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10th Standard, Social, Geography CHAPTER 12 – INDIA – SOILS

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10th Standard, Social, Geography CHAPTER 12 – INDIA – SOILS

EXERCISES

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The soil deposited by rivers is called alluvial soil.

2. Black soil area is called Deccan Trap.

3. In Rajasthan Desert soil is also mainly found.

4. The widely spread soil in India is alluvial soil.

5. For growing ragi and oil seeds, Red soil is suitable.

II Answer the following questions in brief:

6. What are the types of soils found in India?

Answer: The types of soils found in India are, 

1. Alluvial soil 2. Black soil 3. Red soil 4. Laterite soil 5. Desert soil and 

6. Mountain soil.

7. What is meant by soil conservation? List out its methods.

Answer: Prevention of soil erosion and protecting the fertility of the soil is known as Conservation of Soil. Methods of soil conservation are as follows.

i. contour ploughing.

ii. constructrion of bunds around the agricultural land.

iii. development of terraced agricultural fields.

iv. prevention of deforestation 

v. encouragement of afforestation.

vi. control of livestock grazing. 

vii. planned use of water.

viii. construction of check dams etc.

8. What is soil erosion? What are the reasons for it?

Answer: Transportation of surface soil by various natural forces is called soil erosion. Running water, winds and sea waves are the main causes of soil erosion. 

The important reasons for soil erosion are,

1. Deforestation 2. Over grazing 3.Unscientific methods of cultivation. 4. Over irrigation 5. Briskly flowing water and floods. 6. Use of Top layer of the soil to manufacture of bricks, tiles and pots.

9. What are the effects of soil erosion?

Answer: The effects of soil erosion are,

1) Soil erosion leads to accumulation of silt in the river beds, thereby causing floods.

2) With accumulation of silt in river course changing direction of rivers course.

3) Due to accumulation of silt, the storage capacity of the reservoirs and lakes get reduced.

4) Due to soil erosion, the volume of water percolating down gets reduced. 

5) Due to this, natural springs dry up. 

6) As India is mainly dependent on agriculture, its productivity is reduced. 

10. Which types of soils are found in the Himalayan Mountains?

Answer: Mountain soils are found in the Himalayan Mountains. It contains plenty of decayed organic matter. This soil is found on the lower slopes of the mountains.

III Activities:

1. Visit the office of the Assistant Director of Agriculture in your taluk and make a list of the various kinds of soil found in the taluk and their uses.

2. By rearing animals does soil erosion occur? Discuss with your teacher.

Yes, animal rearing can contribute to soil erosion, primarily through overgrazing and the physical disturbance of soil by animal hooves and activities. When animals graze on vegetation, they can remove or damage the plants that help hold the soil in place, making it more vulnerable to erosion by wind and water. 

Animals create trails as they move across the land, which can become pathways for water and wind to erode the soil.

Grazing animals, if not managed properly, can consume plants faster than they can regrow, leading to a reduction in plant cover. This exposes the soil to wind and water, increasing the risk of erosion.

Additional questions and answers

  1. What are the main crops grown on Alluvial soil?

Answer: The main crops grown on alluvial soil are wheat, paddy, sugarcane, cotton and jute.

  • Name the areas which alluvial soils are found.

Answer: The areas which alluvial soils are found in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, Punjab, Haryana and Brahmaputra valley of Assam. Besides, Narmada and Tapti valley and the coastal plains on both sides of the peninsular plateau also have this kind of soils.

  • What are the other names of Black soil?

Answer: The other names of Black soil are Regur soil and Black Cotton soil.

  • Mention the areas which Black soils are found.

Name: The areas which Black soils are found in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Western areas of Andhra Pradesh and North Karnataka.

  • What are the major crops grown on Black soil?

Answer: The major crops grown on Black soil are Cotton, jowar, wheat, onion, chilli, tobacco, oil seeds, lemon and grapes.

  • Where is Red soil found? What are the major crops growing in this soil?

Answer: Red soil found in from Kanyakumari in the South to Jhansi in Madhya Pradesh in the North, from Gujarat’s Kutch area to Raj Mahal hills in the Jharkhand area.

The major crops growing in this type of soil are ragi, tobacco and oil seeds. Areas having irrigation facility grow paddy, sugarcane, cotton etc.

  • Laterite soil is found in which normal areas? Why it found there?

Answer: Laterite soil is found normally in the areas receiving more than 200 cms of rainfall. Because of having rainfall, the minerals of the soil get washed off leaving behind ferric oxide and aluminium in the surface soil.

  • Where is Laterite soil found? What are the major crops growing in this soil?

Answer: Laterite soil is extended over the Western Ghats, the Vindhyas, the Satpuras, the Rajmahal hills and Poorvachal region. It is suitable for the cultivation of coffee and tea and other plantation crops.

  • Where Desert soil is formed? Mention the crops growing n this soil?

Answer: Desert soil is formed in the regions of less rainfall and high temperature. It is distributed in the areas of North-west Rajasthan and adjoining areas of Punjab, Haryana, Kutch area of Western Gujarat and the Western parts of the Aravalli mountains. Jowar, Sajje and dates are grown in this soil.

  1. Where is Mountain soil found? What are the major crops growing in this soil?

Answer: Mountain soil found on the lower slopes of the mountains. Foothills of the Himalayas, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, West Bengal and other mountainous regions have this type of soil. The major crops growing in this soil are coffee, tea, spices and fruits.  

IV Project:

1. Take a small amount of soil from your neighbourhood or your farm and, with the help of your teacher, get it tested at a soil testing center. Learn about the suitability of that soil for various crops.

10th Standard, Social, Geography Chapter 11 – INDIA – SEASONS

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10th Standard, Social, Geography Chapter 11

INDIA – SEASONS

EXERCISES

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. Highest temperature region in the country is Ganganagar of Rajastan 

2. Due to local temperature winds convectional rainfall occurs.

3. The area receiving very less rainfall in our country is Ruyli of Jaisalmer district in Rajasthan.

4. The area receiving the highest rainfall in our country is Mawsynram region of Meghalaya. 

II. Answer the following questions in brief.

5. Which type of climate is experienced by India?

Answer: India has tropical monsoon type of climatic condition. In this type of climate, winds blow in opposite directions in different seasons.

6. What causes cyclonic winds to occur in India during the withdrawal of monsoons?

Answer: During Receding Monsoon Period, India receives about 13% of the annual rainfall, due to the differences in temperature and pressure of land and sea. Tropical Cyclones frequently occur in the Bay of Bengal during this season. They cause widespread damage along their path, particularly along the coast.

7.  Which factors influence the climate of India?

Answer: Latitude, height from the sea level, distance from the sea, direction of the winds, mountain ranges, ocean currents etc., are influence on the climatic condition of the country.

8.  ‘Indian agriculture gambling with the monsoon winds.’ Discuss.

Answer: The South-West monsoons control the agriculture of India which is the main occupation of Indians. Failure of rainfall leads to drought. When the monsoons are heavy there are floods they also cause to destruction to life and property. Hence it is said that Indian agriculture is a “gamble with the monsoons”.

III. Match the following.

A                                                          B

i. Kalabaisaki                                       a. Uttar Pradesh

ii. Andies                                             b. Karnataka

iii. Coffee blossom                              c. Kerala

iv. Mango showers                              d. Rajasthan

                                                            e. West Bengal

Answer:

i. Kalabaisaki                                       West Bengal

ii. Andies                                             Uttar Pradesh

iii. Coffee blossom                              Karnataka

iv. Mango showers                              Kerala

Additional Questions:

  1. What are the four seasons of Indian climate?

Answer: The four seasons of Indian climate are summer season, South-west Monsoon season, Retreating monsoon season, winter season.

2. The summer season begins from March and ends in May month in India.

3. The South-west Monsoon season begins from June and ends in September month in India.

4. The Retreating monsoon season begins from October and ends in November month in India.

5. The winter season begins from December and ends in February month in India.

6. South India is surrounded by water on three sides.

6. What are the other names of convectional rainfall in different state of India?

Answer: The other names of convectional rainfall in different state of India are, ‘Kala Baisakhi’ in West Bengal, ‘Andhis’ in Uttar Pradesh ‘coffee blossoms in karnataka’ and ‘mango showers’ in Kerala.

7. What is South-West Monsoon?

Answer: In India, the South-West Monsoons comprise the rainy season. These are called the South-West Monsoon winds.

8. Which are the states witnesses’ low temperature in winter season in India?

Answer: During winter season Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and the North Indian plains witness very low temperature.

9. What are the three divisions based on rainfall in India?

    Answer:  The three divisions based on rainfall in India are Low rainfall region, Moderate rainfall region and Heavy rainfall region.

    IV Activity:

    1. Draw a map of India and mark the distribution of rainfall.

    V Project:

    1. Learn from your teachers about the seasonal characteristics in your area.

    10th Standard, Social History Chapter – 4, OPPOSITION TO BRITISH RULE IN KARNATAKA AND WODEYARS OF MYSORE

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    10th Standard, Social History Chapter – 4

    OPPOSITION TO BRITISH RULE IN KARNATAKA AND WODEYARS OF MYSORE

    Exercises

    I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers

    1. The First Anglo-Mysore war took place between British and Hyder Ali 

    2. The Second Anglo-Mysore war ended with Mangalore treaty.

    3. Raja Wodeyar made Srirangapattana as his capital.

    4. Kittur Rani Chennamma adopted a boy named Shivalingappa

    5. Rayanna of Kittur state belonged to Sangolli village.

    6. Surapura is in the present district of Yadgiri.

    7. The Bedas of Halagali village of Bagalkote district rebelled against the British.

    8. The Amara Sullia rebellion was basically a farmer’s rebellion.

    II. Discuss in groups and answer later

    9. What are the achievements of Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar?

    Answer: Chikkadevaraja Wodeyarwas an efficient soldier and administrator. He checked the invasion of Shivaji at Madurai, Ikkeri and Bijapur. He captured Magadi, Madhugiri, Koratagere and other places. He purchased Bangalore from the Mughal military general. He had the titles like Karnataka ‘Kavichakravarthi’, ‘Aprathima veera’, ‘Thenkanaraja’ and ‘Navakoti Narayana’. He started the council of ministers (Athara Kacheri) to help in administration. The postal system came into being during his time. A dam was constructed across river cauvery and Chikka Devaraja and Dodda Devaraja Canal were also constructed for irrigation. He had patronised many poets like Thirumalarya, Sanchi Honnamma and so on.

    10. How did Hyder Ali come to power?

    Answer: The death of Chikkadevaraj Wodeyar in 1704 created various political challenges in Mysuru state. Hyder Ali gained prominence in this scenario of uncertainity that clouded over the Mysuru and carnatic region. Hyder Ali soon became popular in using arms and experiments. He undertook the invasion of the forces by active military operations and suppressed Dalvoys. He imprisoned Krishna Raja Wodeyar II and kept him under house arrest and took over the power. He became famous as Nawab Hyder Ali in a short time.

    11. What were the effects of Second Anglo-Mysore war?

    Answer: The effects of Second Anglo-Mysore war are,

    ( i) By entering into the ‘Salbai Agreement’, the British were successful in winning over the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad to their side.

    ( ii) Hyder Ali died due to illness during the war in 1782.

    ( iii) The British tried to take advantage of Hyder Ali’s death by invading Mangalore and Bidanoor.

    ( iv) The ‘Treaty of Mangalore’ ended the Second Anglo-Mysore War in 1784.

    ( v) Tippu Sultan decided to protect Mangalore and the coastal regions. He defeated the British.

    12. What were the conditions of Srirangapatanam treaty?

    Answer: The conditions of Srirangapatanam treaty are as follows.

    ( i) Tippu was forced to part with half of his kingdom.

    ( ii) Tippu was forced to pay three crore rupees as war damage fee and had to pledge two of his sons as a guarantee against the payment.

    ( iii) Tippu was also forced to release the prisoners of war.

    ( iv) The British withdrew the combined army from Srirangapatna.

    13. What were the achievement of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV?

    Answer: The achievement of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV are as follows.

    ( i) The progressive visionary of Krishna Raja Wodeyar IV had efficient administration of his Diwans made the Mysore State to become one of the leading provinces in the nation.

    ( ii) He abolished fees in all primary schools to develop primary education. He helped girls education. He started the University of Mysore and also started scholarship to the students continuing education in foreign countries.

    ( iii) New railway lines were laid. Many small and large scale industries were started. Among them the Iron and Steel Factory, Cement Factory, Paper mills at Bhadravathi, Sugar Factory at Mandya. Sandal oil factory at Mysore, Soap factory at Bangalore. Chemical and Fertilisers factory at Belagola and so on.

    ( iv) In 1909 the Indian Institute of Science was established at Bangalore with the help of Tata.

    ( v) Special attention was given to the development of Irrigation. A barrage was constructed across Cauvery near Belagola.

    ( vi) Reforms in Gold mines, establishment of colleges, construction of Marikanive reservoir, Railways, Hospitals and Hydro electric project across Cauveri at Shivanasamudra were started.

    ( vii) Electricity was supplied to Kolar Gold mines and to Bangalore. The first city to be electrified in India was Bangalore.

    ( viii) Mysore became a ‘Model State’ due to his administration. Mahatma Gandhiji called him ‘Rajashri’.

    14 The Fourth Anglo Mysore strengthened the position of the British in Mysore. Discuss. 

    Answer: The political activities against Tippu Sultan became intensified during the period of Lord Wellesley. Tippu’s attempt to form an alliance of local rulers and his closeness with the French angered Lord Wellesley further. Tippu sent an ambassador to France to seek the alliance of the French. This enraged the British. They thought that an alliance between France and Tippu Sultan would threaten the existence of the British in India. Another treaty, Subsidiary Alliance containing inhuman and impractical conditions was forced upon Tippu Sultan. Tippu rejected this. His refusal started the Fourth Anglo Mysore War.

    The war started in 1799. The British were able to destroy the strong fort. Tippu died while fighting the British in 1799. With the death of Tippu Sultan, the British were happy as if the whole India came under their rule. Most of the territories under Tippu’s rule was shared among the British, the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad.

    15. Explain the method of resisting the British power by Dondiya Wagh.

    Answer: In 1779 Dondiya Wagh started his career as a cavalry soldier in Hyder Ali’s army and grew to the position of a military general. He built his own private army and fought along with Tippu Sultan. He built a small army and started his operations. He organized the army with the unhappy soldiers of Tippu’s army and the feudatory rulers who had lost power. He captured Bidanoor and Shivamogga forts and made unsuccessful attempt to capture Chitradurga fort.

    An attack was organized by Lord Wellesley on Shivamogga, Honnali, Harihara and other places under the control of Dondiya. Dondiya lost his base. After the capture of Shikaripura, Dondiya ran away towards Gutti, which was under the control of the Nizam of Hyderabad. When the Nizam’s army attacked Gutti, Dondiya had to run towards the regions of the Marathas. The Maratha army attacked him and captured most of his horses, camels and arms. In spite of these, he continued his war fare. Dondiya had recaptured Shikaripura fort and he was scattered by the British army again. The British tried to defeat the army of Dondiya which used to move in the area between Tungabadhra and Malaprabha. They attacked him from all the directions. The British attacked him near Yapalaperavi and killed him at Konagal.

    16.  Explain the method adopted by Rayanna to fight the British.

    Answer: Sangolli Rayanna fought for the independence of Kittur and felt it was his duty to liberate his motherland. He fought against the British and was imprisoned along with Rani Chennamma. He was later released by the British. There are many oral histories about Rayanna. He developed a sense of nationalism and went on organizing an army. He organized secret meetings at sensitive places. He aimed at looting the treasury and taluk offices of the British. He had an army of five hundred men. He became furious with the villagers who were assisting the British army. The British devised a cunning strategy to capture Rayanna. An Amaldar named Krishnaraya joined hands with them. Thus, Rayanna was cunningly captured and brought down to Dharwad. Many of his soldiers surrendered after his arrest. He was declared as a main offender and was hanged to death at Nandagadh on 26th January in 1831.

    17. Explain the contributions of Puttabasappa of Kodagu in the freedom struggle.

    Answer: It is interesting to note that a farmer named Puttabasappa, as Kalyanaswamy. This Puttabasappa later presented himself as Swami Aparampara. This also notes the fluid nature of the rebellion. Puttabasappa took over the leadership of the rebellion. The rebellion started in the hilly region. Puttabasappa organized the rebels and calmed down the people. He declared that tax on tobacco and salt will be withdrawn, if the rebel government assumed power. The rich farmers, land owners and local chieftains were assured of this move. The capture of the government office in Bellare was the first move in this rebellion. Puttabasappa killed an Amaldhar who was known for his brutality. This further increased the popularity of Puttabasappa. This incident gained more support for the rebellion and the rebellion became more famous. The rebels marched towards Mangalore to capture it. The British were engaged in fortifying their fort in Mangalore. The rebels marched towards Mangalore through Panemangalore and Bantwal. They looted the treasury and prison of Bantwal.

    The British sought the army of Thalacheri, Cannanore and Bombay to quell this uprising. On hearing this development, Puttabasappa and his associates fled towards Sullia. The British captured them with the help of people in Kodagu. Puttabasappa, Lakshmappa, Bangarasa, Kedambadi Ramayiah Gowda and Guddemane Appaiah were hanged to death.

    18. Discuss the Surapura rebellion in brief. 

    Answer: Surapura is at fifty kilometers from the present day Yadgir district. Venkatappa came to the throne after the death of his father Krishna Nayaka. His ascendance to throne was opposed by Krishna Nayaka’s brother Peddanayaka. This resulted in internal struggles. The British interfered in the affairs of Surapura. In 1842, they appointed Meadows Taylor as their Resident and gained proxy power over Surapura. The British government was observing the various developments of Surapura. In 1857, it came to the notice of government that the representatives of Nana Saheb were present in Surapura. This made the British suspicious of King’s intentions. The British appointed an officer named Campbell to report on the various activities of the King. The officer submitted a report to the resident of Hyderabad that the King is involved in maladministration.

    Venkatappa Nayaka is usually presented as the leader of 1857 revolt in Karnataka by the historians. The British army captured Surapura in 1858. The war continued, there is confusion regarding Venkatappa Nayaka’s end.

    III. Activities

    1. Read books on Sangolli Rayanna.

    2. Collect more information on the life history of Rani Chennamma.

    IV. Projects:

    1. Organize a study tour to Surapura. Visit the fort and observe the speciality of the guest house built during the British period. 

    2. Collect information on Mysore Palace.

    10th Standard, Social History, Chapter – 3, The Impact of the British Rule in India

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    10th Standard, Social History, Chapter – 3

    The Impact of the British Rule in India

    Exercises

    I. Fill in the following blanks with suitable answers:

    1. Diwani Adalat in civil court was introduced by Warren Hastings

    2. The post of Superintendent of Police was created by Lord Cornwallis

    3. The Permanent Zamindari system was introduced in Bengal and 

    Bihar provinces in 1793.

    4. The Land tax system introduced by Alexander Reed is Ryotwari System

    5. The report given by Macaulay became the base of modern education system.

    6. The Regulating Act was implemented in the year 1773.

    II. Discuss and answer the following questions:

    7. Illustrate the judicial system formulated through The British East India Company.

    Answer: A new Judicial System started finding roots when the British rule began taking over from the Mughal rule. After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam handed over the ‘Diwani Rights’, the authority to collect land taxes to the British. With this, Dual-Administration came into effect in Bengal region. This is also called as ‘Dual-Governance’. Later on the British thought of bringing more centralized judicial system in India. With the implementation of this system, the British overtook the authority of the Mughal and established their supremacy in India. This was attained by implementing new Judicial System in India. According the administrative plan devised by Warren Hastings who took over the administration as Governor in 1772, two types of courts were needed to be established in each district: ‘A Diwani Adalat’ as a civil court and ‘Nijamat Adalat’ as a criminal court. In these civil courts Hindus were dispensed justice as per the Hindu scriptures and the Muslims as per the Shariyat. Slowly, the British legal procedures were introduced in the criminal courts. Civil courts came under the administration of European officers. Though the criminal courts were under the control of ‘Qajis’, they were functioning under the supervision of European officers.

    8. What were the measures undertaken at the time of the British in Police system?

    Answer: The Police were in charge of maintaining the internal law and order situation. Lord Cornwallis implemented the efficient Police System in India for the first time. He created the new post of Superintendent of Police (SP). He divided a district into many ‘Stations’ in 1793 and put every station under a ‘Kotwal’. Similarly he put every village under the care of ‘Chowkidhar’. ‘Kotwal’ was made accountable for thefts, crimes and other law violations at village level. The severe drought of 1770 led to a weak law and order situation. Hence, the entire police system was brought under the control of the British Officers. The system of appointing British Magistrates started in 1781. The Police Officers were under the power of the Magistrates. The Police system underwent continuous changes. In 1861, the Indian Police Act was implemented. This law became the base of good law and order as well as administration. But, Indians were not appointed for the post of officers. In 1902, the Police Commission allowed the appointment of suitable Indians qualified for the post of the police officers. In spite of all these measures, the discrimination against the Indians did not end.

    9. British land tax system made the Indian farmers to “born in debt, lived in debt and died in debt”. How? 

    Answer: Though the small farmers were given land ownership, they were subjected to more suffering due to heavy land taxes. The officials took punitive actions to collect land taxes. The farmers had to borrow from the money lenders whenever the crops failed. They had to sell their lands whenever they failed to repay the loans. Though the British East India company government claimed that the new system benefit the farmers, the irony was that more farmers had to lose their lands due to its implementation. According to Charles Metcalf, “the Indian farmers were born in debt, lived in debt and died in debt due to the land tax policies of the British”.

    10. What were the main aspects of Ryotwari system?

    Answer: The Ryotwari System was first implemented in Baramahal region by Alexander Reed in 1792. This system was later implemented in Madras and Mysore region by Thomas Munroe in 1801. Most of these regions had become part of British Empire by that time. 

    Under this system, both the farmer and the British East India company were directly linked. The tiller of the land was recognized as the owner of the land. The owner had to pay fifty percent of produce as land tax to the British East India company government. The land tax had thirty years tenure. The tax could be reviewed after this tenure. 

    11. What were the effects of British Land taxes?

    Answer: The Impact of British Land Tax system are,

    1. A new class of Zamindars who exploited the farmers was created.

    2. The farmers who were subjected to the exploitation of the Zamindars, became landless slowly.

    3. Land became a commodity. Loans could be raised by mortgaging the lands. 

    4. Many Zamindars also had to mortgage their lands in order to pay the land taxes.

    5. The Agriculture sector became commercialized and had to grow raw materials needed by industries back in England.

    6. The money lenders became strong.

    12. Make a list of the effects of British Education in India.

    Answer: The effects of British Education in India are,

    1. Indians could develop modernity, secularism, democratic attitudes and rationality along with Nationalistic ideals. 

    2. Impetus was received for the local literature and languages. This facilitated unity in thinking process among the educated class.

    3. Periodicals started emerging. These scrutinized the policies and working of the government which in turn enabled the Indians to have critical opinions on various issues.

    4. New social and religious reformation movements emerged.

    5. The thoughts of thinkers like J.S. Mill, Rousseau and Montesquieu brought fresh thinking in the mind of educated youth of India. 

    6. The freedom struggles that were taking place across the globe influenced the Indians also.

    7. Indians could understand and appreciate their rich tradition.

    13. What were the restrictions imposed in Regulating Act?

    Answer: Main restrictions imposed in Regulating Act are as follows.

    1. Before the implementation of the act, there were three presidencies under British rule. They are: Bengal, Madras and Bombay. All these three were independent administrative units. Under Regulating Act, the Bengal Presidency gained control over the other two presidencies.

    2.  The Governor of Bengal became the Governor General of all the three presidencies.

    3.  The Governor General was authorized to direct, exercise control and to supervise over the other two presidencies.

    4. The Bombay and Madras presidencies could not declare war on anyone or enter into peace agreements without prior approval of the Governor General of Bengal Presidency and the Board of Directors of the British East India Company. Only during acute emergencies, they were entitled to act independently.

    5. According to this Act, Supreme Court was established in Calcutta. In this central court, one Chief Justice and three ordinary judges were officiating.

    14. What were the important features of the Indian government act of 1858?

    Answer: the important features of the Indian government act of 1858 are as follows.

    1. The license of The British East India Company was cancelled and India was brought under the direct administration of the Queen.

    2. The post of Governor General was changed into ‘Viceroy’. Lord Canning became the first Viceroy of India.

    3. A new post called ‘Secretary of State for India’ was created in the British government. The secretary was part of British cabinet and was responsible for the administration of India. 

    4. A Council of India was created in order to assist the secretary in the administration. The council had fifteen members.

    15. How does the India Government Act of 1935 become the base of Indian Constitution?

    Answer: Most the provisions in the Indian Constitution are based on this act. This act allowed the formation of fully responsible government by Indians. This act was applicable both to the Indian principalities and also to the British India regions. The following were the important features of this act:

    1. A federal system of Indian Principalities, British governed regions and dominion states was formed.

    2. Reserve Bank of India were established.

    3. Dyarchy was established at the centre.

    4. Dyarchy was abolished at the provincial level and autonomy was granted.

    5. The Federal Court was established.

    16. What were the important features of 1919 Act? 

    Answer:  The following were the important features of 1919 act.

    1. Act formulated Bi-Cameral legislative body. Lower House and Upper House were formed.

    2. Dyarchy was allowed at provincial governments.

    3. A high commissioner was appointed for India.

    4. Promised to improve local self government.

    5. Provincial budget was separated from central budget.

    6. ‘Separate Electoral College’ was extended for Muslims, Sikhs, Anglo-Indians and Europeans.

    Additional Questions and Answers

    1. British implemented ‘Divide and Rule’ policy among the Indian rulers and slowly dominated all the rulers and subjugated them.
    2. At that time, India was devoid of One Nation Concept and was scattered into various kingdoms.
    3. Lord Cornwallis introduced the administration of civil services.
    4. In 1800, Lord Cornwallis opened Fort William College in Calcutta to provide education for the benefit of people aspiring to join Civil Services.
    5. Dual-Administration came into effect in Bengal region is also called as ‘Dual-Governance’.
    6. Two types of courts were needed to be established in each district: ‘A Diwani Adalat’ as a civil court and ‘Nijamat Adalat’ as a criminal court.

    7. What is Permanent Zamindari System?

    Answer: Lord Cornwallis implemented a new land tax policy in Bengal during 1793 in order to generate steady revenue annually. This was called Permanent Zamindari System. Under this system, Zamindar became the land owner.

    8. The expansion of the British Education India received special support after the appointment of Lord William Bentinck in 1828 C.E as the Governor General of India.

    9. The Governor General Lord Dalhousie established Universities in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras as per the suggestions of Charles Wood’s Commission (1854).

    10. What are the main aspects of Charter Act 1833?

    Answer: the main aspects of Charter Act 1833 are as follows.

    1. The Governor General of Bengal was named as the Governor General of India.

    2. The Governor General was vested with powers to direct, control and supervising all trades in India.

    3. The Central Government of Bengal had the final right to decide on issues like war, peace and diplomatic relationship with the princely states of India.

    4. The Governor General was mandated to put his difference of opinion with Executive Committee members in writing whenever he differed with the majority opinion.

    5. The Act barred any discrimination based on religion, birth and skin colour.

    6. The Governor General was mandated to appoint a law professional as member to his executive committee.

    7. All British Companies were allowed to have trade relationship in India.

    11. What are the important features of Indian Government Act 1858?

    Answer: The important features of Indian Government Act 1858 are as follows.

    1. The license of East India Company was cancelled and India was brought under the direct administration of the Queen.
    2. The post of Governor General was changed into ‘Viceroy’. Lord Canning became the first Viceroy of India.
    3. A new post called ‘Secretary of State for India’ was created in the British government. The secretary was part of British cabinet and was responsible for the administration of India.
    4. A Council of India was created in order to assist the secretary in the administration. The council had fifteen members.

    12 . What are the important features of Indian Councils Act of 1909?

    Answer: The following were the important features of this Act:

    1. The total number of central legislature members were increased to 60 from 16.
    2. The number of council members were also increased in the provinces.
    3. The members for the legislature was allowed through election for the first time.
    4. In order to provide separate representation for Muslims, ‘Separate Electorate College’ was created.

    13. What are the important features of Indian Councils Act of 1935?

    Answer: the important features of Indian Councils Act of 1935 were as follows.

    1. A federal system of Indian Principalities, British governed regions and dominion states was formed.
    2. Reserve Bank of India were established.
    3. Dyarchy was established at the centre.
    4. Dyarchy was abolished at the provincial level and autonomy was granted.
    5. The Federal Court was established.

    III. Activities:

    1. The British created a friendly environment for themselves by implementing administrative reforms in India. Organize a debate competition on this topic. 

    2. Collect information on various other laws implemented by the British apart from those discussed in lesson with the help of your teacher.

    9th Standard, Social, History CHAPTER – 3, RELIGIOUS REFORMERS OF INDIA

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    9th Standard, Social, History CHAPTER – 3

    RELIGIOUS REFORMERS OF INDIA

    EXERCISES

    I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

    1. Shankaracharya was born at Kaladi in Kerala.

    2. “The world is an illusion, Brahma alone is the Truth”. This was propounded by Shankaracharya. 

    3. Ramanujacharya’s disciples are called Shrivaishnavites.

    4. Proponent of Dwaita philosophy is Madhwacharya.

     II. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group:

    5. Who is the proponent of Advaita philosophy?

    Answer: Madhwacharya is the proponent of Advaita philosophy.

    6. Which is the philosophy advocated by Ramanujacharya?  What is their sect called? 

    Answer: The philosophy advocated by Ramanujacharya is ‘Vishishtadvaita’. Their sect is called ‘Shrivaishnavism’.

    7. Name the books written by Ramanujacharya. 

    Answer: Ramanujacharya wrote Vedanta Sangraha, Vedantasara, Vedanta Deepika, Shribhasya and in his famous work ‘Geethabhashya’, he emphasized the importance of devotion.

    8. Which are the tenets advocated by Madhwacharya?

    Answer: According to Madhwacharya, the world is not maya or illusion. It is as true as Paramatma or the Divine Soul. Between these, the Divine soul is independent and the rest of the world is illusionary. The Divine soul and the human soul have a Lord and Servant relation. Lord Vishnu or Narayana alone is supreme. Worship of Lord Vishnu can elevate the human soul and thus enable it to attain moksha.

    9. Name the books written by Shankaracharya. 

    Answer: The books written by Shankaracharya are Shankarabhasya, Anandalahari, Soundaryalahari, Shivanandalahari, Vivekachoodamani, Prabuddasudhakara and Dakshinamurthy stotra. His hymn Bhajagovindam is very famous.

    10. What were the welfare measures of Basavanna?

    Answer: Basavanna condemned the rituals, superstition and blind beliefs which was in practice then. He was instrumental in bringing economic, social and religious reforms in the society. He established ‘Anubhava Mantapa’ known as the world’s first parliament at Basava Kalyana of present Bidar district. Basavanna worked for the reformation of the soul along with the reformation of the society. Basavanna propounded the idea of one God in the form of Istalinga with the concept of ‘body as temple’, and ‘Awareness as Guru’. He believed that compassion (daya) is the base of Dharma and stressed non-violence. He brought out new concepts like work (Kayaka), charity (Dasoha) and Istalinga. Through these concepts, Basavanna established equal and secular society devoid of discrimination of gender and caste in Kalyana. Vachanas were written in the backdrop of spiritual growth and welfare of the world. 

    11. Which followers were with Basavanna during the Vachana movement?

    Answer: Vachana movement united the followers of Basavanna irrespective of their caste, class, colour and gender. Prominent Vachanakaras are Satyakka, Aydakki Lakkamma, Siddarama, Channa Basavanna, Molige Maraiah, Ambigara Chowdaiah, Madiwala Machaiah, Madara Chennaiah, Samagara Haralaiah, Kinnari Bommaiah and others.

    12. What is the meaning of ‘Kayave Kailasa’ propagated by Basavanna?

    Answer: ‘The eternal shall perish, the transient will stay on’, ‘‘Body is abode of Lord Shiva’’ (Kayave Kailasa), thus said Basavanna, stressing on ‘Kaya’ and upheld the principle of work culture. He also declared there is no superiority or inferiority in work.

    Additional Questions and Answers:

    1. Who were the Acharyathrayas?

    Answer: Shankaracharya, Madhwacharya and Ramanujacharya are called Acharyathrayas.

    • The human soul has no separate existence and he expressed this fact in the phrase ‘Aham Brahmasmi’.
    • Shankaracharya travelled from Kanyakumari to Kashmir on foot and propagated his Advaitha philosophy.
    • Ramanujacharya travelled to Srirangam and became the Peethadheesha of that mutt.
    • What are the teachings of Ramanujacharya?

    Answer: Ramanujacharya taught that life and nature were controlled by Brahma. Atma and Paramatma cannot exist at the same time. Devotion and surrender (prapatti) were essential for attaining moksha. Ramanujacharya condemned casteism and taught the path of devotion to people of all castes. He advised that we should give up our desires and surrender to God. He advocated attainment of nirvana through the path of devotion.

    • Madhwacharya independently gained great knowledge about the religious scriptures and defeated his guru in debate.
    • Name the books written by Madhwacharya. 

    Answer: The books written by Madhwacharya are Geetabhashya, Geetatatparya nirnaya, Mahabharata tatparya nirnaya, Vishnutatva nirnaya, Bhagawata tatparya nirnaya, Sutrabhashya, Mayavadakhandana etc.

    • Government of Karnataka, while unveiling the portrait of Vishwaguru Basavanna declared him as the ‘Cultural Leader of Karnataka’.

    III. Activities:

    1. Collect all Vachanas of the important vachanakras, present them before a group and comment on them.

    2. Collect the portraits of the contemporary Vachanakaras of Basavanna.

    Answer: The contemporary Vachanakaras of Basavanna are, Akkamahadevi, Allama  prabhu, Urilinga Peddigala Punya Stri Kalavve, Madivala Machideva, Madaar Channayya, Dohar Kakkayya, Hadapad Rechanna, Ambigar Choudayya etc. 

    3. Conduct Vachana Singing competition.

    IV. Projects:

    1. With the help of your teacher, write an essay on Dwaita and Adwaita philosophy.

    Answer:

    Dwaita: Madhwacharya advocated Dwaitha philosophy. According to this philosophy, the human soul and the Divine soul are separate. According to Madhwacharya, the world is not maya or illusion. It is as true as Paramatma or the Divine Soul. Between these, the Divine soul is independent and the rest of the world is illusionary. The Divine soul and the human soul have a Lord and Servant relation. Lord Vishnu or Narayana alone is supreme. Worship of Lord Vishnu can elevate the human soul and thus enable it to attain moksha. Prominent among the disciples of Madhwacharya who propagated the Dwaitha philosophy are Padmanabhateertha, Narahariteertha, Vijayendrateertha and Vadirajateertha.

    Adwaita: Shankaracharya was born in the village Kaladi in Kerala in a Namboodari Brahmin family. Shankaracharya studied the Upanishads and Brahmasutras in depth and propagated the Advaitha philosophy. According to this, Brahma is the absolute truth, the rest of the world is false. The soul is one with Brahma, and life is not separate from Brahma. The world is maya, an illusion; Brahma is the absolute truth. People are ignorant; they are not aware of the illusionary nature of the world. They are also not aware that Brahma is the only Truth. Hence we should go on the path of knowledge, and realize the nature of the world. Ultimately, we should merge our ‘atma’ (soul) with the absolute truth, Brahma. Only then we can attain moksha (liberation). In this manner, Shankaracharya taught the path of knowledge. Shankaracharya travelled from Kanyakumari to Kashmir on foot and propagated his Advaitha philosophy. In order to spread the message of his philosophy, he established peethas (institutions) in all the four directions.

    2. Invite the local vachana singers and have them sing various vachanas.

    8th Standard, English First Language, SUPPLEMENTARY READING SECTION 17, KING SINDBAD AND HIS FALCON

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    8th Standard, English First Language SUPPLEMENTARY READING – SECTION 17

    KING SINDBAD AND HIS FALCON

    Extract from Arabian Nights.

    Pre-reading task:

    Read the following questions and answer:

    1. Do you like pets?

    Answer: Yes, I like pets.

    • Name the pets that you have in your home.

    Answer: Pinki and Chunki

    • What are the facilities provided to these pets?

    Answer: Milk, Food and play

    • How do you take care of the pets?

    Answer: bathing, medicine when they sick.

    • How do masters often punish pets that disobey them?

    Answer: Don’t punish, teach them.

    Glossary :

    subordinate : lower in rank or position

    valley : a low area between hills

    prey : an animal hunted and killed by another for food

    maze : a complicated network of paths

    thwart : prevent from succeeding

    murmur : something that is said quietly

    accomplish : achieve or complete successfully

    talons : the claws of a bird of prey

    wander : walk or move in a casual way

    gauntlet : a strong glove with long loose wrists

    annoy : make slightly angry

    slake : satisfy

    viper : a poisonous snake

    repent : feel regret or sorry 

    gasp : a sudden catching of breath

    saddle : a seat with a raised ridge at the front and back, fastened on to the back of a horse for riding

    I. Comprehension:

    A. Answer in two – three sentences each:

    1. Who was Sindbad? What was he fond of?

    Answer: Sindbad was a king. The king was very fond of racing and hunting.

    2. What had the king brought up? What did he tie around its neck? Why?

    Answer: The king had brought up a falcon as his pet. The king had a golden cup tied around her neck to provide her drink during hunting.

    3. What did the falcon suggest to the king one day?

    Answer: One day when the king was sitting in his palace in a leisurely mood, the falcon suggest that, ‘the time is suitable for hunting now’.

    4. How did the king threaten the hunting troop?

    Answer: The king threatened the hunting troop “Beware! Whoever allows the gazelle to escape from here, will be punished to death”. 

    5. Why does the falcon upset the cup with the “dripping liquid”?

    Answer: The falcon upset the cup with the “dripping liquid” because that liquid was the poison of Viper.

    6. When did the falcon succumb to death? 

    Answer: As soon as the king reached the camp and sat comfortably, the falcon, which was bearing the pain till then, suddenly gasped and succumbed to death.

    7. What was the king’s reaction?

    Answer: The repentant king cried aloud to lose his faithful companion who had saved his life.

    B. Answer in three – four sentences each:

    1. How did the king look after the falcon?

    Answer: The king look after the falcon like his own family member. Wherever the king went, the bird went with him. Even at night, the falcon stayed with him on his fist. The king had a golden cup tied around her neck to provide her drink during hunting.

    2. How did the gazelle escape?

    Answer: The net was lifted by the king’s hunting troop from all the sides. Gradually, they began narrowing the net circle to trap the gazelle. She too moved towards the king and stood on her hind legs. She then lifted her forelegs up to her breast, suddenly jumped above the head of the king, and escaped out of the maze, thus thwarting the whole effort.

    3. How did the falcon help the king to kill the gazelle?

    Answer: The falcon, the king’s hunting mate, flew high up and traced the fleeing gazelle. She at once swooped down and blinded the gazelle with her talons. The king immediately struck his mace at the blinded gazelle and ended the matter forever. 

    4. Why did the king take out the cup?

    Answer: The King took out the cup for filing the water in the cup for falcon. It was mid-day, the king and his horse were thirsty. As his falcon was very thirsty, the king took out the cup from her neck and filled it with the dripping liquid. He then placed the cup in front of the falcon.

    5. What activity of the falcon made the king become furious?

    Answer: The King placed the cup in front of the falcon. But surprisingly enough, the falcon overturned the cup instead of drinking it. The king picked up the cup, filled it again and placed in front of the falcon. But the falcon upset it again with her talons. Next time, he filled the cup with the dripping liquid and placed it in front of his horse. However, annoyingly enough, the falcon hastily upset it again. This activity of the falcon made king became furious.

    6. Why did the king cut off the wings of the falcon?

    Answer: The King placed the cup in front of the falcon. But surprisingly enough, the falcon overturned the cup instead of drinking it. The falcon did this again and again. The king filled the cup with the dripping liquid and placed it in front of his horse. The falcon upset it again. This action of the falcon made king furious and he cut off the wings of the falcon.

    7. What did the falcon indicate to the king?

    Answer: The falcon indicated the king to look up by raising her head. The king’s eye’s followed the falcon. He saw a poisonous viper lying up above the tree. The liquid, which he mistook as water, was drops of the snake’s poison.

    8. How did the king’s men trap the gazelle?

    Answer: His men formed a circular shroud of a net intended for the victim. Soon, a gazelle was trapped within the net. The net was lifted by the king’s hunting troop from all the sides. Gradually, they began narrowing the net circle to trap the gazelle. That is how the king’s men trap the gazelle.

    9. Why did the falcon upset the cup again and again?

    Answer: The falcon saw the Viper which is laying down the branch of a tree.   The water was seen dripping through the leaves of that tree. The king collected the dripping water and offered falcon to drink.  The liquid king offered her is poison of a snake. That is why the falcon upset the cup again and again.

    10. Why did the king repent?

    Answer: The king has repented because he lost his faithful friend falcon from his own mistake and foolishness. The repentant king cried aloud to lose his faithful companion who had saved his life. The falcon saved king from the poison of Snake. But the king misunderstood falcon and killed the faithful bird. This was the reason for repent of king.

    11. Why did the king call his pet unlucky and foolish thing?

    Answer: The falcon not willing to slake his thirst, nor was he allowing the horse to drink it. That is why king called his pet falcon as unlucky and foolish thing. The king called his pet unlucky because he decided punish the arrogance of falcon.

    12. How did the falcon save the king’s life?

    The falcon save the king’s life by sacrificing himself. It was mid-day, after successful hunting the king and his horse were thirsty. The king went further in search of water. In a place, where water was seen dripping through the leaves of a tree. As his falcon was very thirsty, the king took out the cup from her neck and filled it with the dripping liquid and placed the cup in front of the falcon. The falcon overturned the cup instead of drinking it. The falcon know that the water dripping from leaves is poison of a snake. Therefore the falcon didn’t allowed horse to drink the liquid. The falcon upset the liquid cup again and not allowed anybody to drink the poison. The king became furious and chopped off the wings of the falcon. Finally king realised the truth, but it was late. That is how the faithful bird falcon saved king’s life and dead.

    C. Answer the following questions in six – eight sentences each:

    1. How did the king look after the pet falcon?

    Answer: The king look after the pet falcon like his family member. The king had brought up a falcon as his pet. Wherever the king went, the bird went with him. Even at night, the falcon stayed with him on his fist. The king had a golden cup tied around her neck to provide her drink during hunting. Sometimes the pet may be a good counsellor to the king. However, one day when the king was sitting in his palace in a leisurely mood the falcon suggests to the king that it was the good time for hunting. The king liked her suggestion. He ordered his subordinates to make the necessary arrangements for the hunt. The king set out hunting with the falcon on his fist.

    2. How did the king hunt the gazelle?

    Answer: Gazelle lifted her forelegs up to her breast, suddenly jumped above the head of the king, and escaped out of the maze. The king galloped on his horse, on the route that the gazelle had fled. The falcon, the king’s hunting mate, flew high up and traced the fleeing gazelle. She at once swooped down and blinded the gazelle with her talons. The king immediately struck his mace at the blinded gazelle and ended the matter forever. He then cut the gazelle’s throat, removed its skin from the body, and hung the spoils on the saddle.

    3. What made the king cry aloud?

    Answer: The king was annoyed at the falcon’s strange behaviour. Next time, he filled the cup with the dripping liquid and placed it in front of his horse, the falcon hastily upset it again. The furious king took out his sword and chopped off the wings of the falcon. She then indicated the king to look up by raising her head. The king’s eye’s followed the falcon. He saw a poisonous viper lying up above the tree. The liquid, which he mistook as water, was drops of the snake’s poison. The king was very remorseful for cutting off the wings of his loyal and beloved falcon. As soon as the king reached the camp and sat comfortably, the falcon, which was bearing the pain till then, suddenly gasped and succumbed to death. The repentant king cried aloud to lose his faithful companion who had saved his life. The death of his faithful falcon made the king cry aloud.

    4. How did the falcon prove himself a faithful companion of the king?

    Answer: The pet falcon will accompanies the king wherever he goes. Wherever the king went, the bird went with him. Even at night, the falcon stayed with him on his fist. One day the king set out hunting with the falcon on his fist. As his falcon was very thirsty, the king collected the dripping water and offered falcon to drink.  The liquid king offered her is poison of a snake. The falcon overturned the cup instead of drinking it. The falcon know that the water dripping from leaves is poison of a snake. Therefore the falcon didn’t allowed horse to drink the liquid. The falcon upset the liquid cup again and not allowed anybody to drink the poison. The king became furious and chopped off the wings of the falcon. Finally king realised the truth, but it was late. That is how bird falcon prove himself a faithful companion of the king in his death.

    II. Activities:

    1. Imagine you are King Sindbad who is in the forest and your pet falcon has upset the cup filled with dripping liquid…………….

    Conclude the story with a different ending.

    Answer: Pet falcon has upset the cup filled with dripping liquid. The king became furious. Again the king filled the cup with the water that was falling drop by drop and placed it in front of the horse. Even then the falcon upset it. The king became angry. He ordered the soldiers to leave the falcon in a distant forest. The king finished hunting and returned to the palace, bored. He entered the palace with a heavy heart after the falcon’s departure. There, a surprise awaited him. The pet falcon was sitting next to his throne!

     

    III. Your teacher will read an interesting story for you. Listen to it carefully and answer the following questions:

       One day a young mother left her sleeping toddler on the floor and went out to fetch water in a pot, leaving her pet mongoose in charge of the baby. When she returned a little later, she found the mongoose with its mouth full of blood lying near the doorstep. Presuming that the mongoose had killed the sleeping baby, in her anguish, she took the iron rod lying nearby, and killed the animal with it. Later, when she entered the room where she had left her babe asleep, she saw a venomous viper lying dead, next to the baby’s bed, its body in pieces strewn around. She gasped in horror as she took in the scene, realizing that her baby had been unharmed as the mongoose had fought with the snake and had killed it.

    All her remorse and lament could not bring her pet mongoose back to life.

    Questions:

    1. Who took care of the baby when the woman went to fetch water?

    Answer: Her pet mongoose took care of the baby when the woman went to fetch water.

    • Why was the mongoose’s mouth covered with blood?

    Answer: The mongoose’s mouth covered with blood because the mongoose had fought with the snake and had killed it.

    • What made the woman kill the mongoose? 

    Answer: Presuming that the mongoose had killed the sleeping baby, in her anguish, the woman kill the mongoose.

    • Why did the woman shed tears?

    Answer: The women repented for killing the mongoose and the death of mongoose made women shed tears.

    • What do you learn from this story?
    Answer: Haste caused the accident.

    V. Given below are five proverbs. Match them with their meanings:

    1. Haste makes waste.  – If you rush when you are doing something, you will make a mistake.

    2. A Jack of all trades and master of none. – One should excel in one’s trade rather than  

                                                                                        dabbling in too many.

    3. A poor workman blames his tools. – An incapable person blames others for his failures.

    4. A penny saved is a penny earned. – One must understand the importance of saving

                                                                            money.

    5. A person is known by the company he keeps.- One is judged according to the friends he                                                                                              has.

    7th Standard, English First Language, Supplementary Reading 1 – Suvarnasiddhi and Chakradhara

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    7th Standard, English First Language,

    Supplementary Reading 1.

    Suvarnasiddhi and Chakradhara

    Glossary:

    strange: out of the ordinary.

    wander: move about aimlessly or without any destination.

    mumbled: talk in an unclear manner; usually in a low voice.

    delicious: very tasty.

    beloved: someone who is loved dearly.

    revenge: action taken in return for an injury or offence.

    companion: a friend who is frequently in the company of another.

    determined: strongly motivated to succeed.

    backyard: the gardens at the back of a house.

    camphor: a resin obtained from the camphor tree.

    hollow: a cavity or space in something.

    emerge: come out into view from hiding.

    fragrance: a pleasant odour.

    heed: pay attention to or listen to.

    Comprehension

    i. Answer in one or two sentences each.

    1. Who narrated Berunda’s story to whom?

                Answer: Suvarnasiddhi narrated Berunda’s story to his friend Chakradhara.

    2. Where did the big strange bird live?

                Answer: The big strange bird, Berunda, lived on the banks of a lake called Sangama.

    3. What did the bird find one day?

    Answer: The bird found a fruit one day, which was delicious as ambrosia.

    4. How did the first head describe the fruit?

    Answer: “Oh! What a fruit, I am sure the heavens have sent it for me. I am so lucky.” That is how the first head described the fruit.

    5. What did the first head decide to do with the fruit?

    Answer: The first head decided to give the fruit to his beloved wife Tatillatha.

    6. How did the second react to the first head’s decision?

    Answer: The second head was disappointed to the first head’s decision. He was waiting for a chance to take revenge.

    7. Who narrated Brahmadatta’s story?

    Answer: Chakradhara narrated Brahmadatta’s story.

    8. Who was Brahmadatta and where did he live?

    Answer: Brahmadatta is a small boy. He lived in a city called Varanavarta with his old mother.

    9. What were Brahmadatta’s travel plans?

    Answer:  Brahmadatta was planning to travel to another village.

    10. Who was Brahmadatta’s travel companion?

    Answer: The Crab was Brahmadatta’s travel companion. The boy then put the crab into a camphor box, took the box in a vessel, and set out on his journey.

    ii. Answer in three or four sentences each.

    1. Describe Berunda.

    Answer: Berunda was a big strange bird, lived with his wife Tatillatha on the banks of a lake called Sangama. He had two heads and single body. The Gandaberunda (also known as the Berunda) is a two-headed mythological bird of Hindu mythology thought to possess magical strength. It is used as the official emblem by the Karnataka government and it is seen as an intricately sculptured motif in Hindu temples.

    • Describe the first head’s decision.

    Answer: One day Berunda was found a fruit, which was delicious as ambrosia. His first head praised the fruit and said he was lucky because it was send for him from the heaven. The second head said that let him also taste the fruit. But the first head decided to give the fruit to his beloved wife Tatillatha because both the two heads have a same stomach.

    • Why was the second head disappointed at the first head’s decision?

    Answer: The second head wants to eat the fruit which was as delicious as ambrosia. The first head praised the fruit that it was send from the heaven. Hearing the first head’s praise the second head wants to taste the fruit. But the first head decided to give the fruit to his beloved wife Tatillatha because both the two heads have a same stomach. That is why the second head disappointed at the first head’s decision.

    • How did the second head have its revenge?

    Answer: The second head was waiting for a chance to take revenge. One day, the second head found a poisonous fruit and told the first head, that he will eat the poisonous fruit and take revenge first head’s insult. The first head warned that if he eat that fruit, then both of them will die because both have same stomach. Ignoring the first head’s warning, the second head ate the poisonous fruit and both of them died.

    • What advice did Chakradhara give Suvarnasiddhi?

    Answer: Chakradhara gave advice to Suvarnasiddhi that do not go home and anywhere alone. It is better to take a companion with him in travelling.

    • Who was Brahmadatta? What was his mother’s advice to him?

    Answer: Brahmadatta is a small boy. He lived in a city called Varanavarta with his old mother. One day, when Brahmadatta was planning to travel to another village. His mother advices him not to travel alone, but take someone along with him.

    • How did the mother help Brahmadatta in his travel?

    Answer: Knowing that Brahmadatta was determined to go, the mother went to the well in the backyard and took out a crab and asked her son to keep the crab with him during the travel.

    • How did the crab save Brahmadatta’s life?

    Answer: The day was very hot and middle of his traveling, the boy halted and took rest under a big tree. From the hollow of the tree, a snake emerged, and attracted by the fragrance of camphor, swallowed the box containing the crab. The crab came out of the box and killed the snake. The boy woke up to find the dead snake and the open camphor box. When he saw the crab alive beside the open camphor box, he at once realized that the crab saved his life.

    iii. Answer in five or six sentences.

    1. Describe how Berunda met his demise.

    Answer: One day Berunda was found a fruit, which was delicious as ambrosia. His first head praised the fruit and said he was lucky because it was send for him from the heaven. The second head said that let him also taste the fruit. But the first head decided to give the fruit to his beloved wife Tatillatha because both the two heads have a same stomach. The second head was waiting for a chance to take revenge. One day, the second head found a poisonous fruit and told the first head, that he will eat the poisonous fruit and take revenge first head’s insult. The first head warned that if he eat that fruit, then both of them will die because both have same stomach. Ignoring the first head’s warning, the second head ate the poisonous fruit and both of them died.

    • Describe how heeding his mother’s advice saves Brahmadatta.

    Answer: One day, when Brahmadatta was planning to travel to another village. His mother advices him not to travel alone, but take someone along with him. Knowing that Brahmadatta was determined to go, the mother went to the well in the backyard and took out a crab and asked her son to keep the crab with him during the travel. The boy then put the crab into a camphor box, took the box in a vessel. The day was very hot and middle of his traveling, the boy halted and took rest under a big tree. From the hollow of the tree, a snake emerged, and attracted by the fragrance of camphor, swallowed the box containing the crab. The crab came out of the box and killed the snake. The boy woke up to find the dead snake and the open camphor box. When he saw the crab alive beside the open camphor box, he at once realized that the crab saved his life.

    Additional Questions and Answers:

    1. Who was the two friends in the story?

    Answer: The two friends of the story was Suvarnasiddhi and Chakradhara.

    • He found a fruit, which was delicious as ambrosia.
    • Berunda, lived on the banks of a lake called Sangama.
    • Berunda thus gave the fruit to his wife Tatillatha.
    • How is the Berunda bird different from other birds?

    Answer: Berunda had two heads and single body. That make him different from other birds.

    • Brahmadatta lived in a city called Varanavarta with his old mother.
    • The crab came out of the box and killed the snake.
    • Chakradhara concluded his story telling Suvarnasiddhi how important it is always to have a companion.

    Notes:

    • Panchatantra – The Panchatantra is an ancient collection of animal fables in verse and prose. The original Sanskrit work, which some scholars believe was composed in the 3rd century B.C. is attributed to Vishnu Sharma.
    •  
    • Vishnu Sharma was an Indian scholar and author who is believed to have written the Panchatantra fables.
    • Berunda – The Gandaberunda (also known as the Berunda) is a two-headed mythological bird of Hindu mythology thought to possess magical strength. It is used as the official emblem by the Karnataka government and it is seen as an intricately sculptured motif in Hindu temples.

    8th Standard, English First Language, SUPPLEMENTARY READING – SECTION 17 – KING SINDBAD AND HIS FALCON

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    8th Standard, English First Language SUPPLEMENTARY READING – SECTION 17
    KING SINDBAD AND HIS FALCON
    Extract from Arabian Nights.
    Pre-reading task:
    Read the following questions and answer:

    1. Do you like pets?
      Answer: Yes, I like pets.
    2. Name the pets that you have in your home.
      Answer: Pinki and Chunki
    3. What are the facilities provided to these pets?
      Answer: Milk, Food and play
    4. How do you take care of the pets?
      Answer: bathing, medicine when they sick.
    5. How do masters often punish pets that disobey them?
      Answer: Don’t punish, teach them.

    Glossary :
    subordinate : lower in rank or position
    valley : a low area between hills
    prey : an animal hunted and killed by another for food
    maze : a complicated network of paths
    thwart : prevent from succeeding
    murmur : something that is said quietly
    accomplish : achieve or complete successfully
    talons : the claws of a bird of prey
    wander : walk or move in a casual way
    gauntlet : a strong glove with long loose wrists
    annoy : make slightly angry
    slake : satisfy
    viper : a poisonous snake
    repent : feel regret or sorry
    gasp : a sudden catching of breath
    saddle : a seat with a raised ridge at the front and back, fastened on to the back of a horse for riding
    I. Comprehension:
    A. Answer in two – three sentences each:

    1. Who was Sindbad? What was he fond of?
      Answer: Sindbad was a king. The king was very fond of racing and hunting.
    2. What had the king brought up? What did he tie around its neck? Why?
      Answer: The king had brought up a falcon as his pet. The king had a golden cup tied around her neck to provide her drink during hunting.
    3. What did the falcon suggest to the king one day?
      Answer: One day when the king was sitting in his palace in a leisurely mood, the falcon suggest that, ‘the time is suitable for hunting now’.
    4. How did the king threaten the hunting troop?
      Answer: The king threatened the hunting troop “Beware! Whoever allows the gazelle to escape from here, will be punished to death”.
    5. Why does the falcon upset the cup with the “dripping liquid”?
      Answer: The falcon upset the cup with the “dripping liquid” because that liquid was the poison of Viper.
    6. When did the falcon succumb to death?
      Answer: As soon as the king reached the camp and sat comfortably, the falcon, which was bearing the pain till then, suddenly gasped and succumbed to death.
    7. What was the king’s reaction?
      Answer: The repentant king cried aloud to lose his faithful companion who had saved his life.
      B. Answer in three – four sentences each:
    8. How did the king look after the falcon?
      Answer: The king look after the falcon like his own family member. Wherever the king went, the bird went with him. Even at night, the falcon stayed with him on his fist. The king had a golden cup tied around her neck to provide her drink during hunting.
    9. How did the gazelle escape?
      Answer: The net was lifted by the king’s hunting troop from all the sides. Gradually, they began narrowing the net circle to trap the gazelle. She too moved towards the king and stood on her hind legs. She then lifted her forelegs up to her breast, suddenly jumped above the head of the king, and escaped out of the maze, thus thwarting the whole effort.
    10. How did the falcon help the king to kill the gazelle?
      Answer: The falcon, the king’s hunting mate, flew high up and traced the fleeing gazelle. She at once swooped down and blinded the gazelle with her talons. The king immediately struck his mace at the blinded gazelle and ended the matter forever.
    11. Why did the king take out the cup?
      Answer: The King took out the cup for filing the water in the cup for falcon. It was mid-day, the king and his horse were thirsty. As his falcon was very thirsty, the king took out the cup from her neck and filled it with the dripping liquid. He then placed the cup in front of the falcon.
    12. What activity of the falcon made the king become furious?
      Answer: The King placed the cup in front of the falcon. But surprisingly enough, the falcon overturned the cup instead of drinking it. The king picked up the cup, filled it again and placed in front of the falcon. But the falcon upset it again with her talons. Next time, he filled the cup with the dripping liquid and placed it in front of his horse. However, annoyingly enough, the falcon hastily upset it again. This activity of the falcon made king became furious.
    13. Why did the king cut off the wings of the falcon?
      Answer: The King placed the cup in front of the falcon. But surprisingly enough, the falcon overturned the cup instead of drinking it. The falcon did this again and again. The king filled the cup with the dripping liquid and placed it in front of his horse. The falcon upset it again. This action of the falcon made king furious and he cut off the wings of the falcon.
    14. What did the falcon indicate to the king?
      Answer: The falcon indicated the king to look up by raising her head. The king’s eye’s followed the falcon. He saw a poisonous viper lying up above the tree. The liquid, which he mistook as water, was drops of the snake’s poison.
    15. How did the king’s men trap the gazelle?
      Answer: His men formed a circular shroud of a net intended for the victim. Soon, a gazelle was trapped within the net. The net was lifted by the king’s hunting troop from all the sides. Gradually, they began narrowing the net circle to trap the gazelle. That is how the king’s men trap the gazelle.
    16. Why did the falcon upset the cup again and again?
      Answer: The falcon saw the Viper which is laying down the branch of a tree. The water was seen dripping through the leaves of that tree. The king collected the dripping water and offered falcon to drink. The liquid king offered her is poison of a snake. That is why the falcon upset the cup again and again.
    17. Why did the king repent?
      Answer: The king has repented because he lost his faithful friend falcon from his own mistake and foolishness. The repentant king cried aloud to lose his faithful companion who had saved his life. The falcon saved king from the poison of Snake. But the king misunderstood falcon and killed the faithful bird. This was the reason for repent of king.
    18. Why did the king call his pet unlucky and foolish thing?
      Answer: The falcon not willing to slake his thirst, nor was he allowing the horse to drink it. That is why king called his pet falcon as unlucky and foolish thing. The king called his pet unlucky because he decided punish the arrogance of falcon.
    19. How did the falcon save the king’s life?
      The falcon save the king’s life by sacrificing himself. It was mid-day, after successful hunting the king and his horse were thirsty. The king went further in search of water. In a place, where water was seen dripping through the leaves of a tree. As his falcon was very thirsty, the king took out the cup from her neck and filled it with the dripping liquid and placed the cup in front of the falcon. The falcon overturned the cup instead of drinking it. The falcon know that the water dripping from leaves is poison of a snake. Therefore the falcon didn’t allowed horse to drink the liquid. The falcon upset the liquid cup again and not allowed anybody to drink the poison. The king became furious and chopped off the wings of the falcon. Finally king realised the truth, but it was late. That is how the faithful bird falcon saved king’s life and dead.
      C. Answer the following questions in six – eight sentences each:
    20. How did the king look after the pet falcon?
      Answer: The king look after the pet falcon like his family member. The king had brought up a falcon as his pet. Wherever the king went, the bird went with him. Even at night, the falcon stayed with him on his fist. The king had a golden cup tied around her neck to provide her drink during hunting. Sometimes the pet may be a good counsellor to the king. However, one day when the king was sitting in his palace in a leisurely mood the falcon suggests to the king that it was the good time for hunting. The king liked her suggestion. He ordered his subordinates to make the necessary arrangements for the hunt. The king set out hunting with the falcon on his fist.
    21. How did the king hunt the gazelle?
      Answer: Gazelle lifted her forelegs up to her breast, suddenly jumped above the head of the king, and escaped out of the maze. The king galloped on his horse, on the route that the gazelle had fled. The falcon, the king’s hunting mate, flew high up and traced the fleeing gazelle. She at once swooped down and blinded the gazelle with her talons. The king immediately struck his mace at the blinded gazelle and ended the matter forever. He then cut the gazelle’s throat, removed its skin from the body, and hung the spoils on the saddle.
    22. What made the king cry aloud?
      Answer: The king was annoyed at the falcon’s strange behaviour. Next time, he filled the cup with the dripping liquid and placed it in front of his horse, the falcon hastily upset it again. The furious king took out his sword and chopped off the wings of the falcon. She then indicated the king to look up by raising her head. The king’s eye’s followed the falcon. He saw a poisonous viper lying up above the tree. The liquid, which he mistook as water, was drops of the snake’s poison. The king was very remorseful for cutting off the wings of his loyal and beloved falcon. As soon as the king reached the camp and sat comfortably, the falcon, which was bearing the pain till then, suddenly gasped and succumbed to death. The repentant king cried aloud to lose his faithful companion who had saved his life. The death of his faithful falcon made the king cry aloud.
    23. How did the falcon prove himself a faithful companion of the king?
      Answer: The pet falcon will accompanies the king wherever he goes. Wherever the king went, the bird went with him. Even at night, the falcon stayed with him on his fist. One day the king set out hunting with the falcon on his fist. As his falcon was very thirsty, the king collected the dripping water and offered falcon to drink. The liquid king offered her is poison of a snake. The falcon overturned the cup instead of drinking it. The falcon know that the water dripping from leaves is poison of a snake. Therefore the falcon didn’t allowed horse to drink the liquid. The falcon upset the liquid cup again and not allowed anybody to drink the poison. The king became furious and chopped off the wings of the falcon. Finally king realised the truth, but it was late. That is how bird falcon prove himself a faithful companion of the king in his death.

    II. Activities:

    1. Imagine you are King Sindbad who is in the forest and your pet falcon has upset the cup filled with dripping liquid…………….
      Conclude the story with a different ending.
      Answer: Pet falcon has upset the cup filled with dripping liquid. The king became furious. Again the king filled the cup with the water that was falling drop by drop and placed it in front of the horse. Even then the falcon upset it. The king became angry. He ordered the soldiers to leave the falcon in a distant forest. The king finished hunting and returned to the palace, bored. He entered the palace with a heavy heart after the falcon’s departure. There, a surprise awaited him. The pet falcon was sitting next to his throne!

    III. Your teacher will read an interesting story for you. Listen to it carefully and answer the following questions:
    One day a young mother left her sleeping toddler on the floor and went out to fetch water in a pot, leaving her pet mongoose in charge of the baby. When she returned a little later, she found the mongoose with its mouth full of blood lying near the doorstep. Presuming that the mongoose had killed the sleeping baby, in her anguish, she took the iron rod lying nearby, and killed the animal with it. Later, when she entered the room where she had left her babe asleep, she saw a venomous viper lying dead, next to the baby’s bed, its body in pieces strewn around. She gasped in horror as she took in the scene, realizing that her baby had been unharmed as the mongoose had fought with the snake and had killed it.
    All her remorse and lament could not bring her pet mongoose back to life.
    Questions:
    A. Who took care of the baby when the woman went to fetch water?
    Answer: Her pet mongoose took care of the baby when the woman went to fetch water.
    B. Why was the mongoose’s mouth covered with blood?
    Answer: The mongoose’s mouth covered with blood because the mongoose had fought with the snake and had killed it.
    C. What made the woman kill the mongoose?
    Answer: Presuming that the mongoose had killed the sleeping baby, in her anguish, the woman kill the mongoose.
    D. Why did the woman shed tears?
    Answer: The women repented for killing the mongoose and the death of mongoose made women shed tears.
    E. What do you learn from this story?
    Answer: Haste caused the accident.

    V. Given below are five proverbs. Match them with their meanings:

    1. Haste makes waste. – If you rush when you are doing something, you will make a mistake.
    2. A Jack of all trades and master of none. – One should excel in one’s trade rather than
      dabbling in too many.
    3. A poor workman blames his tools. – An incapable person blames others for his failures.
    4. A penny saved is a penny earned. – One must understand the importance of saving
      money.
    5. A person is known by the company he keeps.- One is judged according to the friends he has.

    10th Standard, Social, History Chapter 3 – The Impact of the British Rule in India

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    10th Standard, Social History, Chapter – 3
    The Impact of the British Rule in India
    Exercises
    I. Fill in the following blanks with suitable answers:

    1. Diwani Adalat in civil court was introduced by Warren Hastings
    2. The post of Superintendent of Police was created by Lord Cornwallis
    3. The Permanent Zamindari system was introduced in Bengal and
      Bihar provinces in 1793.
    4. The Land tax system introduced by Alexander Reed is Ryotwari System
    5. The report given by Macaulay became the base of modern education system.
    6. The Regulating Act was implemented in the year 1773.

    II. Discuss and answer the following questions:

    1. Illustrate the judicial system formulated through The British East India Company.
      Answer: A new Judicial System started finding roots when the British rule began taking over from the Mughal rule. After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam handed over the ‘Diwani Rights’, the authority to collect land taxes to the British. With this, Dual-Administration came into effect in Bengal region. This is also called as ‘Dual-Governance’. Later on the British thought of bringing more centralized judicial system in India. With the implementation of this system, the British overtook the authority of the Mughal and established their supremacy in India. This was attained by implementing new Judicial System in India. According the administrative plan devised by Warren Hastings who took over the administration as Governor in 1772, two types of courts were needed to be established in each district: ‘A Diwani Adalat’ as a civil court and ‘Nijamat Adalat’ as a criminal court. In these civil courts Hindus were dispensed justice as per the Hindu scriptures and the Muslims as per the Shariyat. Slowly, the British legal procedures were introduced in the criminal courts. Civil courts came under the administration of European officers. Though the criminal courts were under the control of ‘Qajis’, they were functioning under the supervision of European officers.
    2. What were the measures undertaken at the time of the British in Police system?
      Answer: The Police were in charge of maintaining the internal law and order situation. Lord Cornwallis implemented the efficient Police System in India for the first time. He created the new post of Superintendent of Police (SP). He divided a district into many ‘Stations’ in 1793 and put every station under a ‘Kotwal’. Similarly he put every village under the care of ‘Chowkidhar’. ‘Kotwal’ was made accountable for thefts, crimes and other law violations at village level. The severe drought of 1770 led to a weak law and order situation. Hence, the entire police system was brought under the control of the British Officers. The system of appointing British Magistrates started in 1781. The Police Officers were under the power of the Magistrates. The Police system underwent continuous changes. In 1861, the Indian Police Act was implemented. This law became the base of good law and order as well as administration. But, Indians were not appointed for the post of officers. In 1902, the Police Commission allowed the appointment of suitable Indians qualified for the post of the police officers. In spite of all these measures, the discrimination against the Indians did not end.
    3. British land tax system made the Indian farmers to “born in debt, lived in debt and died in debt”. How?
      Answer: Though the small farmers were given land ownership, they were subjected to more suffering due to heavy land taxes. The officials took punitive actions to collect land taxes. The farmers had to borrow from the money lenders whenever the crops failed. They had to sell their lands whenever they failed to repay the loans. Though the British East India company government claimed that the new system benefit the farmers, the irony was that more farmers had to lose their lands due to its implementation. According to Charles Metcalf, “the Indian farmers were born in debt, lived in debt and died in debt due to the land tax policies of the British”.
    4. What were the main aspects of Ryotwari system?
      Answer: The Ryotwari System was first implemented in Baramahal region by Alexander Reed in 1792. This system was later implemented in Madras and Mysore region by Thomas Munroe in 1801. Most of these regions had become part of British Empire by that time.
      Under this system, both the farmer and the British East India company were directly linked. The tiller of the land was recognized as the owner of the land. The owner had to pay fifty percent of produce as land tax to the British East India company government. The land tax had thirty years tenure. The tax could be reviewed after this tenure.
    5. What were the effects of British Land taxes?
      Answer: The Impact of British Land Tax system are,
    6. A new class of Zamindars who exploited the farmers was created.
    7. The farmers who were subjected to the exploitation of the Zamindars, became landless slowly.
    8. Land became a commodity. Loans could be raised by mortgaging the lands.
    9. Many Zamindars also had to mortgage their lands in order to pay the land taxes.
    10. The Agriculture sector became commercialized and had to grow raw materials needed by industries back in England.
    11. The money lenders became strong.
    12. Make a list of the effects of British Education in India.
      Answer: The effects of British Education in India are,
    13. Indians could develop modernity, secularism, democratic attitudes and rationality along with Nationalistic ideals.
    14. Impetus was received for the local literature and languages. This facilitated unity in thinking process among the educated class.
    15. Periodicals started emerging. These scrutinized the policies and working of the government which in turn enabled the Indians to have critical opinions on various issues.
    16. New social and religious reformation movements emerged.
    17. The thoughts of thinkers like J.S. Mill, Rousseau and Montesquieu brought fresh thinking in the mind of educated youth of India.
    18. The freedom struggles that were taking place across the globe influenced the Indians also.
    19. Indians could understand and appreciate their rich tradition.
    20. What were the restrictions imposed in Regulating Act?
      Answer: Main restrictions imposed in Regulating Act are as follows.
    21. Before the implementation of the act, there were three presidencies under British rule. They are: Bengal, Madras and Bombay. All these three were independent administrative units. Under Regulating Act, the Bengal Presidency gained control over the other two presidencies.
    22. The Governor of Bengal became the Governor General of all the three presidencies.
    23. The Governor General was authorized to direct, exercise control and to supervise over the other two presidencies.
    24. The Bombay and Madras presidencies could not declare war on anyone or enter into peace agreements without prior approval of the Governor General of Bengal Presidency and the Board of Directors of the British East India Company. Only during acute emergencies, they were entitled to act independently.
    25. According to this Act, Supreme Court was established in Calcutta. In this central court, one Chief Justice and three ordinary judges were officiating.
    26. What were the important features of the Indian government act of 1858?
      Answer: the important features of the Indian government act of 1858 are as follows.
    27. The license of The British East India Company was cancelled and India was brought under the direct administration of the Queen.
    28. The post of Governor General was changed into ‘Viceroy’. Lord Canning became the first Viceroy of India.
    29. A new post called ‘Secretary of State for India’ was created in the British government. The secretary was part of British cabinet and was responsible for the administration of India.
    30. A Council of India was created in order to assist the secretary in the administration. The council had fifteen members.
    31. How does the India Government Act of 1935 become the base of Indian Constitution?
      Answer: Most the provisions in the Indian Constitution are based on this act. This act allowed the formation of fully responsible government by Indians. This act was applicable both to the Indian principalities and also to the British India regions. The following were the important features of this act:
    32. A federal system of Indian Principalities, British governed regions and dominion states was formed.
    33. Reserve Bank of India were established.
    34. Dyarchy was established at the centre.
    35. Dyarchy was abolished at the provincial level and autonomy was granted.
    36. The Federal Court was established.
    37. What were the important features of 1919 Act?
      Answer: The following were the important features of 1919 act.
    38. Act formulated Bi-Cameral legislative body. Lower House and Upper House were formed.
    39. Dyarchy was allowed at provincial governments.
    40. A high commissioner was appointed for India.
    41. Promised to improve local self government.
    42. Provincial budget was separated from central budget.
    43. ‘Separate Electoral College’ was extended for Muslims, Sikhs, Anglo-Indians and Europeans.

    Additional Questions and Answers

    1. British implemented ‘Divide and Rule’ policy among the Indian rulers and slowly dominated all the rulers and subjugated them.
    2. At that time, India was devoid of One Nation Concept and was scattered into various kingdoms.
    3. Lord Cornwallis introduced the administration of civil services.
    4. In 1800, Lord Cornwallis opened Fort William College in Calcutta to provide education for the benefit of people aspiring to join Civil Services.
    5. Dual-Administration came into effect in Bengal region is also called as ‘Dual-Governance’.
    6. Two types of courts were needed to be established in each district: ‘A Diwani Adalat’ as a civil court and ‘Nijamat Adalat’ as a criminal court.
    7. What is Permanent Zamindari System?
      Answer: Lord Cornwallis implemented a new land tax policy in Bengal during 1793 in order to generate steady revenue annually. This was called Permanent Zamindari System. Under this system, Zamindar became the land owner.
    8. The expansion of the British Education India received special support after the appointment of Lord William Bentinck in 1828 C.E as the Governor General of India.
    9. The Governor General Lord Dalhousie established Universities in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras as per the suggestions of Charles Wood’s Commission (1854).
    10. What are the main aspects of Charter Act 1833?
      Answer: the main aspects of Charter Act 1833 are as follows.
    11. The Governor General of Bengal was named as the Governor General of India.
    12. The Governor General was vested with powers to direct, control and supervising all trades in India.
    13. The Central Government of Bengal had the final right to decide on issues like war, peace and diplomatic relationship with the princely states of India.
    14. The Governor General was mandated to put his difference of opinion with Executive Committee members in writing whenever he differed with the majority opinion.
    15. The Act barred any discrimination based on religion, birth and skin colour.
    16. The Governor General was mandated to appoint a law professional as member to his executive committee.
    17. All British Companies were allowed to have trade relationship in India.
    18. What are the important features of Indian Government Act 1858?
      Answer: The important features of Indian Government Act 1858 are as follows.
    19. The license of East India Company was cancelled and India was brought under the direct administration of the Queen.
    20. The post of Governor General was changed into ‘Viceroy’. Lord Canning became the first Viceroy of India.
    21. A new post called ‘Secretary of State for India’ was created in the British government. The secretary was part of British cabinet and was responsible for the administration of India.
    22. A Council of India was created in order to assist the secretary in the administration. The council had fifteen members.
      12 . What are the important features of Indian Councils Act of 1909?
      Answer: The following were the important features of this Act:
    23. The total number of central legislature members were increased to 60 from 16.
    24. The number of council members were also increased in the provinces.
    25. The members for the legislature was allowed through election for the first time.
    26. In order to provide separate representation for Muslims, ‘Separate Electorate College’ was created.
    27. What are the important features of Indian Councils Act of 1935?
      Answer: the important features of Indian Councils Act of 1935 were as follows.
    28. A federal system of Indian Principalities, British governed regions and dominion states was formed.
    29. Reserve Bank of India were established.
    30. Dyarchy was established at the centre.
    31. Dyarchy was abolished at the provincial level and autonomy was granted.
    32. The Federal Court was established.

    III. Activities:

    1. The British created a friendly environment for themselves by implementing administrative reforms in India. Organize a debate competition on this topic.
    2. Collect information on various other laws implemented by the British apart from those discussed in lesson with the help of your teacher.

    10th Standard, Social, Geography Chapter 11 — ‘INDIA – SEASONS’

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    10th Standard, Social, Geography Chapter 11
    INDIA – SEASONS
    EXERCISES
    I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

    1. Highest temperature region in the country is Ganganagar of Rajastan
    2. Due to local temperature winds convectional rainfall occurs.
    3. The area receiving very less rainfall in our country is Ruyli of Jaisalmer district in Rajasthan.
    4. The area receiving the highest rainfall in our country is Mawsynram region of Meghalaya.
      II. Answer the following questions in brief.
    5. Which type of climate is experienced by India?
      Answer: India has tropical monsoon type of climatic condition. In this type of climate, winds blow in opposite directions in different seasons.
    6. What causes cyclonic winds to occur in India during the withdrawal of monsoons?
      Answer: During Receding Monsoon Period, India receives about 13% of the annual rainfall, due to the differences in temperature and pressure of land and sea. Tropical Cyclones frequently occur in the Bay of Bengal during this season. They cause widespread damage along their path, particularly along the coast.
    7. Which factors influence the climate of India?
      Answer: Latitude, height from the sea level, distance from the sea, direction of the winds, mountain ranges, ocean currents etc., are influence on the climatic condition of the country.
    8. ‘Indian agriculture gambling with the monsoon winds.’ Discuss.
      Answer: The South-West monsoons control the agriculture of India which is the main occupation of Indians. Failure of rainfall leads to drought. When the monsoons are heavy there are floods they also cause to destruction to life and property. Hence it is said that Indian agriculture is a “gamble with the monsoons”.

    III. Match the following.
    A B
    i. Kalabaisaki a. Uttar Pradesh
    ii. Andies b. Karnataka
    iii. Coffee blossom c. Kerala
    iv. Mango showers d. Rajasthan
    e. West Bengal

    Answer:
    i. Kalabaisaki West Bengal
    ii. Andies Uttar Pradesh
    iii. Coffee blossom Karnataka
    iv. Mango showers Kerala

    Additional Questions:

    1. What are the four seasons of Indian climate?
      Answer: The four seasons of Indian climate are summer season, South-west Monsoon season, Retreating monsoon season, winter season.
    2. The summer season begins from March and ends in May month in India.
    3. The South-west Monsoon season begins from June and ends in September month in India.
    4. The Retreating monsoon season begins from October and ends in November month in India.
    5. The winter season begins from December and ends in February month in India.
    6. South India is surrounded by water on three sides.
    7. What are the other names of convectional rainfall in different state of India?
      Answer: The other names of convectional rainfall in different state of India are, ‘Kala Baisakhi’ in West Bengal, ‘Andhis’ in Uttar Pradesh ‘coffee blossoms in karnataka’ and ‘mango showers’ in Kerala.
    8. What is South-West Monsoon?
      Answer: In India, the South-West Monsoons comprise the rainy season. These are called the South-West Monsoon winds.
    9. Which are the states witnesses’ low temperature in winter season in India?
      Answer: During winter season Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and the North Indian plains witness very low temperature.
    10. What are the three divisions based on rainfall in India?
      Answer: The three divisions based on rainfall in India are Low rainfall region, Moderate rainfall region and Heavy rainfall region.
      IV Activity:
    11. Draw a map of India and mark the distribution of rainfall.
      V Project:
    12. Learn from your teachers about the seasonal characteristics in your area.
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