ವಿದ್ಯಾಭಾರತಿ ಅಖಿಲ ಭಾರತೀಯ ಶಿಕ್ಷಾ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ್: ವಿದ್ಯಾಭಾರತಿ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ:
ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ ಮಟ್ಟದ ಕರಾಟೆ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧೆ:
ವಿವೇಕಾನಂದ ಆಂಗ್ಲ ಮಾಧ್ಯಮ ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿನಿ ಅಭಿಜ್ಞಾ ಶಾಂಭವಿ ಎಸ್.ಜಿ.ಎಫ್.ಐಗೆ ಆಯ್ಕೆ
ವಿದ್ಯಾಭಾರತಿ ಸಂಯೋಜಿತ ಶಾಲೆಗಳ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ ಮಟ್ಟದ ಕರಾಟೆ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧೆಯು ದಿನಾಂಕ ಒಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ 28,29, 30 ರಂದು ಮಧ್ಯಪ್ರದೇಶದ ದೇವಾಸ್‍ನಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆಯಿತು. ಈ ಸ್ಪರ್ದೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಿವೇಕಾನಂದ ಆಂಗ್ಲ ಮಾಧ್ಯಮ ಶಾಲೆಯ ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳು ಹಲವು ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಪಡೆದುಕೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ.
ಬಾಲವರ್ಗದ ಬಾಲಕಿಯರ ವಿಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ:(14ರ ವಯೋಮಾನದ) ಅಭಿಜ್ಞಾ ಶಾಂಭವಿ, 6ನೇ ತರಗತಿ(ಶ್ರೀ ಸುಧೀರ್ ಮತ್ತು ಶ್ರೀಮತಿ ಲತಾ ದಂಪತಿ ಪುತ್ರಿ) –ಪ್ರಥಮ ಸ್ಥಾನ ದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಚಿನ್ನ ಪದಕ, ಮಹತಿ, 6ನೇ ತರಗತಿ(ಶ್ರೀ ಶಿವರಂಜನ್.ಎಂ ಮತ್ತು ಶ್ರೀಮತಿ ಲಾವಣ್ಯ ಭಟ್ ದಂಪತಿ ಪುತ್ರಿ)- ದ್ವಿತೀಯ ಸ್ಥಾನದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಬೆಳ್ಳಿ ಪದಕ ಪಡೆದಿರುತ್ತಾಳೆ.
ಕಿಶೋರ ವರ್ಗದ ಬಾಲಕರ ವಿಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ (17ರ ವಯೋಮಾನದ) – ಪ್ರಮಥ.ಎಂ.ಭಟ್, 10ನೇ ತರಗತಿ(ಶ್ರೀ ರವಿನಾರಾಯಣ.ಎಂ ಮತ್ತು ಶ್ರೀಮತಿ ಶರಾವತಿ ದಂಪತಿ ಪುತ್ರ) – ದ್ವಿತೀಯ ಸ್ಥಾನದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಬೆಳ್ಳಿ ಪದಕ ಪಡೆದಿರುತ್ತಾನೆ.
ಪ್ರಥಮ ಸ್ಥಾನ ಪಡೆದ ಅಭಿಜ್ಞಾ ಶಾಂಭವಿ ಎಸ್.ಜಿ.ಎಫ್.ಐ ಗೆ ಆಯ್ಕೆಯಾಗಿರುತ್ತಾಳೆ ಎಂದು ಶಾಲಾ ಮುಖ್ಯೋಪಾಧ್ಯಾಯರು ಶಾಲಾ ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ತಿಳಿಸಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ
ಕೆ.ಯಂ.ಸಿ.ಹಾಸ್ಪಿಟಲ್ ಅತ್ತಾವರ ಮಂಗಳೂರು ಇವರ ನೇತೃತ್ವದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದ ಜನಪ್ರಿಯ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯಾದ ಸಿರಿಬಾಗಿಲು ವೆಂಕಪ್ಪಯ್ಯ ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಾನದ ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ ಭವನದಲ್ಲಿ ಉಚಿತ ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ತಪಾಸಣೆ ನಡೆಯಿತು. ಗಡಿನಾಡು ಕಾಸರಗೋಡಿನ ಹಿರಿಯ ವೈದ್ಯ ಡಾ. ಬಿ.ಯಸ್. ರಾವ್ ಅವರು ದೀಪಬೆಳಗಿಸಿ ಉದ್ಘಾಟಿಸಿ ಗ್ರಾಮೀಣ ಪ್ರದೇಶದ ಜನರಲ್ಲಿ ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಜಾಗೃತಿ ಮೂಡಿಸುವ ಶಿಬಿರ ನಡೆಸುತ್ತಿರುವ ಕೆ.ಯಂ.ಸಿ.ಯವರ ಕಾರ್ಯ ಸ್ತುತ್ಯರ್ಹ ವೆಂದರು.
ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ ವಾಗಿ ಹಲವು ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮಗಳನ್ನು ಆಯೋಜಿಸಿದ ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಾನ ತನ್ನ ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದ ಹೊರತಾದ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆ ಮೆಚ್ಚುವಂತಹದು. ಈ ಹಿಂದೆ ಕೊವಿಡ್ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲೂ ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಾನವು ಕೊರೋನಾ ಯಕ್ಷಗಾನದ ಮೂಲಕ ಸಮಾಜಕ್ಕೆ ಜಾಗೃತಿ ಮೂಡಿಸಿ ವಿಶ್ವ ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯ ಮೆಚ್ಚುಗೆಗೆ ಪಾತ್ರರಾದುದನ್ನು ನೆನಪಿಸಿದರು.
ಕೆ.ಯಂ.ಸಿ.ಯ ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್ ತಜ್ಞ ವ್ಯೆದ್ಯರಾದ ಡಾ.ಅಭಿಷೇಕ್ ಕೃಷ್ಣ ಅವರು ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್ ಕುರಿತಾದ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ನೀಡಿದರು. ನಾಗರಿಕರು ದುಶ್ಟಟ ದಿಂದ ಮುಕ್ತರಾಗಿ , ಹಿತ ಮಿತವಾದ ಆಹಾರ ಸೇವನೆ ಯಿಂದ ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ವಂತರಾಗಿರಿ. ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್ ರೋಗಿಗಳು ಭಯ ಪಡ ಬೇಕಾಗಿಲ್ಲ. ಈಗ ರೋಗ ಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು ಯಾವ ಹಂತದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದರೂ ಈಗ ಗುಣಪಡಿಸಬಹುದು.
ಕೆ.ಯಂ. ಸಿ.ಯ ಶಿಬಿರದ ಸಂಘಟಕ ಉದಯ ಭಟ್ ರವರು ಈ ಹಿಂದೆ ನಡೆಸಿದ ಹಲವು ಶಿಬಿರ,ಅದರಿಂದ ನಾಗರಿಕರಿಗಾದ ಪ್ರಯೋಜನಗಳು ವಿವರಿಸಿದರು. ಮಣಿಪಾಲ ಕೆ.ಯಂ. ಸಿ.ಯ ನೇತ್ರ ತಜ್ಞೆ ಡಾ.ಶೈಲಜಾ, ಮಂಗಳೂರಿನ ಡಾ. ನಾರಾಯಣ ಮಧೂರು. ಡಾ.ರಾಜಾರಾಮ ದೇವಕಾನ, ಶಿವನಾರಾಯಣ ಗೆಳೆಯರ ವಾಟ್ಸಾಪ್ ಬಳಗದ ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರಾದ ಶ್ರೀ ವಾಸುದೇವ ಕಾರಂತ ಉಪಸ್ಥತರಿದ್ದರು.
ಶಿವನಾರಾಯಣ ಗೆಳೆಯರ ವಾಟ್ಸಾಪ್ ಬಳಗದ ವತಿಯಿಂದ ಸಿರಿಬಾಗಿಲು ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಾನಕ್ಕೆ ಬೃಹತ್ ಮೊತ್ತದ ಪಾತ್ರೆ ಸಾಮಗ್ರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಗದ ಸದಸ್ಯರು ಜತೆ ಗೂಡಿ ಡಾ.ಬಿ.ಯಸ್. ರಾವ್ ಮುಖಾಂತರ ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಾನದ ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷ ರಾಮಕೃಷ್ಣ ಮಯ್ಯ ಸಿರಿಬಾಗಿಲು ಇವರಿಗೆ ಹಸ್ತಾಂತರಿಸಿದರು. ರಾಮಕೃಷ್ಣ ಮಯ್ಯ ಅವರು ಅತಿಥಿಗಳನ್ನು ಸ್ವಾಗತಿಸಿದರು.
ಶ್ರೀ ಜಗದೀಶ ಕೆ.ಕೂಡ್ಲು ಇವರು ನಿರೂಪಿಸಿ, ಶ್ರೀ ಮೋಹನ್ ಕುಮಾರ್ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ ಸಿರಿಬಾಗಿಲು ವಂದಿಸಿದರು. ಆ ಬಳಿಕ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ದ ವೈದ್ಯರುಗಳಿಂದ 335 ಕ್ಕೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ನಾಗರಿಕರಿಗೆ ಉಚಿತ ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ತಪಾಸಣೆ ನಡೆಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಸಿರಿಬಾಗಿಲು ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಾನದ ವತಿಯಿಂದ ಉಚಿತ ಕನ್ನಡಕ ಹಾಗು ಔಷದಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡಲಾಯಿತು.
ಜಟಾಯುವಿನ ಪ್ರಾಣ ಅದರ ರೆಕ್ಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಇದೆ ಎಂದು ರಾವಣನಿಗೆ ಮೊದಲೇ ಗೊತ್ತಿತ್ತು!
ಹೌದು. ಹಾಗಾದರೆ ಪ್ರಾಣದ ಮರ್ಮವನು ಅರಿತು ನಾವು ಹೋರಾಟ ನಡೆಸೋಣ ಎಂದು ರಾವಣ ಜಟಾಯುವಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಹೇಳಿದ್ದು ಯಾಕೆ? ಈ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗೆ ಉತ್ತರ ಹುಡುಕುವುದು ಅಷ್ಟು ಸುಲಭವಲ್ಲ. ಒಬ್ಬೊಬ್ಬರು ಒಂದೊಂದು ರೀತಿ ಉತ್ತರಿಸಬಹುದು.
ಆದರೆ ನಿಜವಾದ ಕಾರಣ ಏನು? ರಾವಣ ಜಟಾಯುವಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾಕೆ ಆ ರೀತಿ ಹೇಳಿದ. ವಾಸ್ತವವಾಗಿ ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳ ಪ್ರಾಣ ರೆಕ್ಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂದು ರಾವಣ ತಿಳಿಯದವನೇ? ಖಂಡಿತಾ ಅಲ್ಲ. ಹಾಗೆಂದುಕೊಂಡರೆ ನಮ್ಮಷ್ಟು ಮೂರ್ಖರು ಬೇರೆ ಯಾರೂ ಅಲ್ಲ.
ನಿಜವಾಗಿ ನೋಡಿದರೆ ರಾವಣ ಮಹಾಜ್ಞಾನಿ ಎಂದು ಪುರಾಣಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಅಂತಹ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ಪಾರಂಗತನಾದ ರಾವಣನಿಗೆ ಜಟಾಯುವಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಸುಳ್ಳು ಹೇಳುವ ಅಥವಾ ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳ ಪ್ರಾಣ ಇರುವುದು ರೆಕ್ಕೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಎಂಬುದು ತಿಳಿಯದವನಂತೆ ನಟಿಸುವ ಅಗತ್ಯ ಯಾಕೆ ಬಂತು ಎಂಬುದು ನಿಗೂಢ ಸಂಗತಿಯೇನಲ್ಲ!
ರಾಮಾಯಣದ ಈ ಭಾಗ ಯಕ್ಷಗಾನದ ತಾಳಮದ್ದಳೆಯ ಒಂದು ರಸವತ್ತಾದ ಚರ್ಚೆಯ ಭಾಗ. ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಜಟಾಯು ಪಾತ್ರಧಾರಿ ರಾವಣವ ಪಾತ್ರಧಾರಿಯೊಡನೆ “ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳ ಪ್ರಾಣ ರೆಕ್ಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇದೆ ಎನ್ನುವ ವಿಚಾರ ತಿಳಿಯದಷ್ಟು ಹೆಡ್ಡ ನೀನು” ಎಂದು ಕೆಣಕುತ್ತಾರೆ.
ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ರಾವಣ ಪಾತ್ರಧಾರಿ “ನೀನು ಎಲ್ಲ ಹಕ್ಕಿಯಂತಲ್ಲ, ನಿನ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಶೇಷ ಶಕ್ತಿ, ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ ಇರುವುದರಿಂದಲೇ ನಿನ್ನ ಪ್ರಾಣದ ಮೂಲದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಕೇಳಿದೆ” ಎಂದು ತನ್ನನ್ನು (ರಾವಣನನ್ನು) ಸಮರ್ಥಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಾರೆ.
ಆದರೆ ರಾವಣನು ಜಟಾಯುವಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಾಣದ ಮೂಲದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಕೇಳಲು ಬೇರೆಯೇ ಆದ ಕಾರಣವಿದೆ. ಆತನಿಗೆ ಜಟಾಯುವಿನ ಪ್ರಾಣ ಇರುವುದು ರೆಕ್ಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಎಂದು ಖಚಿತವಾಗಿ ಗೊತ್ತಿತ್ತು.
ಆದರೂ ಈ ರೀತಿಯ ನಾಟಕ ಯಾಕೆ ಎಂಬ ಕುತೂಹಲ ಎಲ್ಲರಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಇದ್ದೇ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ. ಕೆಲವರಿಗಾದರೂ ಇದರ ಕಾರಣದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಅರಿವಿರಬಹುದು. ಆದರೆ ನಿಜವಾದ ಕಾರಣ ಏನು? ಇದರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಮುಂದಿನ ಲೇಖನದಲ್ಲಿ ಚರ್ಚಿಸೋಣ.
1. The government manages the public finance through ______________.
Answer: fiscal policy
2. In the budget, when the government’s revenue is more than its expenditure, it is called ____
Answer: Surplus Budget
3. The person who presents the Central Government Budget in the Lok Sabha is ____________
Answer: Finance Minister of India
4. The revenue generated by the government through internal and external loans is __
Answer: Capital receipts.
5. GST Stands for ______________.
Answer: Goods and Service Tax
II. Answer the following in one sentence each:
6. What is Public Finance?
Answer: The finance of the government is called Public Finance.
7. What do you mean by Budget?
Answer: The statement of estimated income and expenditure of a year prepared by the government is called Budget.
8. Give the meaning of Deficit Budget.
Answer: If the expenditure is more than the income, it is called Deficit budget.
9. What are Direct Taxes?
Answer: When the tax is paid by an individual on whom it is imposed, it is called Direct Tax. Personal Income Tax, Corporate Tax, Wealth Tax, Stamp Duty etc. are the Direct taxes.
10. Express fiscal deficit in the form of a formula.
Answer: In the budget, if the government’s expenditure is more than its revenue receipts and non-debt capital receipts, it is called fiscal deficit. Formula: Fiscal deficit = (Revenue receipts + Non-debt Capital Receipts) – Total Expenditure
III. Answer the following in five-six sentences each:
11. Explain the differences between personal finance and public finance.
Answer: The differences between Personal finance and Public finance are as follows.
Personal or Private Finance
Public Finance
Pe1. Personal or private finance relates income and expenditure of one person or one family.
1. Public finance relates to the income and expenditure of the government.
2. In Private finance, individuals calculate their income before hand and then spend it accordingly.
2. In public finance, the government calculates its expenditure first and then adjusts its income accordingly.
3 – Personal financial transactions are kept confidential.
3. Public financial matters are discussed in the legislative houses.
4. When an individual or a family saves money, it will supplement their prosperity.
4) When the government saves money, growth is stunted. Hence governments always try to show more expenditure on developmental works.
12. Explain briefly the significance/importance of public finance.
Answer: The significance of public finance is,
A government, with an intention to establish economic progress and financial stability, announces the fiscal policy related to its income, expenditure and debt.
1) The government manages public finance according to fiscal policy.
2) Public finance is managed keeping in mind the progress of the nation.
3) The government, through its fiscal policies, formulates methods to equitably distribute the country’s natural wealth, labour and capital investment, and tries to maximize the production.
4) The government tries to ensure the equitable distribution of the income generated amids all sections of the people, and tries to see that all people live comfortably.
5) Nation’s progress can be achieved by achieving the welfare of the people.
6) The government, policies, enhances the public expenditure in priority areas like agriculture, small scale industries and basic infrastructure.
7) The government takes steps to ensure a balanced growth in all spheres of the economy.
8) Developing countries like India utilize public finance in order to eradicate poverty and unemployment to regulate financial upheavals and commodity prices.
9) To establish financial stability Government uses financial policy as a weapon.
13. List the plan expenditure of the Central Government.
Answer: Under the Central Planned Expenditure, the government spends money on three types of services and development. They are:
1. Financial services – Agriculture and agriculture-related activities, industry, communication, fuel, science and technology, rural development etc.
2. Social services – Education, health, hygiene, family welfare, drinking water supply, housing, social welfare etc.
3. General services – The expenditure incurred on maintenance of peace, law and order.
14. Explain the aspects of non-tax revenue of the Central government.
Answer: Apart from taxes, the government generates revenue from other sources. This is called Non-tax revenue. The main types of Non-tax revenue are as follows.
1. The net profit earned by the Reserve Bank of India.
2. The net profit generated by the Indian Railways.
3. The revenue generated by the Departments of Post and Telecommunications.
4. The revenue generated by the Public Sector Industries.
5. The revenue generated by the Coins and Mints.
6. Various types of fees and penalties etc.
15. What is fiscal deficit? Mention the four kinds of fiscal deficit.
Answer: In the budget, if the government’s expenditure is more than its revenue receipts and non-debt capital receipts, it is called fiscal deficit.
Four kinds of fiscal deficit: Fiscal deficit, Budget Deficit, Revenue Deficit and Primary Deficit are the four kinds of fiscal deficit. They are calculated as follows.
Fiscal deficit = (Revenue receipts + Non-debt Capital Receipts) – Total Expenditure
Budget Deficit = Total Revenue – Total Expenditure
Answer: Surplus Budget, Deficit Budget and Balanced Budget are the three types of Budget. If the budget shows excess income as compared to expenditure, it is called Surplus budget. If the expenditure is more than the income, it is called Deficit budget. If both income and expenditure are the same, it is called Balanced budget.
2. What is Public expenditure? Mention the two types of Public expenditure.
Answer: The government spends money for various purposes like defence, administration, economic development and welfare of the people. This is called Public Expenditure. Revenue expenditure and the Capital Expenditure are the two types of Public expenditure.
3. What is Revenue expenditure? Write the types of revenue expenditure.
Answer: The expenditure incurred by the Central government from the sources of revenue income is called Revenue Expenditure. Planned Expenditure and Non-planned Expenditure are the two types of revenue expenditure.
4. What is the Planned expenditure? What are the three services under the Planned expenditure?
Answer: The expenditure incurred by the government towards financial and social services, nation-building exercises and developmental works is called Planned Expenditure. Under the Central Planned Expenditure, there are three types of services and development. They are,
1. Financial services – Agriculture and agriculture-related activities, industry, communication, fuel, science and technology, rural development etc.
2. Social services – Education, health, hygiene, family welfare, drinking water supply, housing, social welfare etc.
3. General services – The expenditure incurred on maintenance of peace, law and order.
5. What is the Non-Planned expenditure? What are they?
Answer: With the exception of developmental activities, expenditure incurred on administration, defence, interest payment and other heads is called Non-planned expenditure. The major heads of non-plan expenditure are civil administration, defence, interest payment, allocations to states and various subsides etc.
6. What are Capital Expenditure?
Answer: The money spent by the government on agriculture, industry, transport, electricity, irrigation projects and other developmental activities along with creation of new assets is called Capital Expenditure.
7. What is Public revenue?
Answer: The government collects income from varied sources to meet its expenditure. This is called Public Revenue.
8. What is Revenue receipts ? Write the two types of the revenue receipts.
Answer: The income generated by the government through taxes and non-tax sources is called Revenue Receipts. This is the actual revenue of the government. Revenue Receipts are of two types: 1.Tax revenue 2.Non-tax revenue.
9. What is Tax? What are the two types of taxes?
Answer: The money paid by the citizens without any expectation in return is called Tax. The two types of taxes are,
Direct Taxes: When the tax is paid by an individual on whom it is imposed, it is called Direct Tax.
Indirect Taxes: If the burden of tax imposed by the government is transferable to others, it is called Indirect Tax.
10. What is Capital receipts? Why this was generated?
Answer: The revenue generated by the government which is intended to be used to create new assets in various fields of the economy, is called Capital Receipts. This revenue is generated to meet the expenses required for the development of agriculture, industries, irrigation, electricity, basic amenities etc.
2. How does nature disturb the stones on the wall?
Answer: Nature disturbs the stones on the wall through heavy frost and rain and wind.
3. How do hunters disturb the stones on the wall?
Answer: Hunters can disturb the stones on the wall by allowing rabbits to come out so that their dogs can catch them.
4. Who does “they” in line 7 refer to?
Answers: The word “they” in line 7 refer to ‘hunters’.
5. Who are the two characters in the poem? (Note: the speaker is not the poet)
Answer: The speaker and the neighbour are the two characters in the poem.
6. When does the mending of the wall take place?
Answer: The mending of the wall takes place in early spring, after the winter frosts have damaged the wall.
7. When the poet says, “we have to use a spell to make them balance”
a) he really means that they had to use a magic spell to make the stones stand one above the other
b) he is just saying it humorously
c) he regrets that he did not know magic.
Answer: he is just saying it humorously
8. “I let my neighbour know…” (line 12)
What did the speaker let the neighbour know?
Answer: the speaker lets his neighbor know that he doesn’t need the wall because there are no cows to contain. The speaker also suggests that they might be better off if they stopped repairing the wall altogether.
9. a) What is referred to as just another outdoor game?
Answer: The speaker refers to keeping stones in place as “just another kind of outdoor game”.
b) Why does the speaker call it a game?
Answer: The speaker calls it a outdoor game because there is one opponent on each side and mending the wall serves no purpose.
10. What argument does the speaker give to convince his neighbour that they do not need the wall?
Answer: the speaker argues that a wall is unnecessary between his and his neighbor’s properties because the speaker points out that nature constantly erodes the wall through frost and other natural elements. The speaker also points out that there is no need for separation between their neighbors because they have different fields. The speaker’s property is covered in apple trees, and his neighbor’s is covered in pine trees. Since neither of them raise cattle, there is no fear of cows venturing onto the other’s property.
11. What is the neighbour’s stock reply?
Answer: The neighbor’s stock reply is “Good fences make good neighbours”
12. By building a wall between neighbours, what are we “walling in” and what are we “walling out?”
Answer: By building a wall between neighbours, we are walling in our things stating their ownership and we are walling out so that no one comes in our property. When a wall is built between neighbors, the owner is “walling in” their things and “walling out” anyone who might enter their property.
13. The speaker says, “I rather / he said it for himself”
a) What does “it” refer to here?
Answer: “it” refers to the neighbor’s statement, “good fences make good neighbors”. The speaker and his neighbor have different views on whether to build and maintain a wall between their farms. ‘it” refers to the thing that is destroying the wall.
b) What does the speaker mean by this statement?
Answer: The speaker means that someone doesn’t want the existence of this wall and this is thereason that it is being broken again and again.
14. How does the neighbour carrying a stone in each hand appear to the poet?
Answer: The poet sees his neighbor as a savage from the old stone era when he silently carries stones to place on the wall.
15. Darkness in line 41 refers to
a) darkness in the woods under the shade of tree.
b) a mental darkness, ignorance
c) his “blindness” to see the light in the speaker’s arguments.
Answer: a mental darkness, ignorance
16. Frost says that his poem is a metaphor, saying one thing and meaning another. The wall in the poem is a metaphor. What do you think is the metaphorical meaning of wall?
Answer: The metaphorical meaning of wall is the negativity of the emotions that erupt between humans and as a result it blocks their relationships
17. Why do you think the speaker resents the wall? What does he want?
Answer: The speaker resents the wall because it is broken every time, it gets repaired. Moreover it appears to him as a game as there is no use of it. He doesn’t want this barrier between him and his neighbour.
B. Close Study
Read the following extracts carefully. Discuss in pairs and then write the answers to the questions given below them.
1. “He moves in darkness as it seems to me,
Not of woods only and the shade of trees.”
Who does “he” in the first line refer to?
Answer: The Neighbour
2. What does “darkness” mean here?
Answer: Neighbour’s mindset. His Ignorance about speaker’s words.
3. Why does the speaker say that “he” moves in darkness?
Answer: The speaker says that The neighbour moves in darkness because he just repeats a sentence his father had told him and doesn’t give any other explanation for maintaining the wall.
2. “Stay where you are until our backs are turned”
a) Who are these words said to?
Answer: The Stones
b) Who does “our” refer to?
Answer: The Speaker and the neighbour.
c) What is the tone of the speaker?
Answer: Uncertainty and questioning
III. PARAGRAPH WRITING :
Discuss in pairs the answers to the following questions. Individually note down the points and then develop the points into one paragraph answer.
If you were given a chance to live with one of these characters in the poem, whom would you like to live with? Why?
Answer: If I have a chance to live with one of these characters in the poem, I would like to live with Speaker. Because he is very logical and have reasonable thoughts. He doesn’t wants to barriers between human beings.
IV. ACTIVITIES :
1. The two characters, the speaker and the neighbour, have two totally opposing views on having a wall between their fields. Given below are a few statements, opinions and attitudes. Say whom does each apply to? The first two are done for you.
i. “Something there is that doesn’t love a wall” – speaker
ii. “good fences make good neighbours” – neighbour
iii. very conservative – Neighbour
iv. logical and reasonable – Speaker
v. light-hearted, humorous – Speaker
vi playing safe – neighbour
vii. Respects tradition – neighbour
viii. even God and nature seem to be against a wall between men – The Speaker
ix. apple orchard – The Speaker
x. living beyond the hills – The Neighbour
xi. an old stone savage – The Neighbour
xii. cosmopolitan in outlook. – The Speaker
2. Group Discussion
Man has built many walls (barriers) that separate man from man. There are social, cultural, religious, regional, political and other barriers all around us.
2. Are these barriers necessary for a good and happy co-existence?
Answer: These barriers are not necessary for a good and happy co-existence.
3. Why are they bad?
Answer: Because all these barriers divides the human beings.
4. What can you do to break these barriers?
Answer: We can educate the people and spread awareness to break these barriers.
5. Imagine your life without any barriers. What kind of life would it be?
Answer: Our life will happy and peaceful life without any barriers.
NOTE ON THE AUTHOR :
Robert Frost (1874-1963) was born in San Francisco. He is regarded highly for his realistic depiction of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech. His work frequently employs settings from rural life in New England in the early twentieth century, using them to examine complex social and philosophical themes. He became one of the country’s best-loved poets. Despite the surface cheerfulness and descriptive accuracy of his poems, he often presents a dark, sober vision of life, and there is a decidedly thoughtful quality to his work. A popular and oft-quoted poet, Frost was honored frequently during his lifetime, receiving four Pulitzer prizes for poetry.
The last Governor General of the British India was _______.
Answer: Lord Mountbatten
The first Home Minister of India was ______________.
Answer: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
The first President of India was _____________.
Answer: Babu Rajendra Prasad
Pondicherry joined India as a Union Territory in _________.
Answer: 1954
The linguistic organization of India took place in __________.
Answer: 1953
II Discuss the following in groups and answer them:
6. What were the problems faced by India after Independence?
Answer: The declaration of the British government on the 3rd of June 1947, based on the report of Lord Mountbatten, formed the basis for the creation of two independent countries called India and Pakistan. August 15th 1947 was a day of joy and sorrow for Indians. Although Indians were not in favour of separate countries for Hindus and Muslims, it became inevitable due to the ‘Divide and Rule’ policy of the British. Many problems cropped up along with independence. Many questions like rehabilitation of refugees, communal riots, formation of government, integration of various provinces, production of food, development of agriculture, growth of industries etc. had to be dealt with.
7. How did the country deal with the problem of refugees?
Answer: The problem of refugees was one of the worst problems resulting from the partition of India. Due to the division, people had to migrate from Pakistan to India leaving their homes,familiar environment, property etc., and go to a new place. The burden of providing shelter, employment, land, education, health care, conducive social environment to these refugees fell on the government. Many efforts went into this process of rehabilitation.
8. Describe the manner in which Pondicherry was liberated from the French.
Answer: The French colonies had continued their hold on Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Chandranagar in post-independence India. As a result of the struggle by the Congress, the Communists and other organizations urging that it should be a part of India, in 1954, these provinces joined India. Pondicherry was declared a Union territory in 1962. Pondicherry was renamed as puducherry in 2006.
9. How was Goa liberated from the Portuguese?
Answer: An endless struggle took place demanding the inclusion of Goa which was under the imperialist rule of Portugal, with India. Though they were ordered to give up Goa, the Portuguese brought in additional troops from Africa and Europe, and tried to strengthen their hold by suppressing the movement. In 1955, satyagrahis from different parts of India gathered at Goa and began a liberation movement demanding that the imperialists quit Goa. In 1961, the Indian army intervened and took Goa under its control. Goa which remained a Union Territory till 1987, became a state later on.
10. Why was the state re-organisation commission formed by the government of India in 1953?
Answer; The administration was not effective during the times of the British and the princely kingdoms because the language used for administration was different from the language of the common man. In this backdrop, the desire for linguistic formation of states was intense. After Potty Sriramulu, under the aegis of the Andhra Mahasabha, went on a fast-unto- death satyagraha for 58 days and then died in 1952 demanding the formation of Vishalandhra state, this demand became much more severe. In 1953 the government formed Justice Fazal Ali Commission in which Fazal Ali was the Chairman, K.M.Panickker and H.N.Kunjru were the members. In 1953 Andhra Pradesh became the first state to be formed based on language. As per the report of the Commission, the State Reorganisation Act came into force in 1956. Accordingly, 14 States and 6 Union Territories were formed in the country.
IV Projects:
I . Make a list of the capitals and administrative languages of the states in India.
Karnataka: Capital: Bengaluru, Official language: Kannada
Kerala: Capital: Trivandrum, Official language: Malayalam
Madhya Pradesh: Capital: Bhopal, Official language: Hindi
Maharashtra: Capital: Mumbai, Official language: Marathi
Andhra Pradesh: Capital: Amaravati, Official language: Telugu
Arunachal Pradesh: Capital: Itanagar, Official language: English
Assam: Capital: Dispur, Official language: Assamese
Bihar: Capital: Patna, Official language: Hindi
Chhattisgarh: Capital: Raipur, Official language: Chhattisgarhi
Goa: Capital: Panaji, Official language: Konkani
Gujarat: Capital: Gandhinagar, Official language: Gujarati
Haryana: Capital: Chandigarh, Official language: Haryanvi
Himachal Pradesh: Capital: Shimla, Official language: Hindi
Jammu and Kashmir: Capital: Srinagar (summer), Jammu (winter), Official language: Urdu
Jharkhand: Capital: Ranchi, Official language: Hindi
Manipur: Capital: Imphal, Official language: Manipuri
Meghalaya: Capital: Shillong, Official language: English
Mizoram: Capital: Aizawl, Official language: Mizo
Nagaland: Capital: Kohima, Official language: English
Odisha: Capital: Bhubaneswar, Official language: Oriya
Punjab: Capital – Chandigarh, Language – Punjabi
Rajastan: Capital – Jaipur, Language – Hindi
Sikkim: Capital – Gangtok, Language – Nepali
Tamil Nadu: Capital – Chennai, Language – Tamil
Telangana: Capital – Hyderabad, Language – Telugu
Tripura: Capital – Agartala, Language – Bengali and Kokborok
Uttar Pradesh: Capital – Lucknow, Language – Hindi
Uttarakhand: Capital – Dehradun, Language – Hindi
West Bengal: Capital – Kolkata, Language – Bengali
II. With the help of your teacher, learn about the cultural significance of our neighbouring states.
The cultural significance of our neighbouring states.
Karnataka: Karnataka is known as the cradle of temple architecture, with the Southern Vimana and Northern Rekhaprasada styles evolving in the Malaprabha valley. Karnataka has a rich musical heritage, including the Karnatic music school and Gamaka. The Mysore school of painting is known for its simplicity and intricate detailing. Tribal art is another indigenous art form. Karnataka has distinctive styles of sculpture, including Chalukya, Hoysala, and Vijayanagara.
Andhra Pradesh: Andhra Pradesh is famous for its classical dance forms, including Kuchipudi, Vilasini Natyam, Bhamakalapam, and Butta Bommalu (stick puppetry). The region is home to many architectural marvels, including the ancient city of Amaravati, and the temples of Tirupati, Srisailam, and Simhachalam. Karnatak (South Indian) music has derived much from Andhra roots. The state is known for its traditional handloom products like Pochampally and Mangalgiri sarees, as well as Kalamkari fabric. Kondapalli toys, made from softwood and beautifully painted, are also popular souvenirs.
Tamil Nadu: Tamil Nadu’s architecture is characterized by Dravidian style, which includes grand temples with intricate gopurams. The state also has rock-cut caves and monolithic temples, such as the Shore Temple in Mahabalipuram, which was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984. Bharatanatyam is a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu’s cuisine is known for dishes like idli, dosa, rasam, sambar, and pongal. Rice is a staple food, and is often served with sambar and coconut chutney. Tamil Nadu has many festivals, including Pongal, Tamil New Year, Thaipusam, Karthikai Deepam, Aadi Perukku, Panguni Uthiram, and Vaikasi Visakam. Tamil Nadu has a rich literary heritage that includes the Sangam literature, Tirukkural, and the contributions of authors during the Tamil Renaissance. Women often wear colorful silk saris, especially on special occasions, while men traditionally wear dhotis. Tamil Nadu is known for its Tanjore paintings, brass and bronze work, and Kanchipuram silk sarees.
Kerala: Kerala is known for its music forms, including Sopanam and Opana, and is home to legendary music maestros like K.J. Yesudas and Raveendran. Kerala is known for its art forms, including Kathakali, a classical dance-drama that combines opera, ballet, masque, and pantomime. Other art forms include Mohiniyattam, a dance known for its graceful movements and expressive gestures. Kerala is also known for its handicrafts, such as wood carvings, metalwork, and pottery. Kerala’s architecture is marked by intricately carved temples and traditional wooden homes. Kerala is known for its martial art form, Kalaripayattu, which is believed to be one of the oldest martial arts in the world. Kerala’s festivals include Onam, Vishu, Eid, and Thrissur Pooram. The Navarathna ring, featuring nine precious gemstones, is a highly auspicious piece of jewelry traditionally worn in Kerala. Kerala was once home to Nagaradhana, or snake worship, which was practiced by nearly every Hindu community in the state.
Maharashtra: Maharashtra is known for its colorful festivals, including Ganesh Chaturthi, Naag Panchmi, and Gudi Padwa. Maharashtra has spicy regional cuisines, and traditional dinner items are arranged in a circular way. Men wear dhotis, which are long cloths wrapped around the legs, and women wear saris, which are colorful cloths wrapped around the body. Popular traditional forms of dance and music include Koli, Powada, and Lavani. Maharashtra has many heritage sites, including the Gateway of India, Ajanta and Ellora Caves, and Raigad Fort.
C1. Answer the following questions in a sentence each :
Who were the occupants of the carriage?
Answer: The occupants of the carriage were a small girl, and a smaller girl, and a small boy.
2. What questions haunted Cyril when he saw sheep in the field?
Answer: “Why are those sheep being driven out of that field?” The questions haunted Cyril when he saw sheep in the field.
3. What made the aunt decide that the bachelor was a hard and unsympathetic man?
Answer: The frown on the bachelor’s face was deepening to a scowl. So the aunt decided that the bachelor was a hard and unsympathetic man.
4. Who saved the little girl in the aunt’s story?
Answer: Little girl saved from a mad bull by a number of rescuers who admired her moral character.
5. Name the little girl in the bachelor’s story.
Answer: ‘Bertha’ was the name of a little girl in the bachelor’s story.
6. What remark of the bachelor’s story created a wave of reaction in favour of the story?
Answer: “but she was horribly good.” said the bachelor. The word horrible in connection with goodness was a novelty that commended itself. This remark of the bachelor’s story created a wave of reaction in favour of the story.
7. How did the prince of the country come to know about Bertha?
Answer: Everybody talked about Bertha’s goodness. So the Prince of the country got to hear about it and came to know about Bertha.
8. How did the prince of the country honour Bertha?
Answer: Prince said that as she was so very good she might be allowed once a week to walk in his park, which was just outside the town. This is how prince of the country honoured Bertha.
9. Why was it a great honour for Bertha being allowed into the Prince’s park?
Answer: Prince’s park was a beautiful park, and no children were ever allowed in it, so it was a great honour for Bertha to be allowed to go there.
10. When did Bertha begin to wish that she had never been allowed into the park?
Answer: Bertha saw the wolf and saw that it was stealing towards her in the park, and she began to wish that she had never been allowed to come into the park.
11. The wolf located Bertha while she was hiding in the bushes by
a) sniffing around
b) the clinking sound of the medals
c) her spotlessly white and clean pinafore.
Answer: a) sniffing around
12. What was the aunt’s reaction to the bachelor’s story?
Answer: Aunt’s reaction to the bachelor’s story was “A most improper story to tell to young children! You have undermined the effect of years of careful teaching.”
C2. Work in pairs and answer the following in a few lines each:
1. How did the bachelor describe
a) The pigs in the park
Answer: There were lots of little pigs running all over the place in the park. The colours of pigs was Black with white faces, white with black spots, black all over, grey with white patches, and some were white all over. There were no flowers in the park because the pigs had eaten them all the flowers.
b) The fish in the park?
Answer: There were lots of other delightful things in the park. There are many fishes in the park. There were ponds with gold and blue and green fish in them.
c) The wolf in the park
Answer: Enormous wolf came prowling into the park to see if it could catch a fat little pig for its supper. The Wolf was Mud-colour all over, with a black tongue and pale grey eyes that gleamed with unspeakable ferocity.
2. What qualities of Bertha earned her the three medals?
Answer: Bertha won several medals for goodness, which she always wore, pinned on to her dress. There was a medal for obedience, another medal for punctuality, and a third for good behaviour.
3. Give reasons for
a) the absence of sheep in the prince’s park.
Answer: There were no sheep in the park, because the prince’s mother had once had a dream that her son would either be killed by a sheep or else by a clock falling on him. For this reason the Prince never kept sheep in his park or a clock in his palace.
b) The absence of flowers in the prince’s park.
Answer: There were no flowers in the prince’s park because the pigs had eaten all those flowers.
c) Bertha feeling sorry for the absence of flowers in the prince’s park.
Answer: Bertha was feeling sorry to find that there were no flowers in the prince’s park. Because she had promised her aunts, with tears in her eyes, that she would not pick any of the kind Prince’s flowers, and she had meant to keep her promise, so of course it made her feel silly to find that there were no flowers to pick.”
4. What are the two different thoughts of Bertha on her being extraordinarily good, when she was in the prince’s park?
Answer: The two different thoughts of Bertha on her being extraordinarily good, when she was in the prince’s park are,
‘If I were not so extraordinarily good I should not have been allowed to come into this beautiful park and enjoy all that there is to be seen in it.’
“If I had not been so extraordinarily good I should have been safe in the town at this moment.”
C3. Discuss in groups and answer the following questions.
How did the medals earn respect for Bertha, as well as cause her death?
Answer: Bertha won several medals for goodness, which she always wore, pinned on to her dress. There was a medal for obedience, another medal for punctuality, and a third for good behaviour. These medals are the respect for Bertha.
The wolf was just moving away when he heard the sound of the medals of Bertha clinked again and again in a bush quite near him. He dashed into the bush, his pale grey eyes gleaming with ferocity and triumph, and dragged Bertha out and devoured her to the last morsel.
2. The aunt terms the bachelor’s story as the most improper one. Do you agree with her? Give reasons.
Answer: Yes. The aunt terms the bachelor’s story as the most improper one. I agree with her in one view. Reasons for my Disagree.
That was Prince’s Park. There were nobody secures the park. Definitely there must be security persons to secure the small girls like Bertha.
If there is wolf walks around freely every day, then it should be not a park.
Small girl walking alone in a entire park.
Nobody wears medals when they are walking in a park.
Moral of the story of the bachelor – our goodness gets punished.
Story of bachelor is technically good. But lot of negative contents. In a story of a children – “good things and persons should always rewarded”
2. What elements in the bachelor’s story appealed to the children?
Answer: The elements in the bachelor’s story appealed to the children because,
There is an unexpected twist in bachelor’s story.
Bachelor is convinced the children and his answers are accurate to children’s questions.
Different kind of subject in the story.
3. How would the story have ended if Bertha had not pinned the medals on her pinafore?
Answer: If Bertha had not pinned the medals on her pinafore,
Wolf will leave the place without any harm to Bertha.
Wolf doesn’t found the place which Bertha was hide.
She would always being proud of her character and being extraordinary good.
V1. Match the words in column ‘A’ with their meaning in column ‘B’;
Answer:
A B
1. banish expel
2. humble modest
3. domicile the place where a person lives
4. foul-smelling stinking
5. predator an animal that hunts, kills and eats other animals
6. flip turn quickly
V2. Which of the following expressions is correct?
a flock of birds / a flight of birds.
Answer: a flight of birds
2. a swarm of insects / a colony of insects.
Answer: a swarm of insects
3. a herd of goats / a flock of goats.
Answer: a herd of goats
4. a troupe of actors / a company of actors.
Answer: a troupe of actors
5. a wad of bank notes / a roll of bank notes.
Answer: a wad of bank notes
6. a pack of cards / a deck of cards.
Answer: a deck of cards
7. a team of experts / a panel of experts.
Answer: a panel of experts
8. a bunch of grapes / a cluster of grapes.
Answer: a bunch of grapes
V3. Write the synonyms and antonyms for the following words
1. __________ means a group of people living in a specific area and leading a common, social life.
Answer: Community
2. The cornerstone of Indian society is ________ community.
Answer: Rural community
3. The tribes of the eastern region belong to the _______ race.
Answer: Mongolian race
II. Answer the following questions.
4. What is meant by a ‘city’?
Answer: A city is the permanent settlement of people having high population density and variety of social strata.
5. What does industrialisation suggest?
Answer: In Industrialisation villagers were brought to cities and industrial centers. Not only did the villagers desert their villages and take shelter in cities, but they also accepted the available opportunities to work. Geographical and industrial movement brought people closer. Railways and surface transport like buses brought people together. More than anything else, industrialisation changed our social environment and created cities.
6. Explain the term ‘village’.
Answer: A group of people leading a simple life in a limited land area is called a village. The village is a small group of people who not only engage in agriculture for their livelihood but also follow it as a way of life.
7. How does anthropology define ‘tribe’?
Answer: Anthropology defines a tribe thus: ‘a group usually restricted to a specific geographical area, having its own language, cultural harmony and social organization’.
8. Explain the features of a city.
Answer: The features of a city are,
1. Social diversity
2. Anonymity
3. Increased social movement
4. Greater emphasis on individualism, materialistic comfort and privacy
5. Development of associations and unions
6. Families of small size
7. Fast pace of social reforms
9. List out the features of a rural community.
Answer: The features of a rural community are,
1. Small community
2. Harmonious relationships
3. Social untiy
4. Informal system of control
5. Prominence of undivided families
6. Prominence of agriculture
7. Influence of nature
8. Influence of the neighbourhood
9. Simplicity
10. Increased religious involvement
11. Traditional opinions
12. Wide-spread caste system
13. Illiteracy, poverty etc.
10. What are the problems of rural communities?
Answer: The problems of rural communities are,
1. Agricultural problems
2. Problems related to cottage industries
3. Illiteracy, poverty and unemployment
4. Lack of proper health facilities
5. Lack of civic amenities
11. Identify the unique features of tribal communities.
Answer: The unique features of tribal communities are,
1. Common geographical area
2. Group of family/cluster of families
3. Inter-relatedness
4. Common language
5. Simplicity and self-contained nature
6. Common religion
7. Common culture
8. Common name
9. Sense of unity
10. Illiteracy
12. How are the Indian tribes classified?
Answer: Indian tribes have been geographically classified into three groups. They are,
2. Number of languages recognised as official languages in our constitution is __________
Answer: 22
3. Our National Animal is ____________ .
Answer: Tiger
4. Our National Bird is ____________ .
Answer: Peacock
II. Answer the following questions after group discussion.
5. What is meant by ‘Nationalism’?
Answer: The feeling of people about their living land is their motherland and the feeling of brotherhood among the people and equal participation of people in nation’s Joys and Sorrows is Nationalism.
6. What is ‘National Unity’?
Answer: National Unity refers to that situation where all the people of the country feel they are one although there are differences with regard to race, religion, culture and language.
7. What are the factors that lead to unity in diversity?
Answers: The factors that lead to unity in diversity are,
Geographical unity: The Himalayan Mountain Range, the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea separate India from the rest of the world. The Singing of the national anthem by people living geographically signifies the unity of the nations.
Political unity : Homogeneous since time immemorial, India has achieved political unity through a single constitution, uniform laws, educational system, Judicial system, strong central government administrations.
Religious unity : India is a multi religious nation. There are relegions like Hindusim, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Christianity, Islam, Parsi etc. Every religion is celebrating its own festivals. People of one religion and people of another religion participates in the festivals. It creates unity.
Linguistic unity : India is a home to many languages. Sanskrit is the root of most languages. There are people in India who speak different languages. Every state has its own language and literature. However, linguistic unity has not been affected. People of one language respect other languages.
Cultural unity : Although there are different races and religions in India, cultural unity can be seen everywhere. Although the people of different parts have their own cultural diversity like different traditions, customs, costumes, food habits, lifestyles etc, similarities can be seen among them.
8. What are the factors that promoting national integration?
Answer: The factors that promoting national integration are,
Secularism : India is a secular country. This means that every citizen of the nation has right to practice his own religion. There is interfaith harmony here. Hence it encourages the unity of the Nation
Democracy : India is a democratic nation and all citizens are equal before the law. All citizens of the state are considered equal in terms of fundamental rights and Directive principles of state policy.
National Festivals : National festivals of the country like Independence Day, Republic Day, Gandhi Jayanti etc. play an important role in uniting Indians. These festivals are celebrated by all Indian citizens in every part.
Our National Symbols : Our national symbols are National Emblem, National Anthem, National Flag, National Animal, National Bird, National flower etc. are also helpful to identify us as one. This aspect also remainds us that we are all one in celebration or disaster.
Interdependence : The Central and the State Governments work through common objective. One part of the nation is dependent on another part. It encourages the unity of the Nation.
rembrandt : Rembrandt Harmenszoonvan Rijn (1606-69), Dutch painter, noted for his handling of shade and light, especially in his portraits
opt : choose
report : tell about
drafty (adj) : characterized by or admitting currents of air, usually uncomfortable.
eschew : avoid
C1. Answer the following questions in a se ntence each:
What question did the teacher ask every time?
Answer: The question did the teacher ask every time is “If there is a fire in a museum, which would you save, a Rembrandt painting or an old woman who hadn’t many years live?”
2. Were the children able to answer the question correctly?
Answer: No, The children were not able to answer the question correctly. Sometimes children answer a Rembrandt painting and many times they choose the answer as an old woman.
3. The children responded to the question ____ half- heartedly. _______.
a) by debating on the question enthusiastically
b) half- heartedly.
c) by giving different answers at different times.
Answer: half- heartedly.
4. Where is the speaker working when the speaker narrates this incident?
Answer: The speaker working in the museum when the speaker narrates this incident.
5. What had the speaker realized after many years?
Answer: The speaker realized after many years that woman and painting and season are almost one and all beyond saving by children.
C2. 1. Pick out the expression in the poem that indicates that the question did not interest the children.
Answer: The expression in the poem that indicates that the question did not interest the children are,
i)The expression ‘half heartedly’ in the poem that indicates that the question did not interest the children.
ii) ‘Restless on hard chairs caring little for pictures or old age’ also indicates that the question did not interest the children.
2. The children were “restless on hard chairs” because
a) they were eager to answer the question immediately.
b) they were unable to understand the ethics dilemma.
c) the hardness of the chair affected their calmness.
Answer: they were unable to understand the ethics dilemma.
3. The images “half-heartedly” and “half-imagined” could mean
a) the children perceived the idea of ethical responsibility very faintly.
b) the ethical dilemma was beyond their understanding and experience.
c) children could not understand the gravity of the question.
[Note: There could be more than one currect option.]
Answer: the ethical dilemma was beyond their understanding and experience.
C3. Discuss with your friends if the poem is only about a lesson of ethics learnt in school or if it offers something higher than this.
School is not a only place to learn a lesson of ethics. Like this poem in a museum also children can learn a lesson of ethics. We can learn ethics everywhere in between the people. The Poem suggests that Old people and is like a painting in a museum; need to be taken care of their children and people. It is the responsibility of our society. All things are cannot be learned inside the classroom and such lessons learn by experience and some places like museum. Old age is the time when they need to be protected and somebody taken care of like we do to old portraits in the museum. The story of the poem begins with classroom and it ends in museum. This indicates that we can learn lessons of ethics in outside the classroom also.
C4. List a few ethics you have to follow in the situations given below:
a) Place of work.
Answer: 1. Time – punctuality 2) Behaviour 3) Friendly and cooperative with colleagues 4) Morality
1) Prayer 2) Neatness 3) Silence to make surroundings calm and quiet
d) Place of living.
1) Neatness and clean 2) be cooperative 3) Good human relationship
About the poet :
Linda Pastan was born in 1932 to a Jewish family in Bronx, New York. She graduated from Radcliffe College and received an MA from Brandeis University. She has many awards and honours to her credit. Pushcart Prize, Dylan Thomas Award, Alice Fay di Castagnola Award, the bess Hokin Prize are a few to name. She served as the Poet Laureate of Maryland. Linda Pastan now lives in Potomac, Maryland.
Answer: Environment is the surrounding where an organism, a community or an object exists.
2. Define ecology.
Answer: Ecology is the study of the interaction of living organisms with their physical, chemical and biological environment.
3. Name the different types of environmental pollution.
Answer: The different types of environmental pollution are,
1. Air Pollution
2. Water Pollution
3. Soil Pollution
4. Noise Pollution
4. What are the measures to control water pollution?
Answer: The measures to control water pollution are,
Industrial effluents must be treated
drinking water sources must be kept clean
Sewage treatment plants, disposal of waste on the water bodies must be controlled, etc.
5. What is Bio-diversity?
Answer: The variety of flora (plants) and fauna (animals) in a region is known as biodiversity.
6. What is the environmental pollution?
Answer: Environmental pollution is the unfavourable alteration of our surrounding, wholly or partly by human action through direct and indirect effects.
7. What are the important air pollutions?
Answer; The important air pollutions are Volcanoes, forest fire, cosmic dust, Gases from industries, domestic use, automobiles, mining, nuclear power plants, nuclear explosions, etc.
8. What are the measures to control air pollution?
Answer: Measures to control air pollution areControl of gaseous pollutants, control of emission from automobiles, planting of more trees, use of non-conventional energy sources, awareness programme, legal control, literacy and education etc.
9. What is water pollution?
Answer: Water pollution is ‘alteration in physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water which may have harmful effects on human and aquatic life’.
10. Write the important sources of water pollution.
Answer: The important sources of water pollution are soil erosion, landslides, volcanic eruption, decay and decomposition of plants and animals, Industrial effluents, urban waste, domestic waste, agricultural waste, thermal waste, oil spill, offshore drilling, nuclear waste etc.
11. What are the important effects of water pollution?
Answer: The important effects of water pollution are, It spreads water-borne diseases and epidemics like cholera, typhoid, diarrhea, jaundice, TB, etc, causes death of aquatic life, affects irrigation water and on agricultural crops, nature and features of water etc.
12. What is Soil Pollution?
Answer: Soil pollution is ‘decrease in the quality of soils either due to human sources or natural sources or by both’.
13. What is noise Pollution?
Answer: Noise pollution is ‘any undesirable sound dumped into the atmosphere leading to health hazards’.
14. What are the important sources of noise pollution?
Answer; The important sources of noise pollution are Thunder, cyclones, heavy rainfall, hailstorms, waterfalls, ocean waves , Industrial noise, automobiles, air crafts, domestic noise, mining etc.
15. What are the effects of noise pollution?
Answer: Effects of noise pollution are, noise pollution causes temporary or permanent hearing problem, headaches, restlessness, cardiovascular diseases, Psychological disorder, behavioural changes, lack of concentration, etc.
16. What are the measures to control noise pollution?
Answer; Measures to control noise pollution are,
Industries must be located away from the residential areas;
construction of sound proof walls in the factories,
restricting unnecessary use of sirens, horns and loud speakers;
airports must be located away from the residential zones;
Protective instruments the workers in the industries,
Noise producing vehicles must be checked etc.
II Define the following:
Biosphere
Answer: Earth is the only planet which has various forms of life on it. Biosphere is the part of the earth where life exists. The biosphere is the fourth component of the earth and it is the totality of all living things on earth.
2. Ecological balance
Answer: Ecology is the study of the interaction of living organisms with their physical, chemical and biological environment. In a natural environment, there is a perfect balance between the various organisms living together in the biosphere. This is known as ecological balance.
3. Global warming
Answer: The temperature of the earth is increasing slowly over the years. For the last few years global temperature has increased. This phenomenon is termed as Global warming.
4. Greenhouse effect
Answer: The use of fossil fuels is increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases trap the heat radiated from the earth. Thus increasing of greenhouse gases is causing an increase of temperature. This is called ‘Greenhouse effect’.
5. Ozone depletion
Answer: Ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays and protects all forms of life on the earth’s surface. In recent years the use of air conditioners, refrigerators, sprays and deodorants are destroying the ozone due to the synthetic chemicals released into the atmosphere, primarily ‘chlorofluorocarbons’ (CFC). This is called Ozone depletion.
6. Acid rain
Answer: Acid rain contains high amounts of acids particularly sulphuric acid and carbon monoxide. It is caused when the rain drops pass through the polluted atmosphere. The rainfall with poisonous acids kills marine organisms.
IV Activity:
Collect information on the impact of global warming and enlist the ways of controlling global warming.
Answer: Effects scientists predicted, such as the loss of sea ice, melting glaciers and ice sheets, sea level rise, and more intense heat waves. Scientists predict global temperature increases from human-made greenhouse gases will continue. Severe weather damage will also increase and intensify.
Ways of controlling global warming.
Save energy at home. Much of our electricity and heat are powered by coal, oil and gas. Change your home’s source of energy. Eat more vegetables. Throw away less food. Walk, bike or take public transport. Switch to an electric vehicle. Consider your travel. Reduce, reuse, repair and recycle.
wrinkle : small line on the skin of a person’s face or hands.
sovereign : a gold coin worth one sterling.
invest : to put money in a business to try to increase its value.
admire : regard with respect, took at with pleasure.
millionaire : a person whose assets are worth one million pounds or dollars or more.
miserable : unhappy, uncomfortable.
faint : slight.
dreadful : extremely bad or serious.
splendid : magnificent, very impressive, excellent.
apology : regretful acknowledgement of an offence or failure.
Comprehension:
I. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each:
1. What sort of man was Hughie Erskine?
Hughie Erskine was a very good–looking young man. He was liked and admired by both men and women. He never said an unkind word about anyone. But he was not very clever, and never had any money.
2. What were the various jobs he took up? Why?
He was always changing his job and had tried everything. But he is not successful in all jobs. At one time he had worked on the Stock Exchange, which had lasted for six months. He had been a tea merchant for a little longer than that, but soon got tired of selling tea. Then he tried selling sherry instead, but again he failed.
3. What was the condition laid down for Hughie to marry Laura?
The Colonel, father of girl Laura Merton, conditioned Hughie and would not allow them to get married. He put condition for a marriage and said “Come to me, my boy, when you have got ten thousand pounds of your own, and we will see about it,” This was the condition for Hughie to marry Laura Merton
4. Who was Alan Trevor? What was Trevor doing when Hughie called on him?
Alan Trevor was a Painter Trevor finishing the full size picture of a beggar–man when Hughie called on him.
5. How was the model beggar dressed?
Beggar dressed a ragged brown coat, all torn and dirty. His thick boots were patched and well worn, and with one hand he leaned on a rough stick. In the other hand, he held out a hat for money.
6. What did Hughie feel the model should get? Why?
Hughie think the model should get some part of that Painter earned from the painting. Hughie said that Model working quite as hard as Painter.
7. Why did Hughie feel sorry for the beggar-man?
The old beggar–man sat down on a wooden seat that was behind Hughie. He looked so lonely and sad, that Hughie could not help feeling sorry for him.
8. What did Hughie give the old beggar-man?
Hughie walked across the room and slipped the sovereign into the beggar man’s hand.
9. What did Alan Trevor tell Hughie when he met him at the Palette Club?
Trevor said when he met him at the palette Club, ‘‘That old beggar, as you call him, is one of the richest men in Europe. He could buy all London tomorrow and never miss the money. He has a house in every capital city, eats off gold plates”
10. Alan says, “He’ll invest your sovereign for you Hughie,” How do you think the Baron could have invested the sovereign for Hughie?
The Baron Hausberg was a millionaire and have a many number of business firms in his name. He could invest Hughie’s sovereign in his firms.
II. Answer the following questions in five or six sentences each:
‘That old beggar, as you call him, is one of the richest men in Europe.’ Name the richest man referred to. How is he described to Hughie?
Richest man is Baron Hausberg. Trevor Described the old beggar “That old beggar, as you call him, is one of the richest men in Europe. He could buy all London tomorrow and never miss the money. He has a house in every capital city, eats off gold plates, and can prevent Russia going to war when he chooses”
2. Describe how Hughie Erskine was able to marry Laura Merton.
Hughie Erskine was a very good–looking young man. He was in love with a girl called Laura Merton, who was the daughter of a retired Colonel. But he can’t marry him. The Colonel would not allow them to get married. He asked Hughie to earn ten thousand pounds and then only he will decide about marriage. One day Hughie saw beggar model and gave him sovereign. Beggar model is one of the richest men in Europe named Baron Hausberg. One day that millionaire beggar model sent a sealed envelope to Hughie. On the outside was written, ‘‘A wedding present to Hugh Erskine and Laura Merton, from an old beggar,” and inside was a cheque for ten thousand pounds. This is how Erskine was able to marry Laura Merton.
3. Bring out the subtle humour in the story “The Model Millionaire.”
The whole story is containing the subtle humour. Hughie Erskine was always changing his job and had tried everything. At last he gave up trying to work, and lived on two hundred pounds a year, given to him by an old aunt. Hughie thought that the model eas a real beggar and gave him a sovereign. But the beggar model war one of the richest person in Europe. These are the subtle humour in the story.
4. “I have got heaps of old clothes at home. Do you think he would like any of them? Why, his rags were falling to bits,’ said Hughie. ‘But he looks so wonderful in them,” said Trevor. “I wouldn’t paint him in a good suit for anything. However, I’ll tell him of your offer.” The above instance is an example for subtle humour. Pick out other incidents of humour from the story.
‘You don’t want a beggar to look happy, do you?’”
“Well, I think the model should get some part of that,’ cried Hughie, laughing. ‘He’s working quite as hard as you.”
“Poor man,’”he thought, ‘he needs it more than I do,’ and he walked across the room and slipped the sovereign into the beggar’s hand.
I have got heaps of old clothes at home. Do you think he would like any of them?
“Baron Hausberg!” cried Hughie. “Good heavens! I gave him a sovereign!” “Gave him a sovereign!” shouted Trevor, and he burst into a roar of laughter.
He’ll invest your sovereign for you Hughie, and pay you the interest every six months.
Fill in the blanks given below with the help of the compound words.
1. Full size picture (full–size)
2. Good looking young man (good – looking)
3. The old Beggar man (beggar-man)
4. The frame maker wanted to speak to Trevor. (frame – maker)
2) Match the words in column A with the words in column B to make more compound words
