.

      3. Do you agree with the poet that we should wage no war? How do you justify that?

      Answer: Yes. I agree with the poet that we should wage no war. Because,

      1. It will kills the innocent people.

      2. It will pollute the earth, air and water that is everywhere our own.

      3. Hatred between the people will increase.

      4. Some are of the opinion that the poet might have written this poem after witnessing the bad effects of the Second World War. Mention some of the lines in the poem to support that opinion.

      Answer: Some are of the opinion that the poet might have written this poem after witnessing the bad effects of the Second World War. The lines in the poem to support that opinion are as follows.

      ( i) Like ours; the land our brothers walk upon

      ( ii) Beneath all uniforms, a single body breathes

      ( iii) Are fed by peaceful harvests, by war’s long winter starv’d,

      ( iv) Or sleep, and strength that can be won

      ( v) To hate our brothers, it is ourselves

      ( vi) Remember, we who take arms against each other

      ( vii) Our hells of fire and dust outrage the innocence

      5.   Briefly describe how a war spoils everything.

      Answer: War spoils everything by causing widespread destruction and suffering: it leads to death and injury for soldiers and civilians, destruction of cities and infrastructure, economic collapse, and severe mental health problems like depression. Millions of people will die or are injured and leaving families. War causes trauma, stress, and lasting mental health issues, such as depression, for those who experience it. Wars drain treasuries, destroy industries, and lead to economic crises, causing widespread poverty and rising prices. Food production is slowed, leading to starvation, and essential resources become scarce. Wars break down the social order, creating fear, hatred, and a sense of loss in communities. 

      Suggested Reading: My Greatest Olympic Prize – Jesse Owens

      8th Standard, Social Science, History, CHAPTER 5 – Sanatana Dharma

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      8th Standard, Social Science, History, CHAPTER 5

      Sanatana Dharma

      Exercises

      I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

      1. The meaning of the word Veda is knowledge.

      2. Most of the Upanishads are in the form of philosophical discussions.

      3. The auxiliary disciplines to understand the Vedas, its pronunciation and practice are Vedangas. 

      4. The great epics of India are Ramayana and Mahabharata.

      5. The pillars of Indian philosophy are the Darshanas.

      II Answer the following questions in brief:

      6. Name the Vedas.

      Answer: There are four Vedas available today. The name of the Vedas are as follows.  

      1. Rigveda
      2. Yajurveda
      3. Samaveda 
      4. Atharvaveda

      7.  What are the four divisions (Skandas) of the Vedas?

      Answer: The four divisions (Skandas) of the Vedas are, 

      1. Samhitha 
      2. Bramhana 
      3. Aaranyaka
      4. Upanishad 

      8. What is Smriti? Why they are also called Dharmasutras?

      Answer: Smriti means that which is remembered. These works of the post- Vedic period are called Smritis because they are reminiscent of the Vedas and the Upanishads. These are also called Dharmasutras, manuals on Dharma, because they give the rules of everyday life, the rules to lead a worldly life, its ethics and etiquette and the rules of good character and conduct.

      9.  Which are the important Darshanas?

      Answer: The six important Darshanas are as follows.

      1. Nyaya
      2. Vaisesika
      3. Saankhya
      4. Yoga
      5. Purva Mimamsa 
      6. Uttara Mimamsa

      10. How many major schools of ‘Agama traditions’ are there?

      Answer: There are three major schools in Agama traditions. They are

      1. Vaishnava
      2. Shaiva
      3. Shaakta  

      11. What is the message of the ‘Sanatana Dharma’?

      Answer: ‘Aano bhadrah kratavo yantu vishwatah’, a Vedic chant which means ‘Let good things flow to us from all sides of the universe’ is the message of Sanathana Dharma.

      Additional questions:

      1. The word ‘Sanatana’ means ‘most ancient’.
      2. The Vedas are called ‘Shrutis’, as this knowledge is heard and learned by the sages.
      3. The sage Krishnadwaipayana categorized the immeasurable cluster of Vedas and hence he was also called ‘Vedavyasa’
      4. The most ancient and influential among them is the Manusmriti.
      5. Smritis also includes Vedanga, Purana, Itihaasa and Darshanas.

      12. What is Vedanga? Mention the types of Vedanga.

        Answer: Vedangas are the auxiliary disciplines to understand the Vedas, its pronunciation and practice. They are Siksha (phonetics), Chandas (prosody), Vyakaran (grammar), Nirukta (etymology), Jyotishya (astrology) and Kalpa (religious practices).

        13. Which are the Sources of Sanatana Dharma?

        Answer: The Sources of Sanatana Dharma are as follows.

        1. Shrutis
        2. Smritis

        III Activities:

        1.  Listen to properly intonated Vedic chants. In which language are they composed? Collect information.

        2.  List out the values and messages written in the Upanishads.

        3.  Take the help of your teacher to know and collect at least five Shanti mantras and their meanings.

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