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10th Standard, Social Science, Geography, CHAPTER 27, INDIA – TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

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10th Standard, Social Science, Geography, CHAPTER – 27

INDIA – TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The name of the international airport of Bengaluru is Kempegowda International Airport.

2. Roads is necessary for the development of villages and agriculture.

3. Mumbai port is called Gateway of India.

4. The tea port of India is Kolkata port.

II. Answer the following questions in brief:

5. What are the importance of roads in India?

Answer: The importance of roads in India are as follows.

  1. India is a country of villages and is predominantly an agricultural nation. Roads are very important for the development of villages and agriculture.
  2. Movement of agricultural produce by farmers to the markets is possible only by roadways.
  3. Essential commodities required by the villagers are transported with the help of roads.
  4. Road transport feeders rail ways.
  5. Roads provide the movement of goods.  

6. What are the four types of major Roads?

Answer: The four types of major Roads are,

1) National Highways,

2) State Highways,

3) District Roads and

4) Village Roads.

7. What is meant by Golden Quadrilateral Project?

Answer: The Golden Quadrilateral Highways links the major metropolitan cities of the country like Delhi – Mumbai – Chennai and Kolkata through 4/6 lanes of national highways. The Golden Quadrilateral of 5846 kms length and the corridor highways of 7300 kms length connecting from North to South and East to West is a part of the National Highway Development Project.

8. Make a list of major ports in India.

Ansawer: The major ports in India are as follows.

Kandla: This is in the Gulf of Kachchh.

Mumbai: It is in the state of Maharastra. Mumbai port is called the “Gate way of India”.

Navasheva:It is located in the state of Maharashtra. Navasheva port has been built with state of the art facilities to relieve the high pressure of mumbai port.

Marmagoa: It is located at the entrance of Zuari estuary in a state.

New Mangalore Port: It is the most important port of Karnataka.

Kochi: It is in Kerala.

Tuticorin: It is in Tamilnadu.

Chennai: It is the oldest port of India. It has an artificial harbour. It is also in Tamilnadu.

Vishakhapatnam: It is a natural port and Located in Andhra Pradesh.

Paradeep: It is in Oddisha state. It is a recently developed port.

Kolkata: It is in west Bengal. It is a natural harbour. This port is called the “Tea port of India”.

Haldia: It is a newly developed port on the coast of Bay of Bengal to overcome the problems of congestion at Kolkata port. It is in West Bengal.

9. List out the problems of road transport in India?

Answer: The problems of road transport in India are as follows.

1. Many village and district roads become unfit for transportation during the rainy season.

2. Road transport is also the cause of environmental pollution, increased density of vehicles and accidents.

3. Roads are subjected to severe wear and tear due to rain, floods and cyclones every year.

4. Construction and management of national and state highways are inadequate.

5. Scarcity of the basic needs along the roadside in seen all over the country.

10. What do you mean by Communication Media?

Answer: Besides the traditional newspaper and radio, as a result of advanced electronic technology, communication network is widely spread in India and is rendering a great service. This is called Communication Media.

11. What are the types of communication? Mention the importance of Communication.

Answer: In addition to traditional mediums like posts, newspaper and radio, television, satellites, computer network, internet, e-mail, mobile telephones etc. are the main types of communication media.  

The importance of Communication are as follows.

  1. With the help of communication media, people of the country can learn about the various incidents of different places.
  2. The people can aware of the policies of the government.
  3. By educating people through mass media about agriculture and industry, a speedy developmental process is possible.
  4. Mass communication media have become the fundamental requirement of trade and commerce.
  5. Mass media can be effectively utilized to strengthen the unity, integration and stability in the country.

12. How is GPS different from GIS?

Answer: The Differences between Geographical Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) are as follows.

  1. GIS technology-based maps are more attractive and give accurate information. GPS are useful in assessing the geographical position of natural calamities.
  2. GIS is a computer-based system which can accumulate and interpret the data on the earth’s surface. GPS is based on the information obtained from satellites, the distance between the individual and satellites is accurately calculated and the location of the person to the exact latitude, longitude, and height above sea level is given.
  3. GIS – Mapping population density, planning urban areas, or tracking natural resources. GPS – Finding your location on a smartphone or in a car.
  4. GIS is Software-based (runs on computers) system. But GPS is Hardware-based (relies on a GPS receiver) system.
  5. GIS – Various types of geographical, social and economic information can be easily analysed and models can be constructed. GPS – It is helpful for trekkers to know the exact location and routes.

13. Write about Remote Sensing Technology.

Answer: In the modern technology Remote sensing is very important. To collect information regarding the earth surface. It gathers information about distance without physically touching the objects. This is called Remote sensing. Aerial and Satellite photos are from the Remote sensing.

Additional Questions and Answers:

1 . What are the Problems of Road Transport?

Answer: The Problems of Road Transport are as follows.

1. Many village and district roads become unfit for transportation during the rainy season.

2. Road transport is also the cause of environmental pollution, increased density of vehicles and accidents.

3. Roads are subjected to severe wear and tear due to rain, floods and cyclones every year.

4. Construction and management of national and state highways are inadequate.

5. Scarcity of the basic needs along the roadside in seen all over the country.

2. Mention the Importance of Railways.

Answer: The Importance of Railways are,

1. They play a vital role in the economic development of the country.

2. They are very useful to carry heavy goods and large number of passengers.

3. They are useful to travel at a low cost.

4. They are useful to transport agricultural and horticultural products at a rapid speed.

3. Name the important Airports of India.

Answer: The important Airports of India are as follows.

  1. Indira Gandhi International Airport – New Delhi
  2. Chatrapathi Shivaji Maharaj International Air­port – Mumbai
  3. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Air­port – Kolkotta
  4. Chennai International Airport – Chennai
  5. Kempegowda International Airport – Bengaluru (Devanahalli)
  6. Mangaluru International Airport – Mangaluru
  7. Sardar Vallababai Patel International Airport – Ahmedabad
  8. Lokapriya Gopinatha Bardoli International Air­port – Guwahati
  9. Chowdary Charan Singh International Airport – Lucknow
  10. Rajeev Gandhi International Airport – Hyderabad
  11. Manohar International Airport – Mopa (Goa)
  12. Maharshi Valmiki International Airport – Ayodhya

4. What are the uses of Geographical Information System (GIS)?

Answer: The uses of Geographical Information System (GIS) are,

  1. GIS technology-based maps are more attractive and give accurate information.
  2. Various types of geographical, social and economic information can be easily analysed and models can be constructed.
  3. In recent years, GIS technology is being used to give advance intimation regarding weather phenomena.
  4. Since this is a computer-based analysis, maps can be created very fast without the need of a cartographer in a very short time and even maps can be modified.

5 . What are the uses of Global Positioning System (GPS)?

Answer: The uses of Global Positioning System (GPS) are as follows.

1. They are useful in assessing the geographical position of natural calamities. So that suitable safety measures are taken.

2. It is helpful for trekkers to know the exact location and routes.

3. Soldiers, pilots, fishermen and sailors use GPS to follow correct path and direction. Today transport authorities also use this to manage the movement.

4. GPS is the lifeline for many services at their door in the cities.

5. GPS shows path to google maps.

6 . What are the uses of Remote Sensing Technology?

Answer: The uses of Remote Sensing Technology are,

1. From these pictures, true, accurate and reliable information pertaining to that period can be obtained.

2. This is a fast, low-cost information collection system compared to geographical survey.

3. The information gathered by these can be easily analysed using computers.

4. Remote sensing images can be obtained from satellites regarding the extremes of climate and disturbances in the geographical features.

5. Studies related to natural calamities like typhoons, cyclonic storms, floods etc. can be taken up with the help of remote sensing pictures.

6. The role of satellite images is significant in analysing the natural resources like land use, forest area, water bodies, residential areas, distribution of crops, land erosion, coast etc.

III. Activities:

1. Mark and name the Golden Quadrilateral, Corridors and National Highways in the outline map of India.

2. Collect the satellite launching photos of India.

IV Projects:

1. Discuss on the transport system in your region with your friends in class.

2. Discuss about the necessity of the maintenance of village roads.

3. Collect the information of work and activities of ISRO in Karnataka.

4. Discuss the role of transport in the economic development of the country.

10th Standard, Social Science, Geography, CHAPTER 25, INDIA – LAND USE AND AGRICULTURE

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10th Standard, Social Science, Geography, CHAPTER – 25

INDIA – LAND USE AND AGRICULTURE

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. Utilising the land for a variety of purposes is known as Land use.

2. Growing Two-three crops on the same plot in a year is called Intensive Farming.

3. Farmers growing crops only to sustain themselves is called Subsistence farming.

4. Progress in the horticultural field is known as Golden Revolution.

5. The state is the largest producer of paddy in India is West Bengal.

6. The crops grown during summer is also known as Zaid farming.

II. Answer the following questions in brief.

7. What are the factors that influence land use?

Answer: The factors that influence land use are,

  1. Many natural, economic and social factors influence the manner in which land is used. The natural factors are land forms, climate are influenced on characteristics of soil.
  2. Land holdings, population, demand for agricultural products, profession, attitude of people, social and economic condition, marketing facilities are influenced on land use.
  3. Other factors like technology, irrigation facility, human capability, land ownership also have an effect on it.

8. What is ‘Agriculture’? What are the types of Agriculture?

Answer:  Agriculture is one of the ancient occupation of human beings, has engaged in it since the beginning of civilization. Agriculture has been described as ‘the art of cultivating the land’. Cultivating or tilling the land and growing crops. Agriculture also includes fisheries, cattle-rearing and forestry.

Different types of farming exist in India. They are

1. Intensive farming

2. Subsistence farming

3. Commercial farming

4. Mixed farming

5. Horticultural farming

9. What is ‘kharif crop’?

Answer: The crops grown during the south-west monsoon season are called kharif crops. Seeds are sown in the month of June or July and crops are harvested during September and October. Maximum cropping area of the country is cultivated during this seasons.

10. What is meant by ‘rabi crop’?

Answer: It is the important cropping season in the receiving rain during winter months. North-western part comprises of Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, and in the South Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are the states known for this cropping season. This Post Monsoon crop is called as ‘rabi crop’. Rabi crops are winter crops sown in the autumn (around October) and harvested in the spring (around March-April). They are grown during the winter season in India and require cool temperatures to grow and warmer, dry weather to ripen.

11. What are the factors essential for growing cotton?

Answer: The factors essential for growing cotton are,

  1. Cotton grows well in areas where temperature is 20° to 25° C with a rainfall of 75 to 150 cms.
  2. Black soil and loamy soil support the growth of cotton.
  3. Black cotton soil which can hold moisture is most suitable.

Additional Questions and Answers:

1 . What are the types of Land use?

Answer: The types of Land use are,

1. Net sown area

2. Forest area

3. Use of land for purposes other than cultivation

4. Fallow land

5. Grassland

6. Uncultivated land.

2. Which are the factors influencing to cropping pattern?

Answer: The factors which influencing to cropping pattern are as follows.

  1. Natural factors
  2. Economic factors
  3. Social factors
  4. Farmers’ attitude

3 . Which are the types of Crop Seasons?

Answer: The types of Crop Seasons are

1. South-west monsoon or kharif crops

2. North-east monsoon or rabi crops

3. Summer or jade crops.

4 . Which are the major crops growing in India?

Answer: The major crops growing in India are,

  1. Food crops: Paddy, Wheat etc.
  2. Commercial crops: Sugarcane, Tobacco etc.
  3. Fibre crops: Cotton
  4. Beverage crops: Coffee, Tea etc.

5 . What do you meant by Horticultural crops? Explain the growth of Horticultural crops in India.

Answer: Horticulture involves cultivation of fruits, vegetables and flowers. It consists of crops which yield harvest in a very short period. Horticulture is more intensive and commercial than other agriculture techniques.

India ranks first in the world in the production of mango, banana, chikoo and citric fruits. This progress of the horticultural field is known as the ‘Golden Revolution’. India has all the facilities needed for horticulture like diverse conditions, land forms climate, soil, irrigation facility, labour, market, governmental encouragement etc.

6 . What is Floriculture? Name the flowers which India is growing.

Answer: Floriculture refers to the productions of flowers for marketing. India is known for the art of growing flowers from the ancient times. India produces flowers like jasmine, champa, marigold, chrysanthemum, kanakambara, rose and lily are very important. There is a lot of demand for cut flowers like rose, orchids, gladiolus, lily, carnation, anthurium etc.

7. Which are the major states in India engaged in floriculture?

Answer: Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan and other states are the major states engaged in floriculture.

III. Activities:

1. Collect samples of the various food grains and pulses in India.

2. Mark the Sugarcane and Tobacco growing regions of India in the outline map of India.

3. Tobacco using is injurious to health. Collect the information from the near Doctor.

IV Projects:

1. Collect pictures and information about the various crops grown in your neighbourhood.

2. Conduct a group discussion about floriculture and women empowerment.

10th Standard, Social Science, Geography, CHAPTER 26: INDIA – MINERAL AND POWER RESOURCES

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10th Standard, Social Science, Geography, CHAPTER – 26

INDIA – MINERAL AND POWER RESOURCES

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The wonder metal of the 20th century is Bauxite (aluminium).

2. The largest producer of gold in India is Hatti.

3. Mica is also called ‘kage bangara’ in Kannada.

II. Answer the following questions in brief:

4. What are the important mineral resources available in India?

Answer: The important mineral resources available in India are iron ore, manganese ore, bauxite ore, mica and gold. In addition to these, energy resources like coal, petroleum and atomic minerals are also produced in the country.

5. Which are the types of manganese ore?

Answer: The main types of manganese ore are Pyrolusite, Psilomelane, Magnatite, Branite and Holyandite.

6. What are the uses of Mica?

Answer: Mica is used in the manufacture of telephones, telegraph, wireless service, glass, colour varnish, artificial rubber, dynamos and chemical industries.

7. Which are the important atomic minerals?

Answer: The important atomic minerals found in India are Uranium, Thorium, Berylium, Lithium etc.

8. What is non-conventional energy resources? Explain their importance.

Answer: Renewable energy sources are solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, Geo thermal energy, bio-gas etc. are called non-conventional energy sources. All over the world, due to the use of conventional energy sources like coal, petroleum, natural gas and other fossil fuels, the phenomenon of green-house effect and consequent increase in temperature of the earth’s atmosphere is being noticed. This is called ‘global warming’. Population increase, urbanization, industrialization etc. have also led to the increased use of fossil fuels. Due to this, environmental pollution is also increasing. Today, it is essential to reduce the use of such fuels and preserve environmental stability. So the use of non-conventional energy resources is essential in our daily life.

9. Give suggestions of your own to eradicate the power scarcity.

Answer: It has become inevitable in our country to take necessary steps to prevent the deficit in the energy resources. 1.Use of non-conventional resources 2.Giving importance to hydro-electric power generation 3.Use of alternate local energy resources 4.Encouraging the use of non-conventional energy resources 5.Educating the people regarding the reduced use of energy resources 6.Producing energy from solid waste.

Following points also can be done to eradicate the power scarcity.

  1. Switch off lights, fans, and electronics when not in use. 
  2. Use energy-efficient appliances and LED bulbs, which consume less power. 
  3. Avoid phantom loads by using smart power strips for devices that draw power even when off. 
  4. Reduce water heating needs by taking shorter showers and using less hot water. 
  5. Use public transport, carpool, or cycle instead of personal vehicles to reduce fuel consumption, which also saves energy. 

Additional Questions and Answers:

1 . What are the necessary steps can be taken to prevent the deficit in the energy resources?

Answer: It has become inevitable in our country to take necessary steps to prevent the deficit in the energy resources.

1. Use of non-conventional resources

2. Giving importance to hydro-electric power generation

3. Use of alternate local energy resources

4. Encouraging the use of non-conventional energy resources

5. Educating the people regarding the reduced use of energy resources

6.Producing energy from solid waste.

2. Name the states which are establishing wind power stations?

Answer: Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Gujarat are establishing wind power stations in India.

3. Describe the different types of atomic minerals found in India.

Answer: The important atomic minerals found in India are Uranium, Thorium, Berylium, Lithium etc.

a. Uranium: It is distributed in Singhbhum and Hazaribagh of Jharkhand, Gaya of Bihar, in the loamy soil of Saharanapur of Uttar Pradesh, in the sandy coasts of Kerala.

b. Thorium: This can be found in Kerala, Bihar, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan.

c. Berylium: Berylium oxide is used as a catalyst or ‘moderator’ in reactors producing nuclear energy. India has sufficient deposits of berylium.

d. Lithium: This light metal is obtained from lepidolite and fudomine ores. It is found abundantly in Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh.

4. Petroleum is called ‘Liquid Gold’. Why?

Answer: Petrol is not only an energy source but also an important raw material. A number of industries have flourished using this as a raw material. Petroleum is a very important energy resource in agriculture, industry and transportation. This is a very precious in both during peace and war. Hence it is called ‘Liquid Gold’.

5 . Which are the types of Mica?

Answer: Based on the chemical composition and colour, mica is divided into many types. They are Muscovite (white), Biotite (black), Phlugovite (brown) lepidotite etc. India has plenty of the best variety, i.e., muscovite.

III. Activity:

1. Show the distribution of minerals on an outline map of India and mark them.

10th Standard, Social, Political Science, Chapter 21 – INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY AND GLOBAL CHALLENGES

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10th Standard, Social, Political Science, Chapter – 21

INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY AND GLOBAL CHALLENGES

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1 The architect of Indian foreign policy is Jawaharlal Nehru.

2 The world human rights day is celebrated on 10th December.

3 India as a peace loving country advocates disarmament.

II. Discuss in group and answer the following questions.

4 What is foreign policy?

Answer: The policy followed by a nation in dealing with other nation is called Foreign Policy. Today every nation needs its own Foreign Policy.

According prof. Mahendrakumar Foreign policy is “Throughout course of action for achieving objectives in foreign relation as dedicated by the Ideology of National interest”.

5 Which are basic principles of India’s foreign policy?

Answer: The basic principles of India’s foreign policy are as follows.

1. Opposition to colonialism

2. Opposition to imperialism

3. Opposition to Racial discrimination

4. Policy of Non Alignment

5. Priority for the progress of African and Asian Countries

6. Support for disarmament

7. Support to United Nations (UNO) and world peace

6 Which are the challenges faced by world after the Second World War?

Answer: The Challenges faced by world after the Second World War are as follows.

  1. Denial of Human Rights
  2. Arms race: Arms race is the competition among the countries for production, stockpiling and use of arms.
  3. Economic Inequality

4. Terrorism

7 Mention the measures taken by India to protect human rights.

Answer: India has always advocated universal human rights. India has been advocating protection of Human rights in United Nations General Assembly. Fundamental rights are guaranteed in Indian constitution. India oppose genocide and all forms of exploitation and oppression. India tries to protect Human rights through United Nations and other global organisations. India has established National Human rights Commission and State Human Rights Commissions in this regard.

8 Arms race is a way for global destruction, in this backdrop mention the result of arms race.

Answer: The result of arms race are,

  1. Fear, Instability, among the countries has increased the possibilities of war.
  2. Arms race hinders in achieving world peace.
  3. It leads to financial loss and economic instability.
  4. Former President of USA Eisenhoweronce expressed. ‘This world in Arms is not spending money alone it is spending sweat of its labourers, genius of its scientists and the hopes of its children’s’. This statement confirms the ill effects of Arms race.
  5. To avoid all the mentioned evils disarmament is the only need of the hour.

9 What are the features of economically backward nations? Describe the reasons for their backwardness.

Answer: The features of economically backward nations are,

  1. Poverty and unemployment rates are high.
  2. In adequate utilization of natural resources.
  3. Poor quality of education.
  4. Ill health and malnutrition is high.
  5. Lack of technology, lack of proper infrastructure is found in these countries.

The reasons for their backwardness: European powers have established their colonies in Africa, Asia and even in Latin American Countries. Due to colonialism and imperialism the resources of the country from Asia, Africa and Latin America were looted. Owing to this policy of imperialism those countries who suffered alien Colonial rule have remained economically backward.

10 Mention the measures under taken by India to remove economic inequality among nations.

Answer: The measures under taken by India to remove economic inequality among nations are as follows.

  1. India has launched the policy of non-alignment.
  2. India advocated for the economic assistance to the needy countries by rich nations without any conditions.
  3. Thereby India has championed the cause of national pride of the economically weak countries.
  4. At the same time India stood for the smooth flow of capital investment by rich nations.

11. Describe the effects of terrorism.

Answer: The effects of terrorism are as follows.

  1. Terrorism causes loss of life, property.
  2. It is a hindrance to economic development it threatens socio culture aspects.
  3. It causes mental disturbance.
  4. Terrorism disrupts law and order it is a worry to global security of various countries.

12. What measures undertaken by India to tackle challenge of terrorism?

Answer: Measures undertaken by India to tackle challenge of terrorism are as follows.

  1. National Investigation Agency (NIA) has been established it has formed Special Forces to counter terrorist operation.
  2. India is strongly oppose terrorism within India and in foreign soil and is constantly asking for global co-operation to counter terrorism.
  3. Government has created ATS (Anti-terrorist squads), Established Intelligence Agencies like IB (Intelligence Bureau) RAW (Research and Analysis Wing) using through it strong themed intelligence system).
  4. A financial intelligence unit has been setup to prevent the transfer of funds to terrorist organisations.
  5. India signifies its supports on the global fight against all forms of terrorism.

III. Activities:

1 Collect the information of Human Rights Commission in safeguarding human rights.

Answer: The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India was established on 12 October, 1993. The statute under which it is established is the Protection of Human Rights Act (PHRA), 1993 as amended by the Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2019. The NHRC is an embodiment of India’s concern for the promotion and protection of human rights.

The Protection of Human Rights Act mandates the NHRC to perform the following:

  1. Proactively or reactively inquire into violations of human rights by the government of India or negligence of such violation by a public servant.
  2.  The protection of human rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation
  3. Review the factors, including acts of terrorism that inhibit the enjoyment of human rights and recommend appropriate remedial measures
  4. To study treaties and other international instruments on human rights and make recommendations for their effective implementation
  5. Undertake and promote research in the field of human rights
  6. To visit jails and study the condition of inmates
  7. Engage in human rights education among various sections of society and promote awareness of the safeguards available for the protection of these rights through publications, the media, seminars and other available means
  8. Encourage the efforts of NGOs and institutions that work in the field of human rights voluntarily.
  9. Considering the necessity for the protection of human rights.
  10. Requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office.

2 Collect information on child rights activist Kailash Satyarthi.

Answer: Kailash Satyarthi is a Nobel Peace Prize-winning Indian child rights activist known for his work against child labour and exploitation. He founded the Bachpan Bachao Andolan (Save the Childhood Movement) in 1980, which has rescued over 80,000 children from forced servitude. His activism spans international campaigns and policy advocacy to ensure children have access to safety, health, and education, leading to global recognition and legislative changes.

His Organisations are as follows.

  1. Bachpan Bachao Andolan (BBA): Founded in 1980, this movement rescued and rehabilitates children from forced labour and other forms of exploitation.
  2. Kailash Sathyarthi Children’s Foundation: A global foundation focused on advocating for child-friendly policies and ensuring the holistic development and empowerment of children.
  3. Global Campaign for Education: Co-founded this campaign to advocate for universal education.
  4. 100 Million For 100 Million Campaign: Launched in 2016 to mobilize 100 million youth for the rights of 100 million children who have been denied their rights and liberties.

IV. Project:

1 Make a study of great personalities who fought against violation of human rights.

10th Standard, Social Science, Sociology, Chapter 23 – COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR AND PROTESTS

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10th Standard, Social Science, Sociology, Chapter – 23

COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR AND PROTESTS

EXERCISES

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. Chipko movement took place in Uttarkhand State.

2. The leader of the Narmada agitation is Medha Patkar.

3. Dr. Shivaram Karanth agitated against the Kaiga Nuclear power station.

II Answer the following in one sentence each:

4. What is ‘Collective behaviour’?

Answer: Man is a social animal, and hence always lives in groups, communities and societies. When he is a member of a group, he behaves in a manner totally different from the way he behaves when he is alone. This kind of behavior is called ‘collective behaviour’.

5. Who is the leader of ‘Chipko’ movement?

Answer: Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna and Shri Chandiprasad Bhatt was the leader of ‘Chipko’ movement

6. What is self-help group?

Answer: The group which formed by women for self-helped and base on trust and co-operation. This group is called self-help group. These groups empower women economically and socially.

7. What is labour movement?

Answer: The movements carried out through Labour organisations to uphold the dignity of labourers and to protect the interests of labourers are called labour movements.

III Answer the following in two or three sentences after discussing them in groups:

8. What does collective behavior include?

Answer: The thoughts, feelings and behavior of a large number of disorganized people coming together accidentally constitute collective behaviour. Human behaviour coming under the scope of collective behavior includes mobs, rumours, propaganda, public opinion, revolution, social movements etc.

9. What is a ‘mob’? Give examples.

Answer: ‘Assembly of people around a common interest without any expectation or planning is called a mob”. The mob is a temporary assembly of people which responds to a particular provocation. For ex: a group of people assembled near a theatre to buy tickets, an assembly of people around an accident scene. etc.

10. Describe the nature of a mob.

Answer: Mob is a temporary assembly of people. In this, people assemble at a specific place. Members of a mob are influenced very easily by mutual feelings, opinions and acts. There is a possibility of display of suppressed feelings. Sometimes such displays assume violent form.

11. Describe the meaning and nature of environmental pollution.

Answer: The soil, air, water and biosphere around us getting polluted with toxins and chemicals is called environmental pollution.

With the increase in human population, the pressure on the environment where human beings are living is progressively increasing. Developed nations are destroying the environment for the purpose of their luxurious life. Many nations in the world are exerting enormous pressure on the environment due to the problems faced by increase in the human population. In addition, the unbridled growth of cities, proliferation of industries, technological progress, expansion of transport system etc. are destroying the forests and polluting the environment. Consequently, pollution is posing a serious problem.

12. Explain the importance of women’s self-help groups.

Answer: Women have formed self-helped groups base on trust and co-operation. These groups empower women economically and socially. In addition to that self-helped groups play an important role in providing them with equal rights opportunities and powers.

Additional Questions and Answers:

1 . Name the different environmental movements.

Answer: The different environmental movements are

  1. Chipko movement
  2. Appiko’ movement
  3. Narmada movement
  4. Silent Valley movement
  5. Movement against MRPL
  6. Agitation against Kaiga

2. Describe Chipko movement.

Answer: The government gave permission to chop down certain trees in Tehri Garhwal district of Uttarkhand. The people there realized that there will be loss of trees, and their environment will be destroyed. So they hugged the trees and halted their destruction. This movement took place in 1973 under the leadership of Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna and Shri Chandiprasad Bhatt. As a result, the permission given to chop down the trees was withdrawn. This movement is known as Chipko movement.

3. What is Appiko’ movement?

Answer: In 1983, the farmers of Salyani village in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka started a movement. When the contractors came to cut down trees in Kelase forest, in order to stop them, the farmers hugged the trees and protested. The purpose of the farmers’ protest was to stop smuggling of trees, and develop awareness among the common people about the importance of growing trees and the importance of environment. Later this movement was popularly known as Appiko movement.

4. Explain briefly about Narmada movement.

Answer: An agitation was launched against the construction of a dam across the Narmada River under Sardar Sarovar Project in Gujarat. The leaders of this movement were environmental activists Medha Patkar and Baba Amte who felt that with the construction of the dam, there would be large scale destruction of forests, damage to the environment and threat to many animal species. This is called as Narmada Bachavo Andolana

5. What is Movement against MRPL?

Answer: Environmentalists protested against the ‘Mangalore Refineries and Petrochemicals Limited’ (MRPL) in Mangalore in Karnataka when they realized that the chemicals fumes from the proposed oil refinery would destroy the environment. This movement is called Movement against MRPL.

6 . Describe the Agitation against Kaiga

Answer: Dr.Shivaram Karanth and other intellectuals carried out a movement against the Nuclear Power Generation Center proposed to be set up in Kaiga in Karnataka. This agitation was carried out because the agitators felt that the nuclear power generation center would cause loss of forest cover, and the radiation from the center would pollute the environment, thus endangering the survival of various animal species of the area.

7 . Name the different movements organised by women.

Answer: The different movements organised by women are

  1. Alcohol Prohibition Movements and
  2. Women Self Help Group

8 . Name the other movements taken place in India.

Answer: The other movements taken place in India are Farmer’s Movement Labour Movements Anti – Untouchability Movement

9. What is Riots? Explain the Nature of Riots.

Answer: Riots are another type of mob behavior. Violent and destructive nature of mob behavior is called riot.  Those involved in riots go on destroying everything in their way. Sometimes, these riots lead to large scale loss of property and lives. The people engaged in riots do not have any particular aim or cause for the destruction they cause. Riots have become serious challenges for law and order. Communal clashes, communal fights, group clashes are the some examples of riots. Riots occur more in towns and cities.

IV Activities:

1. Visit women’s organizations and self-help groups in your Place. Collect their programmes with objectives.

2. Learn from the members how the women’s organizations and self-help groups have enabled economic development of women.

V Project:

1. Collect the information and prepare the album about environmental movements in Karnataka.

2. Prepare a report on the project on the scheme Sasya Shyamala implemeted in your school.

9th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 19 – EUROPE: MEDIEVAL AND MODERN

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9th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 19

EUROPE: MEDIEVAL AND MODERN

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Renaissance means rebirth or reawakening.

2. Petrarch is called the father of Renaissance.

3. Followers of Martin Luther are ‘Protestants’.

4. The leader of the Counter Reformation movement was ‘Ignatius Loyola.

5. The Industrial Revolution started in 18th Century, in England.

II. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group.

6. What were the consequences of religious reformation?

Answer: The consequences or effects of religious reformation are as follows.

1. As a result of the religious reformation, the solidarity of Christian religion received a severe blow. Christianity was divided into three sects: Catholic Church, Orthodox Church and Protestant church.

2. Many of the European kings got liberated from the hold of the Church and the Pope.

3. Religious reformation led to rise of nationalism.

4. The confiscated wealth of the Church was utilized for the economic development.

5. Patriotic feelings became strong and the kings of Europe developed religious tolerance.

6. Due to this movement, the literary field saw progress. Local languages influenced the European minds.

7. The Catholic Church itself underwent reformation and this came to be known as “Counter Reformation”.

7. What were the reasons for geographical explorations?

Answer: The reasons for geographical explorations are as follows.

1. When the Turks conquered the city of Constantinople in 1453, it opened the trade gates between east and west. The greater share of the profits from importing spices from India went to the Turks. Due to this, the Europeans faced the inevitability of finding a new sea route to India.

2. Spain and Portugal were ambitious in competing with Arabs in sea trade.

3. Discovery of new countries opened the possibility of spreading 

Christianity.

4. European curiosity was roused by the adventurous nature of sea voyage towards eastern countries. 

5. Mariner’s compass and astrolabe equipment were helpful to sailors. Charts and maps were available to sailors.

6. Europeans believed that China was a fertile place to make profit.

8. Which are the water-colour paintings of Leonardo da Vinci? 

Answer: The water-colour paintings of Leonardo da Vinci’ are ‘Last Supper’ and ‘Monalisa’.

9. Explain the development of literature in the period of Renaissance with an Example.

Answer: Italy was the motherland of great writers. France, England, Germany and Spain too contributed a lot to literature. The theme of literature of this period was worldly matters rather than religion. Many articles were written about the human body, voice and other subjects. Instead of Latin, many of the regional European languages came to be used in daily life.

10. Describe the effects of Industrial Revolution.

Answer: Effects of the industrial revolution: Due to the innumerable changes in industries, demand for machines grew. Many changes took place in the economic and social fields too. New factories were established. The cost of production came down and essential products were available at a low price. Cottage industries could not compete with the giant factories and, thus, they collapsed. The rich became richer and the poor remained poor. People had to migrate from villages to towns. A capitalist class emerged in society. Hostilities developed between the owners and the workers, and class conflict began.

Additional Questions and Answers.

1 . What were the important reasons for Renaissance?

Answer: The fall of Constantinople in the year 1453, end of slavery, development of Guttenberg’s printing machine in Germany and geographical explorations were the important reasons for Renaissance.

2. What were the Features of Renaissance?

Answer: The Features of Renaissance were as follows.

1. The vision of the people during the Renaissance movement was quite different from that of the people in the middle Ages. People’s opinions towards the world and man changed. This was called ‘humanism’. The humanists developed keen interest in great literature. Attempts were made to support actions related to human life.

2. The works written in English, Italian and German languages by the writers of Renaissance period became very popular.

3. There were changes in the economic and social life. Agriculture gave place to commercial and industrial activities. Fundamental changes took place in social relations also.

4. The main feature of Renaissance was the interest shown by people in great culture and their desire to cultivate it. This is called “Imitation of the best”.

5. The migration of Greek and Roman Scholars to Italy, led to the Renaissance there.

3. Name the important Scientists during the renaissance period.

Answer: The important Scientists during the renaissance period are Keppler, Galileo and Newton.

4. What are the effects of land exploration?

Answer: The effects of land exploration are as follows.

1. Competition began between the countries of Europe to build colonies in the newly explored lands. The contest was severe for gaining strength in trade in America, Africa and Asia. This helped them gain monopoly in trading in the countries they conquered.

2. Raw materials from the new colonies enriched the European countries.

3. Capitalism gained strength in European countries and led to the beginning of the Industrial revolution.

4. Christian missionaries travelled far and wide and propagated Christianity.

5. Colonialism and Imperialism led to hatredness between the local and the foreigners.

6. The African slaves were utilized for the economic development of North America, the slave trade came into existence.

5. What are the reasons for Religious reformation movement?

Answer: The reasons for Religious reformation movement are as follows.

1. Many members of the Christian clergies and the Popes indulged in materialistic pleasures and showed interest in politics.

2. Corruption in the name of ‘Letter of Pardon’ by Roman Catholic Church.

3. Clashes between Emperor and Roman Catholic Church.

4. Rise of scientific temperament.

5. The church opposed the translation of the Bible from Hebrew to other languages.

6. Feeling of Nationalism became stronger than the religion.

6. Describe Counter-reformation movement.

Answer: The Protestant group gained strength by spreading very rapidly. Alarmed by this development, the Catholics saw the necessity of self-reformation to protect their image. The arguments of Protestants were effective in attracting the attention of the people. This incident dealt a severe blow to the existence and survival of the Roman church. They had to do something to protect the interests of churches. Such a necessity gave birth to a movement called Counter-reformation. Stopping the advance of Protestants and repairing the damage to Roman churches were the objectives of this movement. Hence, an attempt was made to find a suitable solution to all the problems by making internal changes in the church.

7. What are the reasons for Industrial Revolution?

Answer: The reasons for Industrial Revolution are as follows.

1. Scientific inventions made possible by the influence of the Renaissance led to the production of machines.

2. With the establishment of colonies, the trae increased and also the demand for finished goods also increased.

3. Supply of enormous raw materials from the colonies at low cost.

4. The labour class which was depended on the industries emerged.

5. Increase in capital investment.

6. The political stability in England.

II. Activities:

1. Know about the scientists of Renaissance period from your teacher.

2. Collect the picture of machines developed during Industrial revolution.

IV. Projects:

1. Collect pictures of artists of the Renaissance period and their works.

2. List out the Renaissance scientists and their discoveries.

3. Discuss with your art teachers and collect the life histories of present-day artists.

4. Make a list of discoveries of the Indian scientists who lived before the time of European scientists.

9th Standard, Social, Geography CHAPTER 28 – TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN KARNATAKA

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9th Standard, Social, Geography CHAPTER 28

TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN KARNATAKA

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Villages and towns are linked by Road transport.

2. The first Railway Line in Karnataka was established in the year 1864.

3. The district with least number of district roads in Karnataka is Raichur.

4. The port that is called the ‘Gateway of Karnataka’ is The New Mangaluru Port.

5. The West Coastal Railway is called Konkan Railways.

II. Answer the following questions in brief.

6. Explain the importance of road transport. 

Answer: A large number of people live in rural areas in Karnataka. So, road transport occupies a very important role in linking the villages and towns. Roads can be constructed easily, at low cost. People and goods can be transported to every corner of the state. Development of roads determines the progress of the state’s agriculture, industry, mining and commerce.

7. Name the different types of roads in Karnataka.

Answer: The different types of roads in Karnataka are as follows.

1. National highways, 

2. State highways, 

3. District roads and 

4. Village roads

8. What are the advantages of air transport?

Answer: The advantages of air transport are as follows.

1. Air transport is the fastest mode of transport. 

2. It helps to carry people, mail and lightweight goods to distant places in the shortest time. 

3. Air transport is of great help during natural calamities, wars and other emergencies. 

4. However, it is the costliest mode of transport and not available to everyone. But very helpful to the people who are working in abroad.

9. Name the ports of Karnataka.

Answer: The ports of Karnataka are,

1. New Mangalore Port

2. Old Mangalore Port

3. Karwar Port

In addition to the Mangaluru port, thirteen smaller ports have been developed. These are Old Mangaluru Port, Malpe, Hangarakatte, Kundapura, Padubidri, Bhatkal, Honnavara, Tadri, Belekeri and Karwar

III. Match the following.

             A.                                                                       B

i. Golden Quadrilateral                                   a. Mangaluru & Mumbai

ii. Sharavathi Bridge                                        b. Bengaluru

iii. Nationalization of Air Transport                c. NH-44

iv. Konkan Railway                                          d. Airport

v. Namma Metro                                             e. Konkan Railway

                                                                        f. 1953

III. Match the following.

             A.                                                                       B

i. Golden Quadrilateral                                   c. NH-44

ii. Sharavathi Bridge                                        e. Konkan Railway

iii. Nationalization of Air Transport                f. 1953

iv. Konkan Railway                                          a. Mangaluru & Mumbai

v. Namma Metro                                             b. Bengaluru

 Additional Questions and Answers:

1 . Describe National Highway.

Answer: Roads which link important cities, capitals of states and ports are called National highways. These are well-planned wide roads and are two- lane, four- lane and six- lane roads. They are under the authority of the Central Government, and are managed by the ‘National Highways Authority of India’ (NHAI).

2. What is State Highway? Which is longest and shortest State Highways of Karnataka?

Answer: Roads which link the capital city of Bengaluru with district headquarters, major towns and other highways are called State Highways. The construction and maintenance of these roads rests with the State Government. Karnataka has 27,880 kms of state highways. Belagavi has the longest state highway whereas Bengaluru has the least.

3. Which are district roads? Which district have maximum number of district roads?

Answer: Roads which link district headquarters with taluk headquarters, major towns, villages, railways and major highways are called District roads. Tumakuru district has maximum district highways, and Raichur has the least.

4. Which roads are called as Rural roads?

Answer: Roads which link taluk headquarters with village and district highways are called Rural roads.

5. Explain about Konkan railway.

Answer: This is the most important railway route of West Coast. This is called Konkan Railway. It links Mangaluru and Mumbai, and has reduced the time for travelling from 41 hrs to 18 hrs. Its length is 273 kms with 13 main and 310 other bridges. Of these, Sharavathi river bridge (2.2kms) the longest bridge and Kali river bridge (1.2 kms) are the important bridges. Since this railway passes through many tunnels and across bridges, one can enjoy the natural beauty and scenery.

IV. Activity.

1. Mark and name the highways passing through Karnataka on a map.

V. Projects.

1. Write a paragraph on your experience of railway journey.

2. Write a note on your local transport system.

9th Standard, Social, Geography, CHAPTER 27 – MINERAL RESOURCES OF KARNATAKA

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9th Standard, Social, Geography CHAPTER 27

MINERAL RESOURCES OF KARNATAKA

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Kudremukh in Karnataka is noted for Iron ore.

2. The best-quality iron ore is magnetite ore.

3. The leading producer of manganese in Karnataka is Sandur in Bellary

4. The metal that is produced from bauxite ore is aluminium.

5. The deepest gold mine in KGF is Champion Reef.

II. Answer the following questions in brief.

6. Why is Karnataka called the ‘Land of Gold’?

Answer: Karnataka occupies the first position in the production of gold in India. It produces 80% of the total gold in India. Hence Karnataka is known as the ‘Land of Gold’. Gold is mined in Karnataka from ancient times.

7. Which are the important minerals available in Karnataka?

Answer: Karnataka has rich and varied mineral resources. Among them, iron ore, gold, manganese, lime stone, copper, bauxite, chromite, mica, asbestos and granite are the important minerals.

8. Which is the ore used as an alloy?

Answer: Manganese ore is used as an alloy.

9. Name the places in Karnataka where iron ore is available.

Answer: The places in Karnataka where iron ore is available are Ballari, Chikkamagaluru, Bagalkot, Chitradurga, Tumakuru, Shivamogga, Dakshina Kannada, Uttara Kannada and Gadag. Ballari has rich deposits and they are mainly found in Hospet and Sandur areas. Iron ore is extracted at Donimalai, Vibhutigudda, Belagala, Kumaraswamy Hills, Timmappana Gudi, Devadri range and Ramadurga Hills. Chikkamagaluru district occupies the second position. Iron ore is found in Bababudangiri hills (Inam Dattatreya Peeta), Kemmannugundi, Kudremukh, Gangamula, Kalhattagiri and Jenusuri hillocks. With a view to protecting bio-diversity, the Supreme Court has ordered mining to be stopped at Kudremukh which has a National Park. There are iron ore deposits in Hosadurga and Sasalu of Chitradurga district, Ameengadh of Bagalkot district, Huliyara and Chikkanayakanahalli of Tumakuru district, Kumsi, Shankaragudda and Siddarahalli of Shivamogga district etc.

10. Which district is an important producer of bauxite?

Answer: Deposits of bauxite ore in Karnataka are found in the districts of Belgavi, Chikkamagaluru, Chitradurga, Dakshina Kannada and Udupi. Belgavi district is the leading bauxite producing district.

11. Name the important gold mines of Karnataka.

Answer: There are four important mines in the Kolar Gold Fields. They are Nandidurg, Urigaum, Champion Reef and Mysore Mines. Among these, Champion Reef is the deepest gold mine (3217 mtrs.). The gold deposits in these mines is almost exhausted due to 

continuous mining for many years. Now they are not working. But mining continues at Hutti mines. At present, Hutti in Raichur district is the biggest gold mine in India. Lots of gold is produced here. Gold is also produced in Bellara in Tumakuru district and Ajjanahalli near Sira. Other places with gold deposits are Mulgund and Kappatagudda in Gadag district, 

Kempinakote in Hassan district etc.

III. Match the following.

A                                                          B

i. Manganese                           a. Aluminium

ii. Hatti                                    b. Indian Aluminium Company

iii. Bauxite                               c. KGF

iv. Belagavi                              d. Karnataka’s Largest Gold mine

                                                e. Most useful ore

Answer:

A                                                          B

i. Manganese                           e. Most useful ore

ii. Hatti                                    d. Karnataka’s Largest Gold mine

iii. Bauxite                               a. Aluminium

iv. Belagavi                              b. Indian Aluminium Company

Additional Questions and Answers:

1 . Name the places in Karnataka where Manganese ore is available.

Answer: Manganese ore is available in various places of Karnataka. Sandur in Bellary district is an important producer of manganese. The other main manganese ore mining centers are Kumsi, Shankaragudda and Hosahalli in Shivamogga district, Sadarahalli in Chitradurga district, Chikkanayakanahalli in Tumakuru district, Sirasi taluk, Supa, Londa, Uscanda in Uttara Kannada district, and the districts of Dharwad, Vijayapura and Chikkamagaluru.

2. Name the places in Karnataka where Bauxite ore is available.

Answer: Deposits of bauxite ore in Karnataka are found in the districts of Belgavi, Chikkamagaluru, Chitradurga, Dakshina Kannada and Udupi. Belgavi district is the leading bauxite-producing district.

3. Which are the famous Iron steel factories of Karnataka?

Answer: The famous Iron steel factories of Karnataka are the Vishveshwaraiah iron and steel factory at Bhadravati and the Jindal Vijayanagar Iron and Steel factory near Ballari.

4. To which countries is Karnataka exporting manganese ore?

Answer: A major portion of the Karnataka state’s manganese production is exported to Japan, China and other countries.

IV. Activities.

1. Collect samples and write short notes on the minerals available in Karnataka.

2. On a map of Karnataka mark and name the where minerals are found.

8th Standard, Social, Geography, CHAPTER 26 – HYDROSPHERE

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8th Standard, Social, Geography, CHAPTER 26

HYDROSPHERE

EXERCISES

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The average depth of the continental shelf is 100 fathoms (1 fathom is equal to 6 ft.).

2. One fathom is equal to 6 ft.

3. The deepest place in the Pacific Ocean is The Challenger deep of Mariana trench.

4. The average salinity of the ocean water is 35 PPT (Parts per thousand) or 35 grams/1000 grams).

5.  Spring tides occur during full moon.

II Answer the following questions briefly:

6. What is hydrosphere?

            Answer: The Earth is popularly called ‘Blue planet’ or ‘Watery planet’ because about 70.78% of the total area of the earth or 361 million sq. km is covered by water. The hydrosphere is the total amount of water on, under, and above the Earth’s surface. It includes all forms of water—solid (ice), liquid (oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater), and gas (water vapor)—and covers about 71% of the Earth’s surface.

7. Mention the four major parts of the ocean floor.

            Answer: The ocean floor is divided into four major parts. They are

a) The continental shelf

b) The continental slope

c) The deep sea plain

d) The ocean deeps

8. State the difference between ocean currents and tides.

            Answer: The difference between ocean currents and tides are as follows.

  1. Ocean currents are the regular movement of ocean water from one region to another. Tides are the periodic rise and fall in the sea or ocean level. They occur due to, gravitational attraction by the moon, gravitational force by the sun, rotation of the earth and, centrifugal force of the earth.
  2. The two types of Ocean currents are Warm currents and Cold currents. There are two types of tides are Spring Tide and Neap Tide.
  3. Factors that influence ocean currents are Rotation of the Earth, Temperature, Wind, Salinity, Shape of the landmasses, etc. But the Tides influenced by the basis of the positions of the Moon and the Sun.

9. Distinguish between spring tide and neap tide.

            Answer:

  1. Spring tides take place when the earth, the moon and the sun are in the same straight line, eg, New moon and Full moon. Neap tides occur on the first quarter and last quarter days in the phase of the Moon. During neap tides the sun and the earth are in the same straight line and moon is in right angle to the earth.
  2. When the spring tides take place, high tides are the highest and low tides are the lowest. In Neap tides the high tides are not very high and low tides are not very low.
  3. Spring Tide: The gravitational pulls of the Sun and Moon combine, leading to a greater pull on the Earth’s oceans.

Neap Tide: The gravitational pulls of the Sun and Moon work against each other, partially cancelling out the effect.

10. How can we conserve the oceans?

     Answer: The following are the important methods of conservation of oceans.

1. Oil transportation should be done through pipelines.

2. Nuclear waste should not be dumped into the sea or ocean.

3. Petro-chemical industries in the coastal regions must avoid dumping effluents into the sea or ocean.

4. Dumping of any waste near the ports and harbours must be controlled.

5. Ore deposition and mineral exploitation along the coast must be controlled.

6. Exploitation and destruction of beaches must be controlled.

III Match the following:

A                                              B

i. fathom                                      a) deep sea plain

ii. oyashio                                     b) eastern coast of USA

iii. gulf stream                              c) cold current

iv. sea mounts                              d) Indian ocean current

v. agulhas current                        e) Measuring the depth of ocean

Answer:

A                                              B

i. fathom                                      e) Measuring the depth of ocean

ii. oyashio                                     c) cold current

iii. gulf stream                              b) eastern coast of USA

iv. sea mounts                              a) deep sea plain

v. agulhas current                        d) Indian ocean current

IV Define the following:

11. Continental shelf 14. High tide and low tide

12. Salinity 15. benguela current

13. Warm and cold currents 16. Tides

11. Continental shelf: This is the shallow area along the sea coast. This part is bordered by the sea coast on one side and continental slope on the other side. The average depth of the continental shelf is 100 fathoms (1 fathom is equal to 6 ft). The depth of the sea in this region gradually increases towards the continental slope. The continental shelf is very important for fishing, aquaculture, navigation and extraction of minerals.

12. Salinity: Salinity is the percentage of salts dissolved in the sea or ocean water. The average salinity of the ocean water is 35 PPT (Parts per thousand) or 35 grams/1000 grams). The salinity of ocean water is very high near the tropics and it is very low near the poles.

13. Warm and cold currents: Warm currents: These currents originate and flow from the equatorial regions to sub-polar regions.

Cold currents: These currents originate in the polar regions and flow towards the equatorial region.

14. High tide and low tide: Tides are of two types. High tide, also known as Flood tide and Low tide, also known as Ebb tide. On the water bodies of the earth there are alternate high tides and low tides. Between one high tide and a low tide the time is 6 hrs, 13 minutes. Between one high tide and another, the timegap is 12 hrs, 26 minutes. In 24 hrs, 52 minutes there are 2 high tides and 2 low tides.

15. Benguela current: This is one of the cold current is found in South Atlantic Ocean. These Cold currents originate in the Polar Regions and flow towards the equatorial region.

16. Tides: Tides are the periodic rise and fall in the sea or ocean level. They occur due to, gravitational attraction by the moon, gravitational force by the sun, rotation of the earth and, centrifugal force of the earth.

V Terms to remember:

1. Gulf: Gulf is a part of an ocean or sea that penetrated into the land. It is smaller than a sea. The size, shape and depth of a gulf varies from one to another, e.g., the Gulf of Mannar, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Mexico.

2. Salinity: Salinity is the percentage of salts dissolved in the sea or ocean water. The average salinity of the ocean water is 35 PPT (Parts per thousand) or 35 grams/1000 grams). The salinity of ocean water is very high near the tropics and it is very low near the poles.

3. Warm currents: These currents originate and flow from the equatorial regions to sub-polar regions.

4. Kuroshio current: Kuroshio Current is one of the warm currents is found in North Pacific Ocean.

5. High tide and low tide: Tides are of two types. High tide, also known as Flood tide and Low tide, also known as Ebb tide. On the water bodies of the earth there are alternate high tides and low tides.

6. Tidal energy: Tidal energy is a renewable energy source generated from the natural rise and fall of ocean tides, driven by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun.

VI Activity:

  1. List out the cold and warm currents in Atlantic Ocean.

Answer: The cold and warm currents in Atlantic Ocean are as follows.

The cold currents in Atlantic Ocean: Labrador current, Norwegean current, Canary current, Falkland current, Benguela current

The warm currents in Atlantic Ocean: North equatorial current, Gulf stream, North Atlantic drift, South equatorial current, Brazilian current

8th Standard, Social, Sociology, CHAPTER 24 – SOCIOLOGY IN DAILY LIFE

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8th Standard, Social, Sociology, CHAPTER 24

SOCIOLOGY IN DAILY LIFE

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. We express our feelings through body language or facial expressions.

2. Sociology enables us to study every subject without any prejudices.

3. Social interaction is communication with more than two people.

II. Answer the following questions:

4. How does sociology enable us to understand the society in our daily lives?

Answer: Sociology provides us with the right information needed for our daily lives. It enables us to study all subjects without any prejudices. We interact with many people in our daily lives. This process is called social interaction. Social interaction involves more than two people communicating among themselves through language and symbols, and influencing one another’s behaviour and thoughts.

5. Give an example to illustrate the importance of language.

            Answer: We cannot lead our daily lives without communication. The language that we speak depends on the area we reside in. We learn the language that is suitable for our environment, or else it will be difficult to lead our lives.

6. What is role-consciousness?

            Answer: We cannot ask questions about your school lessons to the doctor or cannot ask about our illness to our teacher. That is because we expect the doctor to do his duty towards health, the teacher to teach lessons and the nurse to treat us. We do not get confused about these duties. This performance by every person of his role is known as role consciousness.

Role consciousness means being aware of the duties, responsibilities, and expected behaviors that come with a particular social position, such as being a student, a family member, or a member of a club. It’s understanding what’s expected of you in a specific situation and acting accordingly to fulfill that role.

III. Answer the following in four-five sentences each:

7. Describe the relationship between language and society.

            Answer: Language is a tool for social interaction, culture, and identity, while society shapes language through social factors like class, age, and region, and also influences its evolution. This means language reflects and reinforces social structures, and social changes drive changes in how we use language. For example, different social classes might use different dialects, and new technologies lead to new words and abbreviations. Social interaction involves more than two people communicating among themselves through language and symbols, and influencing one another’s behaviour and thoughts.

8. Explain role consciousness with an example.

            Answer: Role consciousness means being aware of the duties, responsibilities, and expected behaviors that come with a particular social position, such as being a student, a family member, or a member of a club. It’s understanding what’s expected of you in a specific situation and acting accordingly to fulfill that role. We cannot ask questions about your school lessons to the doctor or cannot ask about our illness to our teacher. That is because we expect the doctor to do his duty towards health, the teacher to teach lessons and the nurse to treat us. We do not get confused about these duties. This performance by every person of his role is known as role consciousness.

IV. Activity:

  1. Write an essay on your role in society as brother/sister.

Answer: The roles of brother or sister extend from providing emotional guidance and protection to demonstrating values like kindness and responsibility, which can shape the younger sibling’s character and influence their own contributions to the broader community. An older sibling, for instance, might help a younger one with schoolwork or share life experiences, while a younger sibling might offer a new perspective in return. Brothers and sisters serve as a blueprint for each other’s behavior and values. Actions and choices can demonstrate qualities like kindness, honesty, and responsibility, influencing how the other sibling understands and navigates the world. Sharing experiences, from childhood games to adult conversations, creates a bond that provides emotional comfort and a sense of belonging. The communication, problem-solving, and conflict resolution skills honed through a close sibling relationship are transferable and essential for navigating social situations. Siblings learn to communicate their needs and feelings effectively, which is a crucial skill for all future relationships. Navigating the complexities of a lifelong sibling relationship teaches invaluable lessons in understanding and patience.

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