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8th Standard, Social, Geography, CHAPTER 13 – ATMOSPHERE

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8th Standard, Social, Geography, CHAPTER – 13

ATMOSPHERE

Exercises

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The two major gases of the atmosphere are Nitrogen and Oxygen.

2. The lowest layer of the atmosphere is Troposphere.

3. The average air pressure of the atmosphere at the sea level is

1013.25 mb.

4. Westerlies is also known as Anti-trade Winds.

5. The scientific study of weather is ‘Meteorology’.

II Answer the following questions briefly:

6. What is atmosphere?

Answer: Atmosphere is a thin layer of gases, dust particles and water vapour surrounding the Earth.

7.  Name the important layers of the atmosphere.

Answer: The important layers of the atmosphere are as follows.

1. Troposphere, 

2. Stratosphere, 

3. Mesosphere, 

4. Thermosphere (Ionosphere)

5. Exosphere.

8.  What is the significance of ozone layer?

Answer: Stratosphere is the second layer of the atmosphere. This layer extends up to 50 km’s from the surface. It lies between troposphere and mesosphere. In this layer Ozone is the most important gas which absorbs ‘ultraviolet rays’ of the sun and protect all forms of life on the Earth. This layer is free from clouds and other important weather phenomenon and provides ideal flying conditions for jet aircrafts

9.  What is Doldrum? Where is it found?

Answer: The equatorial low pressure belt is a zone of high temperature and low pressure.  This region is called ‘Doldrum. This region gets direct rays of the Sun almost throughout the year. Hence air is always very warm and hot. This is a calm region with very little wind. So it is known as ‘Doldrum’ means ‘belt of calm’ (equatorial calm). Doldrum found between 0° to 5° North and South of the equator.

10. Name the different types of planetary winds.

Answer:  Winds are classified into 4 major types. They are Planetary winds, Seasonal winds, Local winds, Cyclones and Anti cyclones

1. Planetary winds: Planetary Winds are also called ‘Permanent winds’ or ‘Prevailing winds’ or ‘Regular winds’. They classified into 3 types. They are, 

a) Trade Winds b) Westerlies or Anti-trade Winds c) Polar winds

2. Seasonal winds

3. Local winds

4. Cyclones and Anti cyclones: 

a) Cyclones: They are divided into Tropical cyclones, Temperate cyclones.

b) Anti Cyclones.

11. What are local winds? Give any two examples.

Answer: Local winds also known as periodic winds are the result of variation in local temperature, pressure, humidity which in turn are attributed to the formation of air currents, crossing mountain ranges, valleys and other relief barriers. 

 Two common examples are,

1. Sea Breeze: A cool wind then blows from the high-pressure area over the water to the low-pressure area over the land. 

2. Land Breeze:  A wind blows from the cooler land towards the warmer sea. 

The other local winds are Mountain breeze (Katabatic winds),Valley breeze (Anabatic winds) and other few winds are Loo (India), Chinook or Snow eater (USA), Fohn (Alps region), Mistral (France), Sirocco (Sahara region), Brick Fielder (Australia), Blizzard (Antarctica) etc.

12. Mention the different types of clouds.

Answer: Clouds are classified in to 4 types on the basis of their shapes and heights at which they occur. The important types of clouds are as follows.

1. Stratus

2. Cumulus, 

3. Cirrus

4. Nimbus 

These are further categorized into ten main types, such as 

  1. Cirrus (Ci)
  2. Cirrocumulus (Cc)
  3. Cirrostratus (Cs)
  4. Altocumulus (Ac)
  5. Altostratus (As)
  6. Nimbostratus (Ns)
  7. Cumulus (Cu)
  8. Cumulonimbus (Cb)
  9. Stratocumulus (Sc)
  10. Stratus (St)

13. Distinguish between weather and climate.

Answer: The main differences between weather and climate as follows.

1. Weather: The day-to-day or even hour-to-hour state of the atmosphere at a specific location. 

Climate: The average weather conditions and variations over a large area for a long period. 

2. Weather: Short-term, from minutes to days or weeks. 

Climate: Long-term, typically observed over decades, such as 30 years or more. 

3. Weather: A sudden rain shower, a very hot afternoon, or a strong gust of wind are all examples of weather. 

Climate:  A tropical climate with warm temperatures year-round, or a desert climate characterized by very little rainfall, describe climate. 

4. Weather: Affects daily activities, such as what to wear, whether to carry an umbrella, or if you can play outside. 

Climate: Influences major aspects of life in a region, such as the types of crops that can be grown, the kind of industries, and the overall lifestyle of the inhabitants. 

III Define the following:

14. Ionosphere: Thermosphere layer lies next to Mesosphere. In this layer temperature rises drastically. It is also called ‘Ionosphere’ as the gaseous atoms are ionized due to very high temperature. 

15. Normal lapse rate: Normal lapse rate is the decreasing rate of temperature with the increase of altitude. The rate of decrease is 10 C for every 165 meters or 6.40 C for every 1000 meters of height (1 km).

16. Torrid zone: This is the zone of high temperature. This region is found between 0° or Equator and Tropic of Cancer in the north (23°.30l N) and the Equator and Tropic of Capricorn (23°.30l S) in the south. This region receives direct rays of the Sun.

17. Orographic rainfall: Orographic rainfall is also called ‘Mountain rainfall’ or ‘Relief rainfall’. When moisture laden air is obstructed by a mountain barrier, the air is forced to rise up. As the air rises upwards, it cools and gets saturated. Further cooling of this air causes condensation resulting in orographic or mountain rainfall. 

18. Climatology: The scientific study of climate is called ‘Climatology’.

IV Terms to remember:

1. Insolation: The Sun is the main source of energy to the Earth which supplies heat through insolation. Insolation means incoming solar radiation from the sun to the Earth. 

2. Inversion of temperature: In some situations temperature also increase with increasing height. This takes place in mountain valleys during long winter nights with clear sky, dry air, no wind and snow covered surface.

3. Anemometer: ‘Anemometer’ is used to measure the speed of the wind.

4. Roaring forties: The westerlies of southern hemisphere are very strong over the oceans. Hence they are called ‘Roaring Forties’ (40° south latitude),

5. Nimbus clouds: Nimbus clouds are rain clouds which occur at low levels. These clouds have the shape of stratus or cumulus. 

6. Meteorology: The scientific study of weather is called ‘Meteorology’.

Additional Questions:

1 . Which are the various elements influences the Weather condition?

Answer: Weather condition of a place is influenced by various elements are as follows.

  1. Temperature
  2. Pressure
  3. Wind
  4. Humidity
  5. Clouds
  6. Rainfall

2. Name the important factors which influence atmospheric temperature.

Answer: The important factors which influence atmospheric temperature are latitude, altitude or height, distance from the sea, wind, ocean currents, relief, clouds, rainfall etc.

3. What is atmospheric pressure? Name the instrument used by measuring atmospheric pressure.

Answer: Air has weight and it exerts pressure. This is called atmospheric pressure. Air pressure is measured by an instrument called Barometer.

4. What is pressure belt? Name the Major pressure belts of the Earth.

Answer: The pressure on the earth is distributed in the form of belts. There are seven pressure belts. They are,

1. The Equatorial low pressure belt

2. North Sub- tropical high pressure belt

3. South Sub-tropical high pressure belt

4. North -Sub- Polar low pressure belt

5. South Sub-polar low pressure belt

6. North Polar high pressure belt

7. South Polar High pressure belt

5. What is Humidity? Name the instrument used by measuring Humidity?

Answer: Humidity is the amount of water vapour or moisture present in the air. Humidity is measured by using an instrument called Hygrometer or Psychrometer.

6 . What are the different types of Humidity?

Answer: The different types of Humidity are as follows.

  1. Absolute humidity
  2. Relative humidity
  3. Specific humid­ity

7. What is rainfall? Name the types of rainfall. 

    Answer: Precipitation in the form of water droplets is called rainfall. The types of rainfall are as follows.

    1. Convectional rainfall
    2. Orographic rainfall
    3. Cyclonic rainfall.

    V Activity:

    1. Draw a diagram showing different temperature zones on the basis of latitudes.

    8th Standard, Social, Geography CHAPTER 12 – LITHOSPHERE

    yakshadeepa
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    8th Standard, Social, Geography CHAPTER – 12

    LITHOSPHERE

    Exercises

    I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

    1. The continental crust is also called SIAL (Silica and Aluminium).

    2. Vast basin shaped volcanic mouth is ‘Caldera’.

    3. The most destructive earthquake waves are Surface Waves (LW).

    4. Stalactities and Stalagmites are most common in Underground water.

    5. The Beaches are formed by sea wave work.

    II Answer the following questions briefly:

    6. Mention the three major layers of the interior of the Earth. 

    Answer: The three major layers of the interior of the Earth are, 

    1. The Crust

    2. The Mantle

    3. The Core.

    7.  Name the types of volcanoes on the basis of frequency of eruption.

    Answer: The types of volcanoes on the basis of frequency of eruption are as follows.

    1. Active Volcanoes

    2. Dormant Volcanoes

    3. Extinct Volcanoes

    8. Mention the important earthquake zones of the world.

    Answer: The important earthquake zones of the world are, 

    1. Primary Waves (PW)

    2. Secondary Waves (SW)

    3. Surface Waves (LW)

    9.  What is weathering? Name the three main types of weathering.

    Answer: Weathering is the wearing away or breaking down or gradual disintegration of rocks by agents (Temperature, rainfall, wind etc.) present in the atmosphere. The three main types of weathering are,

    1. Mechanical weathering:

    2. Chemical weathering:

    3. Biological weathering: 

    10. Name the landforms associated with the work of river. 

    Answer: The landforms associated with the work of river are, 

    1. The Upper Course: 

    2. The Middle Course:

    3. The Lower Course: 

    III. Match the following:

                A                                                           B

    i. SIMA                                                 a) Earthquake

    ii. Sandstone                                       b) Yellow soil

    iii. Epicentre                                        c) Oceanic crust

    iv. Geyser                                            d) Sedimentary rock

    v. Loess                                                e) Underground water

    Answer:

    A                                                           B

    i. SIMA                                                 c) Oceanic crust

    ii. Sandstone                                       d) Sedimentary rock

    iii. Epicentre                                        a) Earthquake

    iv. Geyser                                            e) Underground water

    v. Loess                                                b) Yellow soil

    IV. Define the following: 

    11. Aqueous rocks

    Answer: The sedimentary rocks are formed after the disintegration of igneous rocks. Therefore they are called secondary rocks. These rocks are also called aqueous rocks because they are formed in the water bodies (Lake, Sea and Ocean beds).

    12.  ‘Pacific ring of fire’

    Answer: Coastal margins of the Pacific Ocean consisting of Philippines, Japan, USA, Central America, South America etc. Where world’s largest volcanoes are found.

    13. Mechanical weathering

    Answer: When the rock is broken and disintegrated without any chemical alteration, the process is called Physical weathering or Mechanical weathering. The important processes of mechanical weathering are Granular disintegration, Block disintegration and Exfoliation. 

    14. Moraine

    Answer: ‘Moraines’ are the most important landforms of the glaciated region. The important depositional landforms produced by glaciers are Moraines, Drumlins, Esker, Kames, Outwash plains, Till plains etc.

    15. Carbonaceous rocks

    Answer: When the rainwater falls on limestone rocks, the calcium carbonate present in the rocks absorbs carbon dioxide from rainwater and becomes calcium bicarbonate.

    16. Tsunami

    Answer:  Tsunami is a large sea wave occasionally experienced along the coasts of Japan and in other regions caused by an underwater earthquake. In Japanese language ‘Tsunami’ means ‘harbour waves’.

    17.  Continental glacier

    Answer: Continental glaciers are extensive ice sheets found in polar regions eg., Greenland and Antarctica.

    18. Hot spring

    Answer: Whenever warm or hot water comes out naturally it is called hot spring or thermal spring. They are usually found near the volcanic regions.

    V. Terms to remember: 

    1. NIFE: The most important materials of the core are Nickel (NI) and Ferrous (FE) (Iron). So it is known as NIFE.

    2. Arenaceous and Argillaceous rocks:  Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks built up by fragments of pre-existing rocks which have been produced by the processes of weathering and erosion eg., Sandstone (Arenaceous rocks) and Shale (Argillaceous rocks).

    3. Tectonic forces: Tectonic forces are internal Earth forces caused by the movement of lithospheric plates, which result in changes to the Earth’s surface, such as the formation of mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes. 

    4. Mountain glacier: The glaciers found in the Polar regions are called Mountain glaciers.

    5. Aeolian cycle: The “Aeolian cycle” refers to the continuous processes of wind eroding, transporting, and depositing sediment, shaping landforms like sand dunes

    6. Beaches: Sea waves are the regular undulation of water on the sea or ocean. The work of sea waves is significant along the sea shore or coasts. Beaches are the important landforms associated with sea waves.

    Additional Questions:

    1. What are the three types of Rocks?

    Answer: The three types of Rocks are,

    1. Igneous rocks: Types of igneous rocks are Intrusive igneous rocks and Extrusive igneous rocks.
    2. Sedimentary rocks: Types of Sedimentary rocks are Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks, Chemically formed sedimentary rocks and Organically formed sedimentary rocks
    3. Metamorphic rocks.

    2. Mention the Distribution of earthquakes.

      Answer: The Distribution of earthquakes is as follows.

      1. The coastline around the pacific ocean: This includes Newzealand, Phillippines, USA, Japan, Peru, etc.,

      2. Coastal area around the Mediterranean sea.

      3. The Himalayan Mountain region of India (Shivalik region).

      3. What is Tsunami?

      Answer: Tsunami is a large sea wave occasionally experienced along the coasts of Japan and in other regions caused by an underwater earthquake. In Japanese language ‘Tsunami’ means ‘harbour waves’.

      4 . Mention the different types of Chemical weathering.

      Answer: The different types of Chemical weathering are,

      1. Oxidation
      2. Carbonation
      3. Hydration
      4. Solution

      5. What are the Types of Glacier?

      Answer: The Types of Glacier are as follows.

      1. Glacier are Continental glaciers,
      2. Mountain or Alpine or Valley glaciers

      6. What are types of springs?

      Answer: The types of springs are as follows.

      1. Perennial spring
      2. Intermittent springs:
      3. Hot springs
      4. Geyser
      5. Artesian wells

      VI. Activities:

      1. Collect the different rocks from your environment.

      2. During a school excursion, observe how a waterfall is formed.

      8th Standard, Social, ECONOMICS, Chapter 14 – MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMICS

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      8th Standard, Social, ECONOMICS, Chapter 14

      MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMICS

      Exercises

      I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

      1. The word ‘Economics’ originates from the Greek words Oikos and Nomo. 

      2. Kautilya who was in the Mauryan court, wrote the book Arthashastra.

      3. The quality of the goods and services which can satisfy man’s wants is called utility.

      4. The physical and intellectual work that is done in return for money is called labour or work.

      II. Answer the following in a sentence each: 

      5. What is Economics?

      Answer: Economics is a Social Science. It deals with economic activities, problems of Individuals, business units, Society and that of the global economy.

      6.  Who is identified as the ‘Father of Economics’?

      Answer: Adam Smith is identified as the ‘Father of Economics’.

      7.  What are Economic Activities?

      Answer: We will have to do some work in order to earn money. Man makes use of his skills and labour to earn money, and satisfies his wants by utilizing that money. In order to earn money and wealth, and thereby to satisfy his wants, man engages himself in various activities. These activities are called economic activities.

      8. A student buys a pen and writes with it. What kind of economic activity is this?

      Answer: A student buys a pen and writes with it. This activity is called consumption activity.

      III. Answer the following in three or four sentences each:

      9.  What are man’s economic activities?

      Answer: Man’s economic activities can be classified into four different kinds. They are,

      1. Production Activities: Production activities are those that produce goods and services. For ex: Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Fishing, Mining, Forest Development, different kinds of industries, Transport, Communication etc.
      2. Consumption Activities: Goods and services are produced for consumption. Man satisfies his wants by buying goods and services. All these activities are known as consumption activities.
      3. Exchange Activities: The producers produce goods for the consumers. There is a marketing system to supply the produced goods to the consumers. In this system, activities of collection of goods, transportation, selling and buying take place.
      4. Distribution Activities: The income that is earned through the production of goods has to be distributed to the various factors of production that have enabled the production. This process involves activities undertaken to determine the price of the factors of production.

      10. Why do we need to study Economics?

      Answer: We need to study Economics. Because,

      1. Economics helps us to understand poverty, unemployment, economic inequality and other related problems that we get to see around us, and to find solutions for those problems.
      2. When we attempt to satisfy our unlimited wants through our limited income, problems of choice crop up. Economics enables us to find solutions in such situations. 
      3. When producers want to create goods and services, they face with questions like – what to produce? How to produce? Whom to produce for? At what price to produce? Knowledge of economics guides them in such situation.
      4. Economics identifies the reasons for the rise and fall of prices, and the results of such fluctuations. It provides ideas to bring stability in prices. 
      5. Land, water, forests, minerals and other natural resources are limited in quantity. Economics suggests ways to make use of these limited resources with care and efficiency, and also passes them on to the next generation.

      11. How has the meaning of Economics changed from time to time?

      Answer: The word Economics is derived from the Greek Words Oikos and Nomos. ‘Oikos’ means house and ‘Nomos’ means management. Hence Economics literally refers to ‘Management of a household’. However, It is not confined to the study of household management alone. The meaning and the subject matter of Economics has expanded enormously over the period of time.

      Additional Questions.

      1. What is Production Activity? Give Examples.

      Answer: Production activities are those that produce goods and services. For ex: Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Fishing, Mining, Forest Development, different kinds of industries, Transport, Communication etc.

      • What is consumption Activity?

      Answer: Goods and services are produced for consumption. Man satisfies his wants by buying goods and services. All these activities are known as consumption activities.

      • What is Exchange Activity?

      Answer: The producers produce goods for the consumers. There is a marketing system to supply the produced goods to the consumers is called Exchange Activity. In this system, activities of collection of goods, transportation, selling and buying take place.

      • What is Distribution Activity?

      Answer: The income that is earned through the production of goods has to be distributed to the various factors of production that have enabled the production is called Distribution Activity. This process involves activities undertaken to determine the price of the factors of production.

      IV. Activities:

      1.  List the economic activities of the members of your family are engaged in.

      Answer: The economic activities of the members of your family are as follows.

      1. Buying Stationary to children.

      2. Selling the crops to the market.

      3. Purchasing the household items.

      4. Buying food items, clothing etc.

      5. Exchanging the old items for new.

      2. Identify the various economic activities of the people around you or your village are engaged in.

      Answer: The various economic activities of the people around me or my village are engaged in are,

      1. Buying food items, clothing etc.

      2. Exchanging the old items for new.

      3. Selling the crops to the market.

      4. Selling the agricultural products

      5. Buying various agricultural equipment.

      6. Maintaining the vehicle and purchasing daily fuel.

      7. Selling the Milk to Milk society.

      3. List the goods that you consume every day.

      Answer: The goods that we consume everyday are,

      1. Pen. 2. Scooter 3. T. V

      4. Refrigerator 5. Washing machine 

      6. Mobile phone 7. Books 8. Combs 9. Basic food and water, 10. Hygiene products like soap and toothpaste, 11. Shelter and clothing. 12. Grains, pulses, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. 13. Notebooks, 14. Glasses, cups 15. Toilet paper, bleach 16. Fruits & Vegetables

      4. Observe how farmers decide to grow different types of crops.

      Answer: Farmers decide which crops to grow by evaluating land suitability (soil type, topography), climate (temperature, rainfall), water availability, and market demand and pricing. They also consider cost of production, financial incentives like government subsidies, pest management strategies such as crop rotation and the impact of their past experiences and neighbouring farmers’ practices.

      8th Standard, Social, BUSINESS studies, CHAPTER 15 – MEANING AND IMPORTANCE of BUSINESS STUDIES

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      8th Standard, Social, BUSINESS studies, CHAPTER-15

      MEANING AND IMPORTANCE of BUSINESS STUDIES

      Exercises

      I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

      1. The best example for Entrepot trade is Singapore and Middle East countries.

      2. Cottage industries are mainly concentrated in villages. 

      3. The manufacture of chemicals is carried out in small scale industries.

      4.  The sole objective of business should be earning reasonable profit.

      5. To safeguard the quality of goods Bureau of Indian standards institution has been started. 

      II . Answer each of the following questions in two to four sentences:

      6. Which are the different types of mobile shops?

      Answer: The different types of mobile shops are as follows. 

      1. Hawkers, 

      2. Peddlers, 

      3. Street vendors or footpath traders

      4. Market vendors.

      7.  Who are wholesalers?

      Answer: Wholesale traders buy goods in large quantity from producers and sell them to the retailers in small quantities. Generally, they deal with one or two types of goods.

      8. Name the three types of foreign trade.

      Answer: The three types of foreign trade are as follows.

      1. Export
      2. Import
      3. Entrepot

      9.  Mention the important goods produced by cottage and small scale industries.

      Answer: The important goods produced by cottage and small scale industries are as follows.

      Cottage industries: Carpentry, smithy, carpet weaving, pottery, blanket making, stone carving

      Small scale industries: Chemical industry, manufacture of engineering goods, shoes, bicycles, fans, radios, sewing machine, soaps, garments.

      10. Which organizations overcome the hindrance of place and risk?

      Answer: To overcome the hindrance of place the services of transportation are used. To overcome the hindrance of risk the services of Insurance companies are used.

      11. Mention the antisocial activities of traders to earn more profit.

      Answer: To earn more profits, some antisocial practices are followed, and some of them are-adulteration, charging excess or abnormal rates, using false weights and measures, creating artificial scarcity, hoarding the goods and carrying out black marketing etc.

      12. What are the steps taken by the government to overcome the anti-social practices in business?

      Answers: In our country the Government has introduced Public Distribution System to avoid anti-social practices. To maintain the standard of goods and essential commodities the government has opened an institution – Bureau of Indian standards. ISI and AGMARK marks are printed on goods and commodities to certify their quality etc. Every industrial product must have a seal on its cover pack, the quantity, the date of manufacture, date of expiry, Maximum retail price (MRP). It is a legal mandatory provision. Government has also opened Janatha bazaars, consumer co-operative societies etc. to supply essential commodities to the people. Despite these measures, business becomes public cheating, in the absence of business ethics.

      III . Answer each of the following questions in eight to ten sentences:

      13. What are the economic objectives of business?

      Answer: We are under the impression that earning profit is the main objective of business. But it is not so, the sole objective of business includes earning reasonable profit that is sufficient to enable the business to cover the costs and the business man to lead a normal comfortable life. Business supplies goods and services to the consumers and thus creates consumers. It uses the available resources to produce the goods that are sufficient to consumers. It produces such goods that are required according to the changes that take place from time to time. It brings changes in production by adopting new techniques. It also enables the consumers to know about the changes in products through advertisement.

      14. What are the social objectives of business?

      Answers: Business produces and supplies the goods that are required for the development of a nation. It provides employment to many and pays them fair wages and salaries and helps them to improve their standard of living. Business contributes its share the economic development of a nation by paying rates, taxes and duties. Business also contributes a fair share for the social welfare of the nation by starting and running of schools, colleges, hospitals, stadiums and also by maintaining public gardens etc.

      15. Mention the services rendered by retail traders.

      Answer: the services rendered by retail traders are as follows.

      1. They are the last connecting link in the distribution of goods.
      2. They supply variety of goods produced by different producers to the consumers.
      3. They store the goods to meet the demand of the consumers.
      4. They take the risk of loss in business or loss of goods.
      5. They grade the goods and supply according to the tastes of the consumers.
      6. They provide credit facilities to the consumers, give more information about the newly available goods in the market and suggest alternative goods for the particular goods that are not available.

      16. List out the different retail traders and write two/three sentences on each of them.

      Answer: List of the different retail traders are

      1. Permanent shops: They are opened at a fixed place and carry out trade.
      2. Itinerant or Mobile Traders: They do not have a fixed place to carry on their trade. The important among them are Hawkers, Peddlers, Street vendors and Market vendors.
      3. Hawkers: They carry goods on their heads, move from “door to door” and sell their goods. They generally sell only one or two type of goods. e.g. – Vegetables, fruits, flowers etc.
      4. Peddlers: They carry their goods on wheeled carts and sell them to the consumers at their doors. They generally sell more than one type of goods.
      5. Street vendors or footpath traders: They display goods in busy street corners or on pavements and sell them to the consumers.
      6. Market vendors: Weekly markets take place at villages or towns once in a week. Different traders take their goods to these markets and sell them to the consumers.

      17. Explain briefly the two types of Industries.

      Answer: The two types of Industries are Primary Industries and Secondary Industries.

      Primary Industries: Primary industries produce goods by using the natural resources. e.g. – agriculture, fishing, dairy farming, mining etc. These industries are further divided as: genetic industries and extractive industries.

      Secondary Industries: They are labour oriented industries. They are further divided into manufacturing industries and construction industries.

      18. What is the need of foreign trade to a country?

      Answer: No country in the world is self-sufficient in all the natural resources. Some countries have plenty of natural resources. Using the available natural resources they produce more goods than they require and the excess is exported to other countries. In the same way some countries have deficit of some natural resources and depend on other countries for their requirement and import them. Thus there is a great need for foreign trade. The need for foreign trade is increasing day by day. It also helps to foster friendship among the countries.

      Additional Questions

      1. What is cottage industry? Give example.

      Answer: Cottage industries are also called household industries. They are carried out by craftsmen in their own houses with the help of family members or apprentices (persons who like to learn work). Carpentry, smithy, carpet weaving, pottery, blanket making, stone carving etc. are some examples.

      • What is Small scale industry? Give example.

      Answer: These are organized on a small scale in a particular place (sheds). They use electric power and some machines. They employ labourers and adopt modern techniques. Chemical industry, manufacture of engineering goods, shoes, bicycles, fans, radios, sewing machine, soaps, garments are some examples for small scale industry.

      • What is foreign trade?

      Answer: The trade between two countries is called foreign trade.

      • Mention the activities of the wholesalers which helps retailers and consumers.

      Answer: The activities of the wholesalers are as follows.

      1. They help the retailers in many ways such as supplying goods to the retailers in small quantities.

      2. They provide credit facility to the retailers, whenever required.

      3. They advertise for goods on behalf of the retailers.

      4. They supply market trends to the retailers.

      5. They do not keep high margin of profit.

      6. They render some services to the producers such as market trends, prices and taste of the consumers.

      7. Advertise on behalf of the producers.

      8. They also provide storage facility for goods.

      IV. Activity: 

      1. Visit weekly market near your place and learn how buying and selling is carried on there and write an essay.

      8th Standard, English SL, Poem 3 – No Men are Foreign

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      8th Standard, English SL Poem 3

      No Men are Foreign

      Glossary:

      beneath all uniforms: all are one though appearances a single body breathes are different.

      peaceful harvests: to live with no hatred strength that can be 

      won by love: only love can win strength, not another form of strength.

      our hells of fire and dust :  reference to evil effects of war

      uniforms: note that the poet has soldiers in his mind.

      dispossess: to disown

      betray: to be disloyal

      condemn: to express a strong disapproval of some work

      arms:  fire arms

      defile:  make something impure

      outrage: a very wrong or cruel act 

      starved: to go without food

      long winter: winter which lasts for a long time; here it suggests hardship and suffering 

      C1 Answer the following questions and share your responses with your partner:

      1.   What does the poet remind us of in the first line of the poem?

      Answer: The poet remind us of in the first line of the poem that there is no men are strange in the world and there are no countries are foreign in the universe. 

      2. What, according to the poet, are we doing when we hate others?

      Answer: According to poet, we shall dispossess, betray and condemn them when we hate others.

      3. What are the two bad effects of war? Read lines 16 to 19 and answer. 

      Answer: The two bad effects of war are, 

      1. It will kills the innocent people.

      2. It will pollute the earth, air and water that is everywhere our own.

      3. Hatred between the people will increase.

      Read and Write:

      C2 Read and discuss your responses with your partner. Then write.

      1. How do you think we are all treated alike by nature?

      Answer: The nature providing the natural resources like Sunlight, air and water to all the people of the universe equally. There is no discrimination in nature. Everyone have the right to cultivate this land and produce the food to live in this world. That is how we are all treated alike by the nature. 

      2. Read the third stanza carefully. What message does the poet want to convey to us?

      Answer: ‘‘Everyone in the world like us. All the people have the eyes like ours that wake or sleep. We can won the hearts of our enemies by love. People have to free to live the common life in every land. This should be understand and recognize by all the people’’

      This message was the poet want to convey to us.

      3. Do you agree with the poet that we should wage no war? How do you justify that?

      Answer: Yes. I agree with the poet that we should wage no war. Because,

      1. It will kills the innocent people.

      2. It will pollute the earth, air and water that is everywhere our own.

      3. Hatred between the people will increase.

      4. Some are of the opinion that the poet might have written this poem after witnessing the bad effects of the Second World War. Mention some of the lines in the poem to support that opinion.

      Answer: Some are of the opinion that the poet might have written this poem after witnessing the bad effects of the Second World War. The lines in the poem to support that opinion are as follows.

      ( i) Like ours; the land our brothers walk upon

      ( ii) Beneath all uniforms, a single body breathes

      ( iii) Are fed by peaceful harvests, by war’s long winter starv’d,

      ( iv) Or sleep, and strength that can be won

      ( v) To hate our brothers, it is ourselves

      ( vi) Remember, we who take arms against each other

      ( vii) Our hells of fire and dust outrage the innocence

      5.   Briefly describe how a war spoils everything.

      Answer: War spoils everything by causing widespread destruction and suffering: it leads to death and injury for soldiers and civilians, destruction of cities and infrastructure, economic collapse, and severe mental health problems like depression. Millions of people will die or are injured and leaving families. War causes trauma, stress, and lasting mental health issues, such as depression, for those who experience it. Wars drain treasuries, destroy industries, and lead to economic crises, causing widespread poverty and rising prices. Food production is slowed, leading to starvation, and essential resources become scarce. Wars break down the social order, creating fear, hatred, and a sense of loss in communities. 

      Suggested Reading: My Greatest Olympic Prize – Jesse Owens

      8th Standard, Social Science, History, CHAPTER 5 – Sanatana Dharma

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      8th Standard, Social Science, History, CHAPTER 5

      Sanatana Dharma

      Exercises

      I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

      1. The meaning of the word Veda is knowledge.

      2. Most of the Upanishads are in the form of philosophical discussions.

      3. The auxiliary disciplines to understand the Vedas, its pronunciation and practice are Vedangas. 

      4. The great epics of India are Ramayana and Mahabharata.

      5. The pillars of Indian philosophy are the Darshanas.

      II Answer the following questions in brief:

      6. Name the Vedas.

      Answer: There are four Vedas available today. The name of the Vedas are as follows.  

      1. Rigveda
      2. Yajurveda
      3. Samaveda 
      4. Atharvaveda

      7.  What are the four divisions (Skandas) of the Vedas?

      Answer: The four divisions (Skandas) of the Vedas are, 

      1. Samhitha 
      2. Bramhana 
      3. Aaranyaka
      4. Upanishad 

      8. What is Smriti? Why they are also called Dharmasutras?

      Answer: Smriti means that which is remembered. These works of the post- Vedic period are called Smritis because they are reminiscent of the Vedas and the Upanishads. These are also called Dharmasutras, manuals on Dharma, because they give the rules of everyday life, the rules to lead a worldly life, its ethics and etiquette and the rules of good character and conduct.

      9.  Which are the important Darshanas?

      Answer: The six important Darshanas are as follows.

      1. Nyaya
      2. Vaisesika
      3. Saankhya
      4. Yoga
      5. Purva Mimamsa 
      6. Uttara Mimamsa

      10. How many major schools of ‘Agama traditions’ are there?

      Answer: There are three major schools in Agama traditions. They are

      1. Vaishnava
      2. Shaiva
      3. Shaakta  

      11. What is the message of the ‘Sanatana Dharma’?

      Answer: ‘Aano bhadrah kratavo yantu vishwatah’, a Vedic chant which means ‘Let good things flow to us from all sides of the universe’ is the message of Sanathana Dharma.

      Additional questions:

      1. The word ‘Sanatana’ means ‘most ancient’.
      2. The Vedas are called ‘Shrutis’, as this knowledge is heard and learned by the sages.
      3. The sage Krishnadwaipayana categorized the immeasurable cluster of Vedas and hence he was also called ‘Vedavyasa’
      4. The most ancient and influential among them is the Manusmriti.
      5. Smritis also includes Vedanga, Purana, Itihaasa and Darshanas.

      12. What is Vedanga? Mention the types of Vedanga.

        Answer: Vedangas are the auxiliary disciplines to understand the Vedas, its pronunciation and practice. They are Siksha (phonetics), Chandas (prosody), Vyakaran (grammar), Nirukta (etymology), Jyotishya (astrology) and Kalpa (religious practices).

        13. Which are the Sources of Sanatana Dharma?

        Answer: The Sources of Sanatana Dharma are as follows.

        1. Shrutis
        2. Smritis

        III Activities:

        1.  Listen to properly intonated Vedic chants. In which language are they composed? Collect information.

        2.  List out the values and messages written in the Upanishads.

        3.  Take the help of your teacher to know and collect at least five Shanti mantras and their meanings.

        8th Standard, Social History, CHAPTER-6, JAINISM AND BUDDHISM

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        8th Standard, Social History, CHAPTER-6

        JAINISM AND BUDDHISM

        EXERCISES

        I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

        1 The first Jain Tirthankara was Rishabha.

        2 Vardhamana was born at Kundala grama in Vaishali.

        3 Mahaveera attained enlightenment (Kaivalya) in his 42nd year.

        4 Mahaveera attained Nirvana at Pavapuri of Bihar in his 72nd year.

        5 The original name of Gautama Buddha was Siddartha.

        6 Buddha delivered his first sermon at Sarnath near Banaras.

        7 The first sermon of Buddha is called Dharma Chakra Pravarthana.

        8 Macedonian king who attacked India was Alexander.

        II Answer the following questions in brief:

        9 Which are the five Vows and Triratnas preached by Mahaveera?

        Answer: The five Vows and Triratnas preached by Mahaveera are as follows.

        The 5 vows are as follows:

        1. Non-violence

        2. Truth

        3. Astheya

        4. Aparigraha

        5. Brahmacharya

        The triratnas are as follows:

        1. Samyakgyan

        2. Samyakdarshan

        3. Samyakcharitra

        10 Name the sects among the Jains.

        Answer: The sects among the Jains are as follows.

        1. Swethambars: Those saints and their followers who wear white clothes are called Swethambars
        2. Digambars: Those saints and their followers who do not wear any clothes are called Digambars.

        11 Which are the four Noble Truths preached by Buddha?

                    Answer: The four Noble Truths preached by Buddha are,

        1) The whole world is full of sorrows and suffering.

        2) Desire is the main cause for sorrows.

        3) Only by the liberation of excessive desires peaceful life could be led.

        4) For eliminating desire one should follow Eight Fold Path.

        12 What is the middle path?

                    Answer: The ‘Eight Fold Path’ preached by Buddha is called the Middle Path.

        13 Which are the Eight Fold Path preached by Buddha?

        Answer: The Eight Fold Path preached by Buddha are,

        1. Right Action

        2. Right Speech

        3. Right Vision

        4. Right Livelihood

        5. Right Effort

        6. Right Recollection

        7. Right Resolve

        8. Right Thought.

        14 Write a note on the Tripitikas.

                        Answer: After Buddha’s death, his followers collected his teachings and tradition in the form of Tripitakas. These are Vinaya, Dhamma and Abhidhamma pitakas. Over a period of time, disagreements developed in the teachings and different branches of Buddhism sprang up. Thus Hinayana, Mahayana, Vajrayana and their sutras came into being. Today we see many organizations across the globe adopting different ways of realizing Buddha.

        III Activities:

        1 Collect information about the life of Mahaveera.

        Answer: Vardhamana was born in Kundala grama in Vaishali, one of the republics. His father was Siddhartha, the king of the Gnatrika tribe. His mother was Trishaladevi, the princess of the Republic of Licchavi.  Vardhamana controlled his senses and achieved power over comfort and pain. Due to this achievement, he came to be known as ‘Mahaveera’ and became a ‘Jina’. A Jina was one who had overcome his senses and become victorious. Thus his followers came to be called Jains. Mahavira (599/540 BCE – 527/468 BCE) was the 24th and last Tirthankara of Jainism, known for renouncing his royal life at age 30 to become an ascetic in search of spiritual enlightenment. After 12 years of intense meditation, he attained Kevala Jnana (perfect knowledge) at age 42 and then spent 30 years teaching non-violence (Ahimsa), truth, and the Jain principles of conduct to spread peace and liberate souls.

        Mahaveera spent his last 30 years in preaching his knowledge to the people around the Ganga and Yamuna rivers. He travelled towards Western India preaching his thoughts. He attained nirvana in his 72nd year in Pavapuri of Bihar.

        2 Collect pictures related to the life of Gautama Buddha.

        8th Standard, Social, Sociology, CHAPTER 10 – MAN AND CULTURE

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        8th Standard, Social, Sociology CHAPTER–10

        MAN AND CULTURE

        Exercises

        I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

        1. Culture means cultivate.

        2. Conventions are activities engage in again and again in our daily lives.

        3. We get to see unity pluralistic culture in India.

        II. Answer the following in brief:

        4. What is culture?

        Answer: Culture is that complex system involving knowledge, the arts, morality, law, customs, abilities and talents that we learn being members of society. In short, whatever we are, that is our culture.

        5. Give examples of the cultural diversity in your environment.

        Answer: The cultural diversity in our environment are

        There cannot be the same kind of culture in any society. There will be different cultures depending on the religions and life styles followed by the people.

        1. A classroom or neighbourhood might have students or residents who speak different native languages, such as Hindi, English, or local Kannada dialects. 
        2. People might wear different traditional clothes like a sari, a salwar kameez, or a lungi, reflecting their regional and cultural background
        3. The different groups of people celebrating festivals such as Diwali, Eid, or Christmas, each with its own rituals and traditions. 

        In India we get to see a pluralistic culture consisting of hundreds of tribes, thousands of castes, many races and hundreds of languages. That is the reason why India is said to have unity in diversity.

        6. What are customs and traditions?

        Answer: Culture is made up of beliefs, values, rules, social conventions and morals. These can collectively be called customs and traditions.

        7.  Give examples for customs and traditions.

        Answer:  Customs are practices that are followed regularly by individuals or a community. The example for customs and traditions are

        1. Celebrating festivals such as Diwali (Festival of Lights), Holi (Festival of Colours), which bring people together. 
        2. Indian practices like wearing a saree or dhoti, performing Namaskara as a greeting, removing footwear before entering a temple.
        3. Using the Namaskara or Namaste gesture to greet elders or others, showing respect. 
        4. Enjoying regional dishes like dosas and sambar in the South or biryanis in the North, as a significant part of culture. These are shared practices, beliefs, or ways of life passed down through generations that define a community’s identity. 

        The example for customs and traditions in local are

        1. Bisuparaba
        2. Nagaradhane
        3. Keddasa (Bhumipooja)
        4. Aati amavase
        5. Aati  hunime
        6. Tulasi Pooja
        7. Ugadi

        III. Answer the following in four-five sentences each:

        8. What are conventions? Give an example of a convention.

        Answer: Conventions are the activities we engage in again and again in our daily lives.

        We engage in eating, sleeping, greeting and other similar activities according to the prevailing conventions without giving much thought to them. These activities are inseparable parts of culture. For example, you do not ask your teacher everyday how you have to sit down to eat or sit in the class. You will have learnt all of them just through practice of conventions. Conventions enable us to do our daily duties without any hesitation.

        9. Explain cultural diversity.

        Answer: There cannot be the same kind of culture in any society. There will be different cultures depending on the religions and life styles followed by the people. We call this pluralistic culture. Even when cultures vary, they can influence one another deeply. For instance, the chudidar worn by women is a kind of dress which has come from the South-West Indians to us. In the same manner, the trousers and shirts that we wear, the English language that we speak have come to us from the British. In India we get to see a plu­ralistic culture consisting of hundreds of tribes, thousands of castes, many races and hundreds of languages. That is the reason why India is said to have unity in diversity.

        10. Describe the various aspects of culture.

          Answer: The culture divided into two groups. They are,

          1. Material culture
          2. Non material culture
          3. Material culture: Material culture are tangible objects created and used by people in a society, such as clothing, tools, technology, architecture, and food.
          4. Non material culture: Non material culture are tradition, belief, ritual and custom, Moral values, ideals, art, literature, religion language etc.

          IV. Activity:

          1. Describe a fair held in your locality and discuss about it with your elders.

          8th Standard, Social Science, History, CHAPTER 4 – PROMINENT CIVILIZATIONS OF THE WORLD

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          8th Standard, Social Science, History, CHAPTER 4

          PROMINENT CIVILIZATIONS OF THE WORLD

          EXERCISES

          I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

          1. The writings of Egyptian Civilization are called hieroglyphics.

          2. The kings who ruled Egypt are called ‘Pharaohs’.

          3. The Greeks referred to Mesopotamia as ‘Land between the rivers’.

          4. The most famous king of the Amorites is Hammurabi.

          5. ‘Princep’ means ‘The First Citizen of the State’.

          6. The language of the Romans is Latin language.

          7. Texcoco is a lake in Mexico.

          8. The important deity of the Incas was the Sun God

          II Match the following:

          A                                                          B

          i. Hwang River                                         a Mesopotamia

          ii. Cuneiform                                            b King of the Amorites

          iii. Cleopatra                                            c Shang

          iv. Hammurabi                                        d China

          v. Chinese dynasty                                   e the last Egyptian queen

          Answer:

          A                                                          B

          i. Hwang River                                         d China

          ii. Cuneiform                                            a Mesopotamia

          iii. Cleopatra                                            e the last Egyptian queen

          iv. Hammurabi                                        b King of the Amorites

          v. Chinese dynasty                                   c Shang

          III Answer the following questions in brief:

          9. Which are the civilizations of ancient Columbia?

          Answer: The civilizations of ancient Columbia are Maya, Aztec and Inca.

          10. Who are the ‘Mayas’?

          Answer: The American-Indian aborigines of Yucutan area of Mexico are called the Mayas.

          Their language is called Yucutec. Physically, the Mayas were short, brown complexioned, long-haired and generally round- headed people. The Mayas were the most advanced among the ancient American Indians.

          11. How are ‘mummies’ preserved?

          Answer: The dead body would be smeared with various chemicals and wrapped with a thin cloth. The entire body was in this way preserved. The body protected thus was called ‘mummy’. It would be kept in a specially designed coffin. The grave was considered the true ‘place’ for an Egyptian. Hence all around the dead body, items needed for daily use and small dolls of a cook and barber would be kept to fulfil all future needs.

          12. Write a paragraph on the Pyramids.

          Answer: The dead body would be smeared with various chemicals and wrapped with a thin cloth. The entire body was in this way preserved. The body protected thus was called ‘mummy’. It would be kept in a specially designed coffin. The grave was considered the true ‘place’ for an Egyptian. In the beginning, graves were created by carving into boulders on the hills. As the Egyptians moved north, they had to construct graves in the desert itself. Tall towers were built on these graves using huge blocks of stone in order to protect the eternal sleep of the dead. Kings and wealthy people vied with each other to build taller and taller towers. The Greeks called these structures ‘Pyramids’.

          13. How was ‘Hwangho River’ China’s sorrow?

          Answer: The River which led to the establishment of the Chinese civilization was known as ‘China’s Sorrow’. This was the Hwang Ho River. During the floods this river changed its course in an unpredictable manner and inundated houses and agricultural lands. It would render all the canals useless. This was the reason the people of that area referred to it as the ‘Symbol of Sorrow’.

          Additional Questions:

          1. What is ‘Ziggurat’?

          Answer: The Sumerians, the hilly tribe from the north, were the first to come here. They who used to worship their gods on top of the hills, after coming to the plains, built artificial hills and established their places of worship there. These were called Ziggurat.

          2. The legendary Hanging Gardens was one of the seven wonders of the Old World.

          3. What are the Contribution of Egyptians?

          Answer: The Egyptians were expert farmers. They knew a lot about irrigation. They had built temples. They invented the calendar which has helped us to measure time. More than anything else, they had mastered the art of writing. It was a symbolic language. It consists of small drawings and has been called hieroglyphics (sacred writings).

          4. Mesopotamia is an area which lies in a valley between two rivers.

          5. Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians and Chaldeans – used this system of writing, which was called Cuneiform.

          6. Who were the first ones to evolve a system of writing in Mesopotamia?

          Answer: The Sumerians were the first ones to evolve a system of writing in Mesopotamia.

          7. What is Cuneiform?

          Answer: Cuneiform is a system of writing which used in Mesopotamia. For 30 centuries all those who entered the fertile valley – Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians and Chaldeans – used this system of writing, which was called Cuneiform.

          8. Who was the creator of Hanging Gardens of Babylonia? Why was the garden built for?

          Answer: The King Nebuchadnezzar II was the one who created the gardens of Babylonia. Nebuchadnezzar’s wife Amitis was from Mead. It is said that Nebuchadnezzar got the gardens built in order to console his wife who was missing the beautiful environment of hills, trees and flowers of her motherland.

          9. How did the ‘The Great wall of China’ built?

          Answer: The Chinese Empire consisted of many small provinces. Seven big states were created bringing these smaller provinces under them. Every state that was created thus, constructed a wall along its boundary for protection. Emperor Qin Shihuangti ordered that the walls of the northern Chinese states be connected. This enabled the northern walls to ward off the attacks of invaders from the north. The construction of the great wall began in the 7th century B.C.E. and continued till the 16th century C.E. The worn-out parts were repaired and strengthened. When the work was completed it stretched to more than 5000 kilometres. It is one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

          10. Write a note about Greek civilization.

            Answer: The Greeks came from the north to the region of the Aegean sea. These tribals who were mainly shepherds, came in search of grasslands. Every group which came in this manner had a distinctive name like the Acheans, the Ionians and the Dorians. These people called themselves Hellenese or the Greeks. The Greeks originally belonged to tribes. There used to be a king looking after many tribes. The people used to engage in agriculture and animal-husbandry. They also used to engage in making pots, swords and ornaments. Trade was through barter system. Battles and conquests formed adventurous activities of their lives. The Greeks believed that their Gods lived on Mount Olympus. They prayed for good harvests and success in their various activities. There were no priests among the Greeks. The king prayed on behalf of all the people.   

                        

            11. What are the two classes in in the Roman society?

              Answer: The two classes in in the Roman society are the Patricians and the Plebians. The Patricians were the elite in society. They were land-owners and formed the upper class. It is they who controlled the Senate. The Plebians were the common people. They were the ordinary workers, small land-owners, artisans, small traders and soldiers. Their rights were limited.

              12. Where was Inca Empire spread?

                Answer: The Inca empire which flourished during the 15th and 16th centuries spread in the areas of Peru, Ecuador, Chile and Argentina.

                13. Write a short note about the art and culture of Inca civilization.

                  Answer: The talent of the Incas can be seen more in their organizational ability than in their artistic interests. The palace on the island in Lake Titicaca and the Moon Temple are two famous buildings of the Incas. The Incas had developed new ways of making pots, cloth and in working with metals. Creation of gold jewellery had progressed very well in parts of North Peru. The chest shields, pictures of the Sun in the temple, and the designs on the gold ornaments of the palace are a testimony to their creative craftsmanship in gold work. There was a Sun Temple in all Inca centres. They worshipped objects of nature like the Moon, the Stars and lightning, and prayed to other natural phenomena.

                  IV Activities:

                  1. Learn about the life history of the Greek philosophers from your teacher.

                  2. Study and watch Shakesphere’s drama Julius Ceasar.

                  3. Collect information about the Nile River.

                  7th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 3 – ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS TO INDIA

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                  7th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 3

                  ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS TO INDIA

                  EXERCISES

                  I. Answer the following questions in a sentence.

                  1. Who were the first Europeans to reach India through sea route for trade?

                  Answer: Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach India through sea route for trade.

                  2. Who discovered the sea route to India?

                  Answer: Vasco da Gama discovered a new sea route to India.

                  3. What was the capital of Dutch?

                  Answer: Pulicat was the capital of Dutch.

                  4. When was the British East India Company established?

                  Answer: The British East India Company established in 1600 CE.

                  5. Name the trade centers of the French.

                  Answer: The trade centers of the French are Pondichery, Machalipatnam, Calicut, Mahe, Karaikal and Chandranagar.

                  6. Who was the Mughal emperor who granted ‘Dastak’ to the British?

                  Answer: Farrukh Siyyar was the Mughal emperor who granted ‘Dastak’ to the British

                  II. Discuss in groups and answer the following.

                  1. List out the causes responsible for the decline of the Portuguese in India.

                  Answer: The causes responsible for the decline of the Portuguese in India are as follows.

                  1. Possession of strong navy by the Dutch and the English posed a formidable challenge to the Portuguese.
                  2. Portuguese Government officials became highly corrupt, losing their loyalty. Later reduced their government a pathetic condition.
                  3. Religious fanaticism was the reason for the decline of the Portuguese. They attempted to convert the locals forcefully.
                  4. With the decline of Vijayanagar Empire, their trade declined.

                  2. What were the causes that led to the decline of the French?

                    Answer: The causes that led to the decline of the French are,

                    1. French army commanders in India were not given complete support by the Government of France.
                    2. Political confusion and revolutions took place in France. This led to their decline in India.
                    3. French Navy was not superior to the English Navy.

                    III. Match the items from list ‘A’ with the information given in the list ‘B’.

                    A                                              B

                    1. Portuguese                              a) Pondicherry

                    2. Dutch                                       b) Calcutta (Now Kolkata)

                    3. French                                      c) Pulicat

                    4. English                                      d) Goa

                    Answer:

                    A                                              B

                    1. Portuguese                              d) Goa

                    2. Dutch                                       c) Pulicat

                    3. French                                      a) Pondicherry

                    4. English                                      b) Calcutta (Now Kolkata)

                    1. What are the causes for the rise of Portuguese in India?

                    Answer: The causes for the rise of Portuguese in India are as follows.

                    1. Zamorin, the King of Calicut granted trade permission, to voyager Vasco da Gama.
                    2. In 1509 CE, Albuquerque was appointed as Governor (Viceroy) of India. In 1510 C.E he captured Goa from the Sultan of Vijayapur. Until Portuguese left India, Goa remained as the capital of the Portuguese.
                    3. Successive Governors after Albuquerque established colonies at Diu, Daman, Salsette, Bassein, Chawl, Mumbai Santhome and Hugli in Bengal and other places.

                    2. Name the trade centres of Dutch in India.

                      Answer: The trade centres of Dutch in India are,

                      1.  Agra,
                      2. Machalipatnam,
                      3. Surat,
                      4. Karaikal,
                      5. Nagapatnam,
                      6. Cochin

                      3. Pondicherry was the capital of the French.

                      4. Name the trade centres of French in India.

                      Answer: the trade centres of French in India are,

                      1. Pondichery,
                      2. Machalipatnam,
                      3. Calicut,
                      4. Mahe,
                      5. Karaikal and
                      6. Chandranagar.

                      Activity:

                      Draw the map of India and locate the early European settlements.

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