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ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ ಮಟ್ಟದ ಕರಾಟೆ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಿವೇಕಾನಂದ ಆಂಗ್ಲ ಮಾಧ್ಯಮ ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳ ವಿಶೇಷ ಸಾಧನೆ

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ವಿದ್ಯಾಭಾರತಿ ಅಖಿಲ ಭಾರತೀಯ ಶಿಕ್ಷಾ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ್: ವಿದ್ಯಾಭಾರತಿ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ:

ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ ಮಟ್ಟದ ಕರಾಟೆ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧೆ:

ವಿವೇಕಾನಂದ ಆಂಗ್ಲ ಮಾಧ್ಯಮ ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿನಿ ಅಭಿಜ್ಞಾ ಶಾಂಭವಿ ಎಸ್.ಜಿ.ಎಫ್.ಐಗೆ ಆಯ್ಕೆ

ವಿದ್ಯಾಭಾರತಿ ಸಂಯೋಜಿತ ಶಾಲೆಗಳ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ ಮಟ್ಟದ ಕರಾಟೆ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧೆಯು ದಿನಾಂಕ ಒಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ 28,29, 30 ರಂದು ಮಧ್ಯಪ್ರದೇಶದ ದೇವಾಸ್‍ನಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆಯಿತು. ಈ ಸ್ಪರ್ದೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಿವೇಕಾನಂದ ಆಂಗ್ಲ ಮಾಧ್ಯಮ ಶಾಲೆಯ ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳು ಹಲವು ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಪಡೆದುಕೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ.

ಬಾಲವರ್ಗದ ಬಾಲಕಿಯರ ವಿಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ:(14ರ ವಯೋಮಾನದ) ಅಭಿಜ್ಞಾ ಶಾಂಭವಿ, 6ನೇ ತರಗತಿ(ಶ್ರೀ ಸುಧೀರ್ ಮತ್ತು ಶ್ರೀಮತಿ ಲತಾ ದಂಪತಿ ಪುತ್ರಿ) –ಪ್ರಥಮ ಸ್ಥಾನ ದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಚಿನ್ನ ಪದಕ, ಮಹತಿ, 6ನೇ ತರಗತಿ(ಶ್ರೀ ಶಿವರಂಜನ್.ಎಂ ಮತ್ತು ಶ್ರೀಮತಿ ಲಾವಣ್ಯ ಭಟ್ ದಂಪತಿ ಪುತ್ರಿ)- ದ್ವಿತೀಯ ಸ್ಥಾನದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಬೆಳ್ಳಿ ಪದಕ ಪಡೆದಿರುತ್ತಾಳೆ.

ಕಿಶೋರ ವರ್ಗದ ಬಾಲಕರ ವಿಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ (17ರ ವಯೋಮಾನದ) – ಪ್ರಮಥ.ಎಂ.ಭಟ್, 10ನೇ ತರಗತಿ(ಶ್ರೀ ರವಿನಾರಾಯಣ.ಎಂ ಮತ್ತು ಶ್ರೀಮತಿ ಶರಾವತಿ ದಂಪತಿ ಪುತ್ರ) – ದ್ವಿತೀಯ ಸ್ಥಾನದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಬೆಳ್ಳಿ ಪದಕ ಪಡೆದಿರುತ್ತಾನೆ.

ಪ್ರಥಮ ಸ್ಥಾನ ಪಡೆದ ಅಭಿಜ್ಞಾ ಶಾಂಭವಿ ಎಸ್.ಜಿ.ಎಫ್.ಐ ಗೆ ಆಯ್ಕೆಯಾಗಿರುತ್ತಾಳೆ ಎಂದು ಶಾಲಾ ಮುಖ್ಯೋಪಾಧ್ಯಾಯರು ಶಾಲಾ ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ತಿಳಿಸಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ

ಸಿರಿಬಾಗಿಲು ವೆಂಕಪ್ಪಯ್ಯ ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ ಭವನದಲ್ಲಿ ಉಚಿತ ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ಶಿಬಿರ ಉದ್ಘಾಟಿಸಿದ ಡಾ.ಬಿ.ಯಸ್. ರಾವ್

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ಸಿರಿಬಾಗಿಲು ವೆಂಕಪ್ಪಯ್ಯ ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ ಭವನದಲ್ಲಿ ಉಚಿತ ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ಶಿಬಿರ ಉದ್ಘಾಟಿಸಿದ ಡಾ.ಬಿ.ಯಸ್. ರಾವ್

ಕೆ.ಯಂ.ಸಿ.ಹಾಸ್ಪಿಟಲ್ ಅತ್ತಾವರ ಮಂಗಳೂರು ಇವರ ನೇತೃತ್ವದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದ ಜನಪ್ರಿಯ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯಾದ ಸಿರಿಬಾಗಿಲು ವೆಂಕಪ್ಪಯ್ಯ ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಾನದ ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ ಭವನದಲ್ಲಿ ಉಚಿತ ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ತಪಾಸಣೆ ನಡೆಯಿತು. ಗಡಿನಾಡು ಕಾಸರಗೋಡಿನ ಹಿರಿಯ ವೈದ್ಯ ಡಾ. ಬಿ.ಯಸ್. ರಾವ್ ಅವರು ದೀಪಬೆಳಗಿಸಿ ಉದ್ಘಾಟಿಸಿ ಗ್ರಾಮೀಣ ಪ್ರದೇಶದ ಜನರಲ್ಲಿ ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಜಾಗೃತಿ ಮೂಡಿಸುವ ಶಿಬಿರ ನಡೆಸುತ್ತಿರುವ ಕೆ.ಯಂ.ಸಿ.ಯವರ ಕಾರ್ಯ ಸ್ತುತ್ಯರ್ಹ ವೆಂದರು.

ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ ವಾಗಿ ಹಲವು ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮಗಳನ್ನು ಆಯೋಜಿಸಿದ ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಾನ ತನ್ನ ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದ ಹೊರತಾದ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆ ಮೆಚ್ಚುವಂತಹದು. ಈ ಹಿಂದೆ ಕೊವಿಡ್ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲೂ ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಾನವು ಕೊರೋನಾ ಯಕ್ಷಗಾನದ ಮೂಲಕ ಸಮಾಜಕ್ಕೆ ಜಾಗೃತಿ ಮೂಡಿಸಿ ವಿಶ್ವ ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯ ಮೆಚ್ಚುಗೆಗೆ ಪಾತ್ರರಾದುದನ್ನು ನೆನಪಿಸಿದರು.


ಕೆ.ಯಂ.ಸಿ.ಯ ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್ ತಜ್ಞ ವ್ಯೆದ್ಯರಾದ ಡಾ.ಅಭಿಷೇಕ್ ಕೃಷ್ಣ ಅವರು ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್ ಕುರಿತಾದ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ನೀಡಿದರು. ನಾಗರಿಕರು ದುಶ್ಟಟ ದಿಂದ ಮುಕ್ತರಾಗಿ , ಹಿತ ಮಿತವಾದ ಆಹಾರ ಸೇವನೆ ಯಿಂದ ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ವಂತರಾಗಿರಿ. ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್ ರೋಗಿಗಳು ಭಯ ಪಡ ಬೇಕಾಗಿಲ್ಲ. ಈಗ ರೋಗ ಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು ಯಾವ ಹಂತದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದರೂ ಈಗ ಗುಣಪಡಿಸಬಹುದು.


ಕೆ.ಯಂ. ಸಿ.ಯ ಶಿಬಿರದ ಸಂಘಟಕ ಉದಯ ಭಟ್ ರವರು ಈ ಹಿಂದೆ ನಡೆಸಿದ ಹಲವು ಶಿಬಿರ,ಅದರಿಂದ ನಾಗರಿಕರಿಗಾದ ಪ್ರಯೋಜನಗಳು ವಿವರಿಸಿದರು. ಮಣಿಪಾಲ ಕೆ.ಯಂ. ಸಿ.ಯ ನೇತ್ರ ತಜ್ಞೆ ಡಾ.ಶೈಲಜಾ, ಮಂಗಳೂರಿನ ಡಾ. ನಾರಾಯಣ ಮಧೂರು. ಡಾ.ರಾಜಾರಾಮ ದೇವಕಾನ, ಶಿವನಾರಾಯಣ ಗೆಳೆಯರ ವಾಟ್ಸಾಪ್ ಬಳಗದ ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರಾದ ಶ್ರೀ ವಾಸುದೇವ ಕಾರಂತ ಉಪಸ್ಥತರಿದ್ದರು.


ಶಿವನಾರಾಯಣ ಗೆಳೆಯರ ವಾಟ್ಸಾಪ್ ಬಳಗದ ವತಿಯಿಂದ ಸಿರಿಬಾಗಿಲು ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಾನಕ್ಕೆ ಬೃಹತ್ ಮೊತ್ತದ ಪಾತ್ರೆ ಸಾಮಗ್ರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಗದ ಸದಸ್ಯರು ಜತೆ ಗೂಡಿ ಡಾ.ಬಿ.ಯಸ್. ರಾವ್ ಮುಖಾಂತರ ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಾನದ ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷ ರಾಮಕೃಷ್ಣ ಮಯ್ಯ ಸಿರಿಬಾಗಿಲು ಇವರಿಗೆ ಹಸ್ತಾಂತರಿಸಿದರು. ರಾಮಕೃಷ್ಣ ಮಯ್ಯ ಅವರು ಅತಿಥಿಗಳನ್ನು ಸ್ವಾಗತಿಸಿದರು.

ಶ್ರೀ ಜಗದೀಶ ಕೆ.ಕೂಡ್ಲು ಇವರು ನಿರೂಪಿಸಿ, ಶ್ರೀ ಮೋಹನ್ ಕುಮಾರ್ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ ಸಿರಿಬಾಗಿಲು ವಂದಿಸಿದರು. ಆ ಬಳಿಕ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ದ ವೈದ್ಯರುಗಳಿಂದ 335 ಕ್ಕೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ನಾಗರಿಕರಿಗೆ ಉಚಿತ ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ತಪಾಸಣೆ ನಡೆಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಸಿರಿಬಾಗಿಲು ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಾನದ ವತಿಯಿಂದ ಉಚಿತ ಕನ್ನಡಕ ಹಾಗು ಔಷದಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡಲಾಯಿತು.

ಜಟಾಯುವಿನ ಪ್ರಾಣ ಅದರ ರೆಕ್ಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಇದೆ ಎಂದು ರಾವಣನಿಗೆ ಮೊದಲೇ ಗೊತ್ತಿತ್ತು!

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ಜಟಾಯುವಿನ ಪ್ರಾಣ ಅದರ ರೆಕ್ಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಇದೆ ಎಂದು ರಾವಣನಿಗೆ ಮೊದಲೇ ಗೊತ್ತಿತ್ತು!

ಜಟಾಯುವಿನ ಪ್ರಾಣ ಅದರ ರೆಕ್ಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಇದೆ ಎಂದು ರಾವಣನಿಗೆ ಮೊದಲೇ ಗೊತ್ತಿತ್ತು!

ಹೌದು. ಹಾಗಾದರೆ ಪ್ರಾಣದ ಮರ್ಮವನು ಅರಿತು ನಾವು ಹೋರಾಟ ನಡೆಸೋಣ ಎಂದು ರಾವಣ ಜಟಾಯುವಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಹೇಳಿದ್ದು ಯಾಕೆ? ಈ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗೆ ಉತ್ತರ ಹುಡುಕುವುದು ಅಷ್ಟು ಸುಲಭವಲ್ಲ. ಒಬ್ಬೊಬ್ಬರು ಒಂದೊಂದು ರೀತಿ ಉತ್ತರಿಸಬಹುದು.

ಆದರೆ ನಿಜವಾದ ಕಾರಣ ಏನು? ರಾವಣ ಜಟಾಯುವಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾಕೆ ಆ ರೀತಿ ಹೇಳಿದ. ವಾಸ್ತವವಾಗಿ ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳ ಪ್ರಾಣ ರೆಕ್ಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂದು ರಾವಣ ತಿಳಿಯದವನೇ? ಖಂಡಿತಾ ಅಲ್ಲ. ಹಾಗೆಂದುಕೊಂಡರೆ ನಮ್ಮಷ್ಟು ಮೂರ್ಖರು ಬೇರೆ ಯಾರೂ ಅಲ್ಲ.

ನಿಜವಾಗಿ ನೋಡಿದರೆ ರಾವಣ ಮಹಾಜ್ಞಾನಿ ಎಂದು ಪುರಾಣಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಅಂತಹ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ಪಾರಂಗತನಾದ ರಾವಣನಿಗೆ ಜಟಾಯುವಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಸುಳ್ಳು ಹೇಳುವ ಅಥವಾ ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳ ಪ್ರಾಣ ಇರುವುದು ರೆಕ್ಕೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಎಂಬುದು ತಿಳಿಯದವನಂತೆ ನಟಿಸುವ ಅಗತ್ಯ ಯಾಕೆ ಬಂತು ಎಂಬುದು ನಿಗೂಢ ಸಂಗತಿಯೇನಲ್ಲ!

ರಾಮಾಯಣದ ಈ ಭಾಗ ಯಕ್ಷಗಾನದ ತಾಳಮದ್ದಳೆಯ ಒಂದು ರಸವತ್ತಾದ ಚರ್ಚೆಯ ಭಾಗ. ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಜಟಾಯು ಪಾತ್ರಧಾರಿ ರಾವಣವ ಪಾತ್ರಧಾರಿಯೊಡನೆ “ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳ ಪ್ರಾಣ ರೆಕ್ಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇದೆ ಎನ್ನುವ ವಿಚಾರ ತಿಳಿಯದಷ್ಟು ಹೆಡ್ಡ ನೀನು” ಎಂದು ಕೆಣಕುತ್ತಾರೆ.

ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ರಾವಣ ಪಾತ್ರಧಾರಿ “ನೀನು ಎಲ್ಲ ಹಕ್ಕಿಯಂತಲ್ಲ, ನಿನ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಶೇಷ ಶಕ್ತಿ, ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ ಇರುವುದರಿಂದಲೇ ನಿನ್ನ ಪ್ರಾಣದ ಮೂಲದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಕೇಳಿದೆ” ಎಂದು ತನ್ನನ್ನು (ರಾವಣನನ್ನು) ಸಮರ್ಥಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಾರೆ.

ಆದರೆ ರಾವಣನು ಜಟಾಯುವಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಾಣದ ಮೂಲದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಕೇಳಲು ಬೇರೆಯೇ ಆದ ಕಾರಣವಿದೆ. ಆತನಿಗೆ ಜಟಾಯುವಿನ ಪ್ರಾಣ ಇರುವುದು ರೆಕ್ಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಎಂದು ಖಚಿತವಾಗಿ ಗೊತ್ತಿತ್ತು.

ಆದರೂ ಈ ರೀತಿಯ ನಾಟಕ ಯಾಕೆ ಎಂಬ ಕುತೂಹಲ ಎಲ್ಲರಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಇದ್ದೇ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ. ಕೆಲವರಿಗಾದರೂ ಇದರ ಕಾರಣದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಅರಿವಿರಬಹುದು. ಆದರೆ ನಿಜವಾದ ಕಾರಣ ಏನು? ಇದರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಮುಂದಿನ ಲೇಖನದಲ್ಲಿ ಚರ್ಚಿಸೋಣ.

ಬರಹ: ಯಕ್ಷಚಿಂತಕ

6th Standard, Social Studies, Civics, Chapter 21 – National Symbols and National Day Celebration

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6th Standard, Social Studies, Civics, Chapter 21

National Symbols and National Day Celebration

Exercises

I Fill in the blank with a correct word.

1. The white colour in our National Flag symbolizes truth.

2. Our National Song was written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.

3. Mysore state was named as Karnataka in the year 1973.

4. The one who hoists our national flag on the Red fort is Prime Minister.

II Answer the following questions:

1. Which are our National Symbols?

Answer: National Flag and National Emblem are the main National Symbols of a country. India also has its own national anthem. India has a national animal and national bird.

2. What are the features of the national flag code?

Answer: The features of the national flag code are as follows. 

1. National Flag should not be dirty or torn.

2 Always the saffron colour should come on top, while hoisting the flag.

3 No other flag should be placed higher than the national flag.

4 Flag should be lifted up to tip of the pole and then hoisted.

5 Always national flag should be hoisted after the sunrise and brought down before sunset. It should be kept folded.

6 During the time of National mourning, the flag has to be hoisted half-mast. 

7 While walking, the flag has to be held in right hand.

8 National Flag should not be touched to the ground.

9 Plastic flags should not be used.

3. What are our national festivals?

Answer: Republic day, Independence day and Gandhi Jayanthi are our national festivals.

4. Name some commemorative days celebrated in schools.

Answer: Teachers’ Day Celebration, Children’s Day Celebration, Swami Vivekananda: National Youth Day Celebration and Ambedkar Jayanthi are some commemorative days celebrated in schools.

Additional Questions:

1 . What are the speciality of National Flag?

Answer: In our national flag Saffron symbolizes selflessness and sacrifice, while white symbolizes truth, peace and purity. Green symbolizes the green earth; a sign of prosperity in agriculture, industries. The wheel is a replica of the wheel on the Ashoka pillar at Saranath. Ashoka chakra signifies ‘Dharmachakra’. Ashoka Chakra is also a symbol of continuous movement and progress.

2. Describe our National Anthem.

Answer: ‘Jana gana mana’ is India’s National Anthem. This was written by Rabindranath Tagore in Bengali language in 1911 C.E. The constituent assembly that was held on 24th January 1950 C.E accepted one stanza of the song, out of five stanzas, as the National Anthem. The time duration to sing the anthem is 52 seconds. Only first and last lines are sung, in some occasions. This might take around 20 seconds.

Every Indian’s duty is to pay homage (respect) to National Anthem. Disrespecting and causing interruptions to singing, results in severe punishments as per rules. We should stand upright while singing the National Anthem. The pronunciation should be error free.

3. Explain our National song in few words.

Answer: According to our constitution, ‘Vande Mataram’ which is given as much respect as our National Anthem is considered as our National song. The song ‘Vande Mataram’ was written by a famous writer Bankim Chandra Chatterjee. Before independence, this song was considered as the National Anthem, which was extracted from his novel ‘Anandamath’. The people who sacrificed their lives to protect this nation sang this song ‘Vande Mataram’.

4. Explain briefly about our National Emblem.

Answer: The Lion capital of Saranath is our national emblem or seal. In the original sculpture, there are four lions set back to back, facing four directions, standing on a circular pedestal. The pedastal is having wheels, one on each direction. Between those wheels there are images of an elephant, a bull, a horse and a lion. The wheel on the pedestal is also called ‘Dharmachakra’. Our national flag also has this wheel symbol placed in the centre of the white stripe.

5. Which are our National Animal, Bird and Flower?

Answer: Tiger is our national animal. Peacock is India’s national bird. Lotus is our national flower.

6. When we are celebrating Kannada Rajyotsava? Why was we celebrating on that day?

Answer: Karnataka was formed on November 1st, 1956 by unifying the Kannada regions of Bombay, Madras, Hyderabad and Kodagu provinces with Mysore province. It was called the Mysore State. In commemoration of this event, November 1st of every year is celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava with great enthusiasm. On November 1st 1973, the then Chief Minister, Devaraj Urs renamed the Mysore State as Karnataka.

Activities

1 Collect national flags of different countries.

2 Listen to the National Anthems of different nations. 

3 Memorize the National song and sing.

4 Know the local festivals celebrated in your village.

8th Standard, Social, Business Studies, Chapter 29 – EMERGENCE OF DIFFERENT BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS

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8th Standard, Social, Business Studies, Chapter 29

EMERGENCE OF DIFFERENT BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The concern that is owned and managed by a single person is called Sole trading concerns. 

2. The Indian Partnership Act was passed in the year 1932 to regulate the affairs of the partnership firms.

3. The Maximum number of partners in a firm which carries out banking business is 10. 

4. The Head of the Hindu undivided family business is known as “KARTA”. 

5. The only business concern under private business organization found in India is Hindu undivided family business.

II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each:

6. Which are the small scale business organizations?

Answer: The small scale business organizations are as follows.

1) Sole trading concerns,

2) Partnership firms

3) Hindu undivided family firms.

7. How do sole trading concerns help the consumers?

Answer: The sole trading concerns directly come into contact with the consumers. They fostering trust, rapport, and a better understanding of individual needs of consumers. That is how the sole trading concerns help the consumers.

8. What are partnership firms?

Answer: Two or more persons join together and carry out the business is called partnership firms.

9. Who are sleeping partners?

Answer: The partners who contribute capital but do not take active part in day-to-day transactions of the firm are called sleeping partners. The profits and losses are shared in proportion to their share of the capital.

10. Dissolution of partnership firm is easy, how?

Answer: Partnership firms can be dissolved easily. Any partner can apply for dissolution by giving fourteen days’ notice or with the consent of all the partners it can be dissolved.

III. Answer the following questions:

11. Mention any four merits of sole trading concerns.

The four merits of sole trading concerns.

1) No legal formalities are required to commence the business. 

2) It can be started by own capital.

3) No difficulties arise in day to day running of the business.

4) The owner enjoys all the profits and bears all the losses.

12. Mention any four limitations of sole trading concerns.

Answer: The four limitations of sole trading concerns are as follows.

1) Capital is limited and they cannot expand the business.

2) The managerial ability is limited.

3) Two heads are always better to take decisions.

4) All the losses are to be borne by a single person.

13. How are partnership firms started? Explain briefly.

Answer: The limitations of the sole trading concerns lead to the formation of partnership firms. In these firms two or more persons join together and carry out the business. Partnership firms Act was passed in 1932. According to the section 4 of partnership act the partnership firm is defined as the relation between the persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all. The maximum number of partners are ten if they carry out the financial business or twenty in case of carrying out general partnership business.

14. Who are the different types of partners?

Answer: The different types of partners are as follows.

1. Active Partners.

2. Sleeping Partners.

3. Nominal Partners.

4. Minor Partners.

15. Mention any four merits of partnership firms.

Answer: The four merits of partnership firms are, 

1) Easy to form

2) More capital

3) Greater efficiency

4) Trust worthiness

16. Mention any four demerits of partnerships firms.

Answer: The four demerits of partnerships firms are as follows.

1. Sometimes the disunity among the partners may hamper business and it leads to disputes. 

2. Since the number of partners is limited, the capital investment is also limited.

3. Liability is unlimited, so it discourages many people to join as partners.

4. Reckless and foolish decisions of some partners may lead to heavy setbacks.

17. What are the advantages of registering a partnership firm?

Answer: The advantages of registering a partnership firm are as follows.

1. A Registered firm can file a suit in the court of law against third party, in case the loan amount is more than Rs. 100/-. But it is not possible in case of an unregistered firm.

2. A Registered firm can file a case against the other partners against the loans they owe to the firm.

3. However third parties can file a case against an unregistered firm or against its partners for the recovery of loans.

4. Any partner can file a case against the firm or other partners for the dissolution of the firm or for the settlement of accounts.

18. Explain briefly about “Hindu undivided family business”.

Answer: They are found only in India. They are in accordance with “HINDU LAW”. They are the firms which consist of all the male members of the Hindu family, who are the descendants from a common male ancestor. Only three successive generations of male members namely, father, sons, grandsons and great grandsons acquire the birth right or hold on the ancestral property. The eldest or senior most member of the family manages the business and he is called “KARTA”. The liability of Karta is unlimited. While the liability of other members is limited to the extent of their share in the business.

Additional Questions.

1 . What are the different forms of business organizations?

Answer: Today we see different forms of business organizations. They may be classified into four types. They are:

1. Business organizations in the private sector.

2. Business organizations in the public sector.

3. Joint sector business organizations.

4. Public utilities.

2. What are the advantages of Sole Trading concerns?

Answer: The advantages of Sole Trading concerns are,

1) No legal formalities are required to commence the business.

2) It can be started by own capital.

3) No difficulties arise in day to day running of the business.

4) The owner enjoys all the profits and bears all the losses.

5) They directly come into contact with the consumers.

6) They render some social services also.

7) They provide employment to some people.

8) They help in distribution of wealth.

9) They understand the likes and dislikes of the customers and supply goods accordingly.

10) They pay taxes to the government.

3. What are the disadvantages of Sole Trading concerns?

Answer: The disadvantages of Sole Trading concerns are as follows.

1) Capital is limited and they cannot expand the business.

2) The managerial ability is limited.

3) Two heads are always better to take decisions.

4) All the losses are to be borne by a single person.

5) With the death or insolvency of the sole trader, the trading concerns may have to be closed.

4. What are the merits of partnership firms?

Answer: The merits of partnership firms are as follows.

1) Easy to form

2) More capital

3) Greater efficiency

4) Trust worthiness

5) Sharing of business loss

6) Secrecy of business

7) Simple dissolution

5. What are the demerits of partnership firms?

Answer: The demerits of partnership firms are as follows.

  1. Sometimes the disunity among the partners may hamper business and it leads to disputes.
  2. Since the number of partners is limited, the capital investment is also limited.
  3. Liability is unlimited, so it discourages many people to join as partners.
  4. Reckless and foolish decisions of some partners may lead to heavy setbacks
  5. Partnership firms lack stability; the death or insolvency of any partner may lead to dissolution.
  6. It is difficult to transfer the share of partners to others.

7. Owing to lack of control by the government and publishing of accounts, partnership firms cannot gain public support.

8. The secrecy of the business cannot be maintained since there are two or more than two partners.

IV. Activity:

1. Collect two advertisements and study them in the context of your lesson.

6th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 16 – Indian Ideology and Bhakti cult

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6th Standard, Social, History, Chapter 16

Indian Ideology and Bhakti cult

Exercises

I Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1 Guru Nanak’s song are called as Japji  

2 The holy book of Sikh is Guru Granth Sahib  

3 The birth place of Ramanujacharya is Sriperambudur  

4 Saint Meerabai is known as ‘Radha of Kaliyug’.

II Answer the following questions.

1 What were the reforms made by Shankaracharya?

Answer: The reforms made by Shankaracharya are as follows.

1. Shankara brought many reforms in the Hindu society of that time and led the people on the path of knowledge.

2. Through Advaita Philosphy he preached that all mankind are one and equal.

3. Shankara became a social reformer by stopping the conflicts between the castes

4. Shankara established Peethas (mathas) at Badarinatha (Uttarakhand), Dwarake (Gujarat), Puri (Odisha) and Sringeri (Karnataka). These served as emotional and religious centres for uniting Indians.

Shankara wrote many scriptures. His work Bhaja Govindam is popular even today. It is surprising that Shankara achieved so much within his 32 years of life span.

2 What are the teachings of Basaveshvara?

Answer: The teachings of Basaveshvara are as follows.

1 . Basavanna aimed at building a casteless and classless society.

2. ‘Work is Worship’ (Kayakave Kailasa) was one of his main teachings.

3. Basaveshwara condemned casteism, idol worship and sacrifices. He stated, ‘one’s body itself is a temple’.

4. His words ‘woman is a mother, she is everything’ gave confidence to women who had lost their voice.

5. He established ‘Anubhava Mantapa’ at Basavakalyana. It was a platform for the Vachanakaras.

6. Basaveshwar had composed more than thousands of Vachanas. They end with a pen name ‘Kudala Sangamadeva’.

3 What is the importance of vachana literature? Name some vachanakaras.

Answer: The ‘Vachana’ is a distinct literary genre. The vachana literature could be read like prose or sung like a poem. There were Vachanakaras (one who write vachanas) like Jedara Dasimayya, Allamaprabhu, Chenna Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi and others. They belonged to all castes and class. The thoughts expressed in the vachanas are relevant even today.

4 What did the Bhakti saints preach?

Answer: The Bhakti saints preached the path of bhakti or devotion towards God. They believed that Bhakti is the only way to earn God’s grace. This approach to God is known as the Bhakti culture.

5 Who were the major Sufi saints of India?

Answer: The major Sufi saints of India are Nizamuddin Auliya, Bandenawaz, Moyinuddin Chisti, Salim Chisti, Baba Budan and Budan-al-din.

6 State the effects of the Bhakti Movement.

Answer: The effects of the Bhakti Movement are as follows.

1 . The Bhakti saints were responsible for creating harmony between the Hindus and the Muslims.

2. The Bhakti saints composed literature in the regional languages. As a result, Indian languages were enriched.

7 Where is the Darga of Bandenawaz?

Answer: Darga of Bandenawaz is in Kalaburgi.

8 Which is the famous work of Tulasidas?

Answer: The famous work of Tulasidas is Ramcharitamanasa’.

9 What is the famous quotation of Guru Nanak?

Answer: The famous quotation of Guru Nanak is ‘‘Even if I have a lakh tongues, I will chant the name of one God on all those tongues’’.

10 What is the gist of Bhakti Cult?

Answer: The gist of Bhakti Cult are as follows.

1 .The Bhakti cult condemned discrimination between superior and inferior and preached equality.

2. The Bhakti saints opposed and ridiculed outdated customs.

3. The Sufi saints proclaimed that religion meant love of all and service to mankind. They maintained that there is only one God, not many.

4. The saints took up the task of uniting the hearts of the people.

III. Discuss in groups and answer:

1 . The relevance of the teachings of the Bhakti saints.

Answer: Our country is a land of saints and sages. Hundreds of saints have taken birth here from time to time. They brought about social harmony and encouraged the people to walk on the right path. They also exposed the social ills.

The saints preached the path of bhakti or devotion towards God. They believed that Bhakti is the only way to earn God’s grace. This approach to God is known as the Bhakti cult. The Bhakti cult condemned discrimination between superior and inferior and preached equality. The Bhakti cult took up the task of uniting the hearts of the people. The Bhakti saints were responsible for creating harmony between the Hindus and the Muslims.

2. Discuss the changes brought by Social Reformers.

Answer: Many great Social Reformers were born in India. They not only guided the people through their teachings but also undertook active social reforms. Their reforms eradicated ignorance and evil practices among the people. Their impact is spread even today. They encouraged caste harmony. They were responsible for building several grand temples in India. The Social reformers aimed at building a casteless and classless society. The thoughts expressed in the vachanas are relevant even today. They condemned discrimination between superior and inferior and preached equality. They opposed and ridiculed outdated customs. The reformers took up the task of uniting the hearts of the people. The Social reformers composed literature in the regional languages. As a result, Indian languages were enriched.

Additional Questions:

1 . What are the reforms of Ramanujacharya?

Answer: The reforms of Ramanujacharya are,

1. Ramanuja encouraged caste harmony.

2. By condemning caste-ism, he preached the principle of Bhakti to all castes.

3. He said that devotion and surrendering are very important for salvation.

4. He told to surrender to God without any desires.

5. He asserted that one can attain salvation through the path of devotion.

6. Ramanuja was responsible for building several grand temples in Melukote and south India.

2. What are the reforms Madhwacharya?

Answer: The reforms Madhwacharya are as follows.

1 . Madhvacharya composed many works in Sanskrit relating to Madhva philosophy.

2. He appointed eight pontiffs to perform regular pujas of Lord Sri Krishna at Udupi.

3. He preached the simple path of Bhakti (devotion).

3. What are the features of Bhakti Cult?

Answer: The features of Bhakti Cult are as follows.

1 .The Bhakti cult condemned discrimination between superior and inferior and preached equality.

2. The Bhakti saints opposed and ridiculed outdated customs.

3. The Sufi saints proclaimed that religion meant love of all and service to mankind. They maintained that there is only one God, not many.

4. The saints took up the task of uniting the hearts of the people.

4. Write a short note about Sri Chaitanya.

Answer: Sri Chaitanya was born in West Bengal. Chaitanya condemned caste discrimination. He preached that Bhakti was the only path to the realization of God (mukti). His teachings were rooted in love, brotherhood and charity. He went on sacred pilgrimage throughout India spreading the message of love.

5. Explain the reforms of Meerabai.

Answer: Saint Meerabai, who is revered as the ‘Radha of Kaliyug’, was also a great composer of songs. She was born in a royal family of Rajputs in Rajasthan. She considered Lord Krishna as her deity. Her mother-in-law strongly objected to her worshipping of Krishna. Meera could not withstand this and left the palace forever and went to Brindavan, the holy place associated with Lord Krishna. The feelings of bhakti and love are prominent in her compositions. Giridhar Gopal is the deity she worshipped. Through her bhajans, Meera finds a permanent place in the hearts of millions.

Activities

1 Read the biographies of Shankaracharya, Ramanujacharya, Basaveshvara and Madhvacharya.

2 Collect any ten vachanas of Basaveshvara.

3 Collect the names of vachanakaras and their pen-names.

4 Dress yourselves as Acharyas, saints and Sharanas and narrate their teachings on the stage during celebrations in the school.

5 “Do not steal, do not kill, do not lie, do not rage, do not loathe the other, do not brag of yourself, and do not revile the opponent. This itself is inner purity. This itself is outer purity. This alone is the way to win our Koodalasangamadeva” What are the values found in this vachana? Do we find these values being practised in our society? If not collect the reason and discuss.

6 Collect and write the teachings of Shankaracharya, Ramanujacharya and Madhvacharya.

7 Collect the pictures of the Bhakti saints with details.

8 Read the biographies of Sri Chaitanya, Guru Nanak, Meerabai, Tulsidas, Kabir, Surdas and the Sufi saints.

9 Listen to Meera bhajans.

10 Collect more details about sufism from the internet. Discuss their influence on India’s multi-religious society and their relevance in the present context, and prepare a report of one page.

8th Standard, Mathematics, Chapter 12 – Factorisation

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8th Standard, Mathematics, Chapter 12

Factorisation

Exercise 12.1

1 . Find the common factors of the given items.

(i ) 12x, 36

Answer: (i) 12x = 2 × 2 × 3 × x

36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3

Common factors = 2, 2, 3.

2 × 2 × 3 = 12

(ii) 2y, 22xy

Answer: 2y = 2 × y

22xy = 2 × 11 × x × y

The common factors = 2, y.

 2 × y = 2y

(iii) 14pq, 28p2q2

Answer: 14pq = 2 × 7 × p × q

28p2q2 = 2 × 2 × 7 × p × p × q × q

The common factors = 2, 7, p, q.

2 × 7 × p × q = 14pq

(iv)  2x, 3x2

Answer:  2x = 2 × x

3x2 = 3 × x × x

4 = 2 × 2

The common factor = 1.

(v) 6abc, 24ab2, 12a2b

Answer: 6abc = 2 × 3 × a × b × c

24ab2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × a × b × b

12a2b = 2 × 2 × 3 × a × a × b

The common factors = 2, 3, a, b.

2 × 3 × a × b = 6ab

(vi) 16x3, -4x2,  32x

Answer: 16x3 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x × x × x

-4x2 = -1 × 2 × 2 × x × x

32x = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x

The common factors = 2, 2, x.

2 × 2 × x = 4x

(vii) 10pq, 20qr, 30rp

Answer:  10pq = 2 × 5 × p × q

20qr = 2 × 2 × 5 × q × r

30rp = 2 × 3 × 5 × r × p

The common factors = 2, 5.

2 × 5 = 10

(viii) 3x2y3,   ,10x3y2,   ,6x2y2z 

Answer: 3x2y3 = 3 × x × x × y × y × y

10x3y2 = 2 × 5 × x × x × x × y × y

6x2y2z = 2 × 3 × x × x × y × y × z

The common factors = x, x, y, y.

Thus, x × x × y × y = x2 y2  

2. Factorise the following expressions.

( i) 7x – 42

Answer: 7x – 42

7x = 7 × x

42 = 2 × 3 × 7

The common factor = 7.

7x – 42 = (7 × x) – (2 × 3 × 7 )

= 7(x – 6)

(ii) 6p – 12q

Answer: 6p -12q

6p = 2 × 3 × p

12q = 2 × 2 × 3 × q

The common factors = 2 and 3.

6p -12q = (2 × 3 × p) – (2 × 2 × 3 × q)

= 2 × 3(p – 2 × q)

= 6(p – 2q)

(iii) 7a2+14a

Answer: 7a2+14a

7a2= 7 × a × a

14a = 2 × 7 × a

The common factors = 7 and a .

7a2 + 14a = (7 × a × a) + (2 × 7 × a)

= 7 × a(a + 2)

= 7a (a + 2)

(iv) -16z + 20z3       

Answer: -16z + 20z3

16z = -1 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × z

20z3 = 2 × 2 × 5 × z × z × z

The common factors = 2, 2, and z.

 -16z + 20z3 = -(2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × z) + (2 × 2 × 5 × z × z × z)

= (2 × 2 × z) [-(2 × 2) + (5 × z × z)]

= 4z (-4 + 5z2)

(v) 20l2m + 30alm

Answer: 20l2m + 30alm

20l2m= 2 × 2 × 5 × l × l × m

30alm = 2 × 3 × 5 × a × l × m

The common factors = 2, 5, l and m.

Therefore, 20l2m + 30alm = (2 × 2 × 5 × l × l × m) + (2 × 3 × 5 × a × l × m)

= (2 × 5 × l × m) [(2 × l) + (3 × a)]

= 10lm (2l + 3a)

(vi) 5x2y -15xy2

Answer: 5x2y -15xy2

5x2y = 5 × x × x × y

15xy2 = 3 × 5 × x × y × y

Common factors = 5, x, and y.

5x2y – 15xy2 = (5 × x × x × y) – (3 × 5 × x × y × y)

= 5 × x × y[x – (3 × y)]

= 5xy(x – 3y)

(vii) 10a2 -15b2 + 20c2

Answer: 10a2 -15b2 + 20c2

10a2 = 2 × 5 × a × a

15b2 = 3 × 5 × b × b

20c2 = 2 × 2 × 5 × c × c

Common factor = 5.

10a2 -15b2 + 20c2 = (2 × 5 × a × a) – (3 × 5 × b × b) + (2 × 2 × 5 × c × c)

= 5[(2 × a × a) – (3 × b × b) + (2 × 2 × c × c)]

= 5(2a2 – 3b2 + 4c2)

(viii) -4a2 + 4ab – 4ca

Answer: -4a2 + 4ab – 4ca

4a2 = 2 × 2 × a × a

4ab = 2 × 2 × a × b

4ca = 2 × 2 × c × a

Common factors = 2, 2, and a .

– 4a2 + 4ab – 4ca = -(2 × 2 × a × a) + (2 × 2 × a × b) – (2 × 2 × c × a)

= 2 × 2 × a (-a + b – c)

= 4a (-a + b – c)

(ix) x2yz + xy2z + xyz2

Answer: x2yz + xy2z + xyz2

x2yz = x × x × y × z

xy2z= x × y × y × z

xyz2 = x × y × z × z

Common factors = x, y, and z.

x2yz + xy2z + xyz2 = (x × x × y × z) + (x × y × y × z) + (x × y × z × z)

= x × y × z (x + y + z)

= xyz(x + y + z)

(x) ax2y + bxy2 + cxyz

Answer: ax2y + bxy2 + cxyz

ax2y= a × x × x × y

bxy2 = b × x × y × y

cxyz= c × x × y × z

Common factors = x and y.

ax2y + bxy2 + cxyz = (a × x × x × y) + (b × x × y × y) + (c × x × y × z)

= (x × y) [(a × x) + (b × y) + (c × z)]

= xy (ax + by + cz)

Exercise 12.2

1. Factorise the following expressions.

(i) a2 + 8a +16

Answer: a2 + 8a +16

= (a)2 + 2 × a × 4 + (4)2

= (a + 4)2 [Using identity (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2, considering x = a and y = 4 ]

(ii) p2 – 10 p + 25

Answer: p2 – 10 p + 25

= (p)2 – 2 × p × 5 + (5)2

= (p – 5)2 [Using identity (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2, considering a = p and b = 5 ]

(iii) 25m2 + 30m + 9

Answer: 25m2 + 30m + 9

= (5m)2 + 2 × 5m × 3 + (3)2

= (5m + 3)2 [Using identity (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2, considering a = 5m and b = 3 ]

(iv)  49y2 + 84yz + 36z2

Answer: 49y2 + 84yz + 36z2

= (7y)2 + 2 × (7y) × (6z) + (6z)2

= (7y + 6z)2 [Using identity (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2, considering a = 7y and b = 6z]

(v) 4x2 – 8x+ 4

Answer: 4x2 – 8x+ 4

= (2x)2 – 2(2x)(2) + (2)2

= (2x – 2)2 [Using identity (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2, considering a = 2x and b = 2]

= [(2)(x -1)]2 = 4(x -1)2

(vi) 121b2 – 88bc+16c2

Answer: 121b2 – 88bc+16c2

= (11b)2 – 2(11b)(4c) + (4c)2

= (11b – 4c)2 

 (vii) (l + m)2 – 4lm

Answer: (l + m)2 – 4lm

= l2 + 2lm+ m2 – 4lm [Using identity (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]

= l2 – 2lm + m2

= (l – m)2 

(viii) a4 + 2a2b2 + b4

Answer: a4 + 2a2b2 + b4

= (a2)2 + 2 (a2)(b2) + (b2)2

= (a2 + b2)2 [Using identity (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2, considering x = a2 and y = b2]

2. Factorise.

(i) 4p2 – 9q2

Answer: 4p2 – 9q2

= (2p)2 – (3q)2

= (2p + 3q) (2p – 3q)

(ii) 63a2 – 112b2

Answer: 63a2 – 112b2

= 7(9a2 – 16b2 )

= 7 [(3a)2 – (4b)2]

= 7[(3a + 4b)(3a – 4b)] [Using identity x2 – y2 = (x – y)(x + y), considering x = 3a and y = 4b]

(iii) 49x2 – 36

Answer: 49x2 – 36

= (7x)2 – (6)2

= (7x – 6)(7x + 6)

(iv) 16x5 – 144x3

Answer: 16x5 – 144x3

= 16x3(x2 – 9)

= 16x3 [(x)2 – (3)2]

= 16x3 [(x – 3)(x + 3)] [Using identity a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b), considering a = x and b = 3]

(v) (l + m)2 – (l – m)2

Answer: (l + m)2 – (l – m)2

= [(l + m) – (l – m)][(l + m) + (l – m)]

= (l + m – l + m)(l + m + l – m)

= 2m × 2l

= 4ml

= 4lm

(vi) 9x2y2 – 16

Answer: 9x2y2 – 16

= (3xy)2 – (4)2

= (3xy – 4)(3xy + 4)

(vii) (x2 – 2xy + y2 ) – z2

Answer: (x2 – 2xy + y2 ) – z2

= (x – y)2 – (z)2 

= (x – y – z)( x – y + z)

(viii) 25a2 – 4b2 + 28bc – 49c2

Answer: 25a2 – 4b2 + 28bc – 49c2

= 25a2 – (4b2 – 28bc + 49c2 )

= (5a)2 – [(2b)2 – 2 × 2b × 7c + (7c)2]

= (5a)2 – (2b – 7c)2  [Using identity (x – y)2 = x2 – 2xy + y2, considering x = 2b and y = 7c]

= [5a + (2b – 7c)][5a – (2b – 7c)] 

= (5a + 2b – 7c)(5a – 2b + 7c)

3. Factorise the expressions.

(i) ax2 + bx

Answer: ax2 + bx

= a × x × x + b × x

= x (ax + b)

(ii) 7p2 + 21q2

Answer: 7p2 + 21q2

= 7 × p × p + 3 × 7 × q × q

= 7(p2 + 3q2)

(iii) 2x3 + 2xy2 + 2xz2

Answer: 2x3 + 2xy2 + 2xz2

= 2x( x2 + y2 + z2 )

(iv) am2 + bm2 + bn2 + an2

Answer: am2 + bm2 + bn2 + an2

= am2 + bm2 + an2 + bn2

= m2(a + b) + n2(a + b)

= (a + b)(m2 + n2 )

(v) (lm + l ) + m + 1

Answer: (lm + l ) + m + 1

= lm + m + l + 1

= m(l + 1) + 1(l + 1)

= (l + 1)(m + 1)

(vi) y (y + z) + 9(y + z)

Answer: y (y + z) + 9(y + z)

= (y + z) (y + 9)

(vii) 5y2 – 20 y – 8z + 2yz

Answer: 5y2 – 20 y – 8z + 2yz

= 5y2 – 20y + 2yz – 8z

= 5y(y – 4) + 2z(y – 4)

= (y – 4)(5y + 2z)

(viii) 10ab + 4a + 5b + 2

Answer: 10ab + 4a + 5b + 2

= 10ab + 5b + 4a + 2

= 5b(2a +1) + 2(2a +1)

= (2a +1)(5b + 2)

(ix) 6xy – 4 y + 6 – 9x

Answer: 6xy – 4 y + 6 – 9x

= 6xy – 9x – 4 y + 6

= 3x(2y – 3) – 2(2 y – 3)

= (2y – 3)(3x – 2)

4. Factorise.

(i) a4 – b4

Answer: a4 – b4

= (a2)2 – (b2)2 

= (a2 – b2)(a2 + b2) [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

= (a – b)(a + b)(a2 + b2 ) [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

(ii) p4 – 81

Answer: p4 – 81

= (p2)2 – (9)2

= (p2 – 9)(p2 + 9) [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

= [(p)2 – (3)2](p2 + 9)

= (p – 3)(p + 3) (p2 + 9) [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

(iii) x4 – (y + z)4

Answer: x4 – (y + z)4

= (x2)2 – [(y + z)2]2

= [x2 – (y + z)2][x2 + (y + z)2] [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

= [x – ( y + z)][x + ( y + z)][x2 + (y + z)2] [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

= (x – y – z)(x + y + z)[x2 + (y + z)2]

(iv) x4 – (x – z)4

Answer: x4 – (x – z)4

= (x2)2 – [( x – z)2]2

= [x2 – (x – z)2 ][ x2 + (x – z)2] [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

= [x – (x – z)][x + (x – z )][x2 + ( x – z )2] [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

= z(2x – z )[x2 + x2 – 2xz + z2] [Since, (a- b)2 = a2 – 2ab+ b2]

= z(2x – z )(2x2 – 2xz + z2)

(v) a4 – 2a2b2 + b4

Answer: a4 – 2a2b2 + b4

= (a2)2 – 2 (a2)(b2) + (b2)2

= (a2 – b2)2 [Since, (a- b)2 = a2 – 2ab+ b2]

= [(a – b)(a + b)]2 [Since, a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

= (a – b)2(a + b)2      

5. Factorise the following expressions.

( i) p2 + 6 p + 8

Answer: p2 + 6 p + 8

8 = 4 × 2 and 4 + 2 = 6

p2 + 6 p + 8 = p2 + 2p + 4p + 8

= p(p + 2) + 4(p + 2)

= (p + 2) (p + 4)

(ii) q2 – 10q + 21

Answer: q2 – 10q + 21

21 = (-7) × (-3) and (-7) + (-3) = -10

q2 – 10q + 21 = q2 – 7q – 3q + 21

= q(q – 7) – 3(q – 7)

= (q – 7)(q – 3)

(iii) p2 + 6 p -16

Answer: p2 + 6 p -16

It can be observed that, -16 = (-2) × 8 and 8 + (-2) = 6

p2 + 6 p -16 = p2 + 8p – 2p -16

= p(p + 8) – 2(p + 8)

= (p + 8)(p – 2)

Exercise 12.3

1 . Carry out the following divisions.

(i) 28x4 ÷ 56x

Answer: 28x4 = 2 × 2 × 7 × x × x × x × x and

56x = 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × x

28x4 ÷ 56x = (2 × 2 × 7 × x × x × x × x) / (2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × x)

= x3/2

(ii) – 36y3 ÷ 9y2

Answer: -36y3 =  – 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × y × y × y and

9y2 =  3 × 3 × y × y

-36y3 ÷ 9y2 = (-2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × y × y × y) / (3 × 3 × y × y)

= -4y

(iii) 66 pq2r3 ÷ 11qr2

Answer: 66pq2r3 = 2 × 3 × 11 × p × q × q × r × r × r and

11qr2 = 11 × q × r × r

66 pq2r3 ÷ 11qr2 = (2 × 3 × 11 × p × q × q × r × r × r) / (11 × q × r × r)

= 6pqr

(iv)  34x3y3z3 ÷ 51xy2z3

Answer: 34x3y3z3 = 2 × 17 × x × x × x × y × y × y × z × z × z and

51xy2z3 = 3 × 17 × x × y × y × z × z × z

34x3y3z3 ÷ 51xy2z3 = (2 × 17 × x × x × x × y × y × y × z × z × z) / (3 × 17 × x × y × y × z × z × z)

= 2x2y / 3

(v) 12a8b8 ÷ (-6a6b4)

Answer: 12a8b8 = 2 × 2 × 3 × a8 × b8 and

-6a6b4 = -2 × 3 × a6 × b4

12a8b8 ÷ (-6a6b4) = (2 × 2 × 3 × a8 × b8) / (-2 × 3 × a6 × b4)

= -2a2b4

2. Divide the given polynomial by the given monomial.

(i) (5x2 – 6x) ÷ 3x

Answer: (5x2 – 6x) = x(5x – 6)

 (5x2 – 6x) ÷ 3x = x(5x – 6) / 3x

= (5x – 6) / 3

(ii) (3y8 – 4y6 + 5y4) ÷ y4

Answer: (3y8 – 4y6 + 5y4) = y4(3y4 – 4y2 + 5)

 (3y8 – 4y6 + 5y4) ÷ y4 = y4(3y4 – 4y2 + 5) / y4

= 3y4 – 4y2 + 5

(iii) 8(x3y2z2 + x2y3z2 + x2y2z3) ÷ 4x2y2z2

Answer: 8(x3y2z2 + x2y3z2 + x2y2z3) = 8x2y2z2(x + y + z)

8(x3y2z2 + x2y3z2 + x2y2z3) ÷ 4x2y2z2 = 8x2y2z2(x + y + z) / 4x2y2z2

= 2(x + y + z)

(iv) (x3 + 2x2 + 3x) ÷ 2x

Answer: (x3 + 2x2 + 3x) = x(x2 + 2x + 3)

 (x3 + 2x2 + 3x) ÷ 2x = x(x2 + 2x + 3) / 2x

= (x2 + 2x + 3) / 2

(v) (p3q6 – p6q3) ÷ p3q3

Answer; (p3q6 – p6q3) = p3q3 (q3 – p3)

 (p3q6 – p6q3) ÷ p3q3= p3q3 (q3 – p3) / p3q3

= q3 – p3

3. Work out the following divisions.

(i) (10x – 25) ÷ 5

Answer: (10x – 25) = 5× 2 × x – 5 × 5

= 5(2x – 5)

(10x – 25) ÷ 5 = 5(2x – 5) / 5

= 2x – 5

(ii) (10x – 25) ÷ (2x – 5)

Answer: (10x – 25) = 5 × 2 × x – 5× 5

= 5(2x – 5)

(10x – 25) ÷ (2x – 5) = 5(2x – 5) / (2x – 5)

= 5

(iii) 10y (6y + 21) ÷ 5(2y + 7)

Answer: 10y(6y + 21) = 5 × 2 × y ×(2 × 3 × y + 3 × 7)

= 5 × 2 × y × 3(2 × y + 7)

= 30y(2y + 7)

10y(6y + 21) ÷ 5(2y + 7) = 30y(2y + 7) / 5(2y + 7)

= 6y

(iv) 9x2y2 (3z – 24) ÷ 27xy(z – 8)

Answer: 9x2y2 (3z – 24) = 3 × 3 × x × x × y × y ×(3 × z – 2 × 2 × 2 × 3)

= 3 × 3 × x × x × y × y × 3 (z – 2 × 2 × 2)

= 27x2y2 (z – 8)

9x2y2 (3z – 24) ÷ 27xy(z – 8) = 27x2y2(z – 8) / 27xy(z – 8)

= xy

(v) 96abc (3a – 12)(5b – 30) ÷ 144(a – 4)(b – 6)

Answer: 96abc (3a – 12) (5b – 30) = 96abc ×(3 × a – 2 × 2 × 3) × (5 × b – 5 × 2 × 3)

= 96abc × 3(a – 2 × 2) × 5(b – 2 × 3)

= 1440abc (a – 4) (b – 6)

96abc (3a – 12)(5b – 30) ÷ 144(a – 4)(b – 6) = 1440abc(a – 4)(b – 6) / 144(a – 4)(b – 6)

= 10abc

4. Divide as directed.

(i) 5(2x +1) (3x + 5) ÷ (2x +1)

Answer:  5(2x +1) (3x + 5) / (2x +1)

= 5(3x + 5)

(ii) 26xy(x + 5) (y – 4) ÷ 13x(y – 4)

Answer: 2 × 13 × xy(x + 5) (y – 4) / 13x(y – 4)

= 2y(x + 5)

(iii) 52pqr (p + q) (q + r)(r + p) ÷ 104pq(q + r)(r + p)

Answer:  2 × 2 × 13 × p × q × r × (p + q) × (q + r) × (r + p) / 2 × 2 × 2 × 13 × p × q × (q + r) × (r + p)

= r (p + q) / 2

(iv)  20 (y + 4) (y2 + 5y + 3) ÷ 5(y + 4)

Answer: 2 × 2 × 5 × (y + 4) × (y2 + 5 y + 3) / 5 × (y + 4)

= 4(y2 + 5 y + 3)

(v) x (x +1)(x + 2)(x + 3) ÷ x(x +1)

= (x + 2) (x + 3)

5. Factorise the expressions and divide them as directed.

(i) (y2 + 7y + 10) ÷ (y + 5)

Answer: (y2 + 7y + 10) = y2 + 2 y + 5 y +10 = y(y + 2) + 5(y + 2)

= (y + 2)(y + 5)

 (y2 + 7y + 10) ÷ (y + 5) = (y + 2)(y + 5) / (y + 5)

= y + 2

(ii) (m2 -14m – 32) ÷ (m + 2)

Answer: m2 + 2m -16m – 32 = m(m + 2) -16(m + 2)

= (m + 2)(m – 16)

 (m2 -14m – 32) ÷ (m + 2) = (m + 2)(m – 16) / (m + 2)

= m – 16

(iii) (5p2 – 25p + 20) ÷ (p -1)

 Answer: 5(p2 – 5p + 4) = 5(p2 – p – 4p + 4)

= 5[p (p – 1) – 4(p – 1)]

= 5(p – 1) (p – 4)

 (5p2 – 25p + 20) ÷ (p – 1) = 5(p – 1)(p – 4) / (p -1)

= 5(p – 4)

(iv) 4yz (z2 + 6z -16) ÷ 2y (z + 8)

Answer: 4 yz (z2 – 2z + 8z -16) = 4 yz [z(z – 2) + 8(z – 2)]

= 4 yz (z – 2)(z + 8)

4yz (z2 + 6z -16) ÷ 2y (z + 8) = 4 yz(z – 2)(z + 8) / 2y(z + 8)

= 2z (z – 2)

(v) 5pq (p2 – q2) ÷ 2p (p + q)

Answer: 5pq (p – q) (p + q) [Using identity a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)]

Thus, 5pq (p2 – q2) ÷ 2p (p + q) = 5pq(p – q)(p + q) / 2p(p + q)

= 5q (p – q) / 2

(vi) 12xy (9x2 -16y2) ÷ 4xy (3x + 4y)

Answer: 12xy [(3x)2 – (4y)2] = 12xy(3x – 4y)(3x + 4y)  [Using identity a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)]

= 2 × 2 × 3 × x × y × (3x – 4y) × (3x + 4y)

12xy (9x2 -16y2) ÷ 4xy (3x + 4y) = 2 × 2× 3 × x × y × (3x – 4y) × (3x + 4y) / 4xy (3x + 4y)

= 3(3x – 4y)

(vii) 39y3 (50y2 – 98) ÷ 26y2 (5y + 7)

Answer: 3 × 13 × y × y × y × [2 × (25y2 – 49)] = 3 × 13 × 2 × y × y × y × [(5y)2 – (7)2]

= 3 × 13 × 2 × y × y × y (5y – 7) (5y + 7) [Using identity a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]

26y2 (5y + 7) = 2 × 13 × y × y × (5y + 7)

39y3 (50y2 – 98) ÷ 26y2 (5y + 7) = 3 × 13 × 2 × y × y × y (5y – 7) (5y + 7) / 2 × 13 × y × y × (5y + 7)

= 3y (5y – 7)

9th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 20 – REVOLUTION AND RISE OF NATION STATES

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9th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER – 20

REVOLUTION AND RISE OF NATION STATES

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The 13 colonies established by England on the Atlantic coast was called “New English 
colonies”.

2. The representatives of the 13 colonies met in 1774 at Philadelphia.

3. The first President of United States of America was George Washington.

4. The writer of ‘Spirit of Laws’ was Montesque.

5. The party ‘Young Italy’ was formed by Joseph Mazini. 

6. The philosophy of ‘blood and steel’ was advocated by Otto-Von-Bismarck.

II. Answer the following questions.

7. Mention the reasons for American War of Independence.

Answer: The reasons for American War of Independence are as follows.

1 . The rise of nationalism among the people of the colonies.

2. The desire for independence among the colonies.

3. The effects of the 7 years’ war.

4. The naval regulations.

5. Influence of writers like Thomas Paine, John Adams, Samuel Adams, John Edward Coke and Benjamin Franklin.

6. The Quebec regulation, the Townshend taxes.

7. The Boston tea party.

8. Explain the significance of the American war of independence.

Answer: Along the Atlantic coast of North America, 13 colonies were established by England. These were called the “New English colonies”. France and England competed with each other to establish the colonies in North America. The American War of Independence (1775–1783) was a defining historical event that established the United States as the first independent, modern, democratic, and constitutional republic, breaking free from British colonial rule. The colonies had no option but to fight the British with the local arms. In this manner, on 19th April 1775 at Lexington, when a troop of the colonies attacked the British, the American war of in­dependence began. The Philadelphia Conference appointed George Washington as its commander. With the help of the French army, George Washington defeated the British army in battle of Yorktown. British commander, Lord Cornwallis surrendered with his army. In the year 1783, as per the Paris agreement, Britain accepted that the 13 colonies were independent. Since the declaration of independence was made on 4th of July, it became a day of great significance to the Americans.

9. How were economic factors responsible for the French revolution?

Answer: The economic factors responsible for the French revolution are as follows.

1 . France was an agriculture-dominated nation. In spite of advances in agricultural practices, the yield from land was very low. The farmers were the most affected. As a result, there used to be revolts and riots for food.

2. Industries were under the control of trade unions. Due to internal strife and interference from authorities, the development of these unions was sluggish. Hence the industrial productivity was low.

10. What was the role of Garibaldi in Italy’s unification?

Answer: Garibaldi was a soldier and fighter. He Garibaldi joined the Young Italy army and assumed leadership of the revolution. After that he constituted an army called “Red Brigade” and with the help of Sardinia, fought with Austria. In 1860, he fought against the twin states of Sicily using his Red Brigade. By conquering the same, he hastened the national integration and pressed for democratic reforms.

11. Who was the architect of unification of Germany? Write a note on him.

Answer: The architect of the Unification of Germany was Otto-Von-Bismarck, he was the chief minister of the King of Prussia, Williams I. He built a powerful army. His next aim was to drive out Austria from German states association. He achieved his aim by associating with Austria. Later, Bismarck made an agreement with Italy according to which, in the event of war with Austria, he would seek their support. The well-formed German armies defeated Austria in the year 1866 and “North German States Association” was formed. Even after driving Austria from the German soil, the unification of Germany was not complete. 16 German states in the south attached to France were still out of this association. Bismarck realized that war was inevitable with France to achieve unification of Germany. Bismarck began war preparations. When Napoleon declared war on Prussia, southern German states defeated him. Due to this, he was able to merge the remaining states with the German states’ association.

Additional Questions:

1 . What are the Effects of American War of Independence to French revolution?

Answer: The Effects of American War of Independence to French revolution are,

1 . Many of the French who fought against the British in America returned to their motherland. They encouraged the rebels by giving them all support and played a pivotal role in the revolution.

2. Due to all these events, the French king had to call a session of ‘States Generals’, a legislators’ assembly that had not been called in the previous 175 years.

3. The members of the third class declared themselves as the National Assembly. They invited the members of the other two classes to join them.

4. The National Assembly made all the rules and passed orders. In the year 1789, 27th August, the Declaration of Human and Civilian Rights was adopted. The king’s rule was replaced by a democratic government.

2 . How were social factors responsible for the French revolution?

Answer: The social factors responsible for the French revolution are,

1 . In the French society, inequality prevailed in all spheres. It was unbearable and inhuman. The pain of this inequality turned into a burning rage in the hearts of the citizens and led to the French revolution.

2. The first two classes enjoyed all the facilities and were few in number. Exempted from paying any taxes, they led a luxurious life. The third class was deprived of all facilities. Intellectuals, agriculturists, labourers and professionals were there in this class. Their income was less but taxes were more. Their life was in a bad state. These people did not command respect in society. They had no political rights and had to tolerate insults. They did not have either religious or political rights or freedom. These were the people who were the unhappiest of all in France. They were waiting for an opportunity to overthrow the old system.

3. How were political factors responsible for the French revolution?

Answer: The King was an inexperienced king. He led a life of luxury and wasteful expenditure. He was not bothered about the routine administrative work. He had a queen named Marie Antoinette who was the princess of Austria. She was squandering money for her personal indulgences and festivals. She had no concern for the problems of the people. She was interfering in the administration of the nation. People hated her since she was a foreigner and had no love for the French people. The king could not control her. Eventually the situation went beyond control and led to revolution.

III. Activities:

1. Discuss in detail with your teacher about the philosophers of the French Revolution period.

2. Discuss in groups the factors responsible for Italy’s unification along with your teacher.

IV. Projects:

1. Collect the pictures of the thinkers during the French revolution and prepare an album. 

2. Prepare a project showing the revolutionaries of Italy’s unification.

8th Standard, Social Science, Business Studies, CHAPTER 30 – LARGE SCALE BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS

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8th Standard, Social Science, Business Studies, CHAPTER–30

LARGE SCALE BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The formation of co-operative societies is regulated as per The Indian Co-operative Act of 1912.

2. The first co-operative society in the world was started by Robert Owen in England (country).

3. The First co-operative society was stated in Karnataka at ‘Kanaginahala’ in Gadag.

4. The Multinational corporations were first started in U.S.A country.

5. The examples of multinational corporations with Indian origin are Tata and Birla.

6. The first share market was started in India at Mumbai.

II. Answer the following questions:

7. Mention the characteristics of co-operative societies.

Answer: The characteristics of Co-operative Societies are as follows.

1. They are voluntary organizations.

2. The membership is open to all adults (above 18 years) irrespective of caste, religion, creed and gender.

3. There is no upper limit for membership.

4. There is democratic management. All the members attend the General Body Meeting and each member has one vote irrespective of share of capital invested.

5. Profit is distributed in proportion to the share of their capital equally among all the members not less than 6.25%.

6. One portion of the profit is transferred to general fund.

7. Their status and management are supervised by the Government.

8. What are the different types of co-operative societies?

Answer: The different types of Co-operative societies are as follows.

1. Credit Co-operative societies.

2. Marketing Co-operative societies.

3. Producers Co-operative societies.

4. Consumers Co-operative societies.

5. Farmers’ Co-operative societies.

6. House building Co-operative societies.

7. Co-operative societies for different services such as – supply of drinking water, improvement of education, etc.

9. List out the advantages and disadvantages of co-operative societies.

Answer: Advantages of Co-operative societies are as follows.

1) It is easy to form Co-operative societies.

2) There is no need of heavy capital.

3) There is no discrimination among the members.

4) All the members have equal rights and responsibilities. It runs on democratic principle. 

5) Each member has one vote.

6) The liability of the members is limited.

7) They help the members to develop habits of savings.

8) The Co-operative societies are via media arrangements between capitalism and socialism.

9) The main motto of the Co-operative societies is “One for all and all for one”

Disadvantages of Co-operative Societies:

1) The societies have limited capital resource. So large scale business is not possible.

2) It is very difficult to get suitable staff.

3) There are chances of mismanagement.

4) There are chances of misuse of money

5) There are chances of corruption and favouritism.

10. What are the advantages of multinational corporations to home country?

Answer: The Advantages of multinational corporations to home country are as follows.

1. They obtain raw materials from host countries at low prices.

2. They may also obtain the technological and administrative skills from host countries.

3. They export raw materials and finished products to host countries thus their profit is more.

4. It is possible to earn ample income through profit, royalty and through administrative agreements with host countries.

5. They create more employment opportunities in the home country.

11. What are the important functions of stock exchanges?

Answer: The capital of a joint-stock company is divided into small units called shares. The joint stock companies can also raise capital through issue of debentures. There is a provision to sell and buy these shares and debentures. The share or debenture holders can sell their shares or debentures at any time. For this purpose Stock Exchanges are established. 

Nowadays Kolkata and Bengaluru stock exchanges facilitate to carry out their business through electronic media. All the stock exchanges are controlled by a Board called Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).

Additional Questions and Answers:

1. Describe the Co-operative Movement in India.

Answer: The Co-operative Movement was started in India by passing the Co-operative Act in 1904. An act was passed in 1912 and registration was made compulsory. After independence under Five Year Plans the Co-operative societies came to prominence. Today we have about eight lakh Co-operative societies in our country. In Karnataka state the first Co-operative society was started at ‘Kanaginahala’ in Gadag Taluk now a District. The Bengaluru City Central Co-operative society was started in 1905. Dharwad district of our state gave more importance for top prominence to Co-operative movement and hence Dharwad district is called ‘The cradle of Co-operative movement’.

2. Define Joint Stock Company.

Answer: Joint Stock Company is defined as a business organization created by law, having a separate legal entity with a perpetual succession and a common seal. Haney defines Joint stock companies as “a voluntary organisation of individuals for profit having its capital divided into transferable shares. The ownership of which is the condition of membership” 

A joint stock company is a business that is owned by its investors. The shareholders buy and sell shares and own a portion of the company. The percentage of ownership is based on the number of shares that each individuals own in the company.

3. Explain the Meaning and explanation of Multinational Corporations.

Answer: A Multinational corporation owns and manages business in two or more countries. According to ILO (International Labour Organisation) report, the essential management of the multinational enterprises lies in one country and they carry on their business in a number of other countries e.g. Sony (Japan) Coca-cola (USA), Samsung (S. Korea), 

Hindustan unilever (U.K), Philips (Holland), Glaxo Smith Kine (U.K), etc. The nation with the Headquarters is called Mother country. The nations come under its jurisdiction are called patron Nations.

4. What are the features of multinational corporations?

Answer: The features of multinational corporations are as follows.

1. They are large Corporations. Their assets and transactions are also of large scale.

2. They operate their business at least in six countries. 

3. They produce goods even in the countries where they operate their business.

4. They have centralised control from head office.

5. They have production, marketing and other facilities in several countries.

6. They play an important role in International Trade.

7. They provide technological facilities in the countries which come under their preview.

5. What are the advantages of multinational corporations to host country?

Answer: The advantages of multinational corporations to host country are as follows.

Advantages for depending or host countries (Patron countries)

1. The capital investment increases even in host countries.

2. If the host countries are developing countries, the home country provides technology and through administrative procedures, it causes a revolution.

3. The host countries are helped by the increase of exports and decrease of imports.

4. It is possible to produce high quality products.

5. The important opportunities to increase in host countries, research and developments are promoted in host countries. 

6. They help the utilisation of internal resources.

6. What are disadvantages of Multinational Corporations?

Answer: The disadvantages of Multinational Corporations are as follows.

1 . Home country gets lion’s share in the profits. They develop dominance in host countries. 2. The competition in host countries may vanish and monopoly of multinational corporations may increase. 

3. There are many complaints against these corporations that they are not respecting human rights.

4. There is a chance for reduction of natural resources in host countries.

5. Many a time they follow unscrupulous methods to avoid paying taxes.

6. They exploit the labour force in host countries. Many a time they do not transfer technology in a proper way.

7. They try to interfere in the political affairs of the nation. 

III. Activity:

1. With the help of your teachers start a co-operative society in your School.

8th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 19 – THE CHALUKYAS OF BADAMI AND THE PALLAVAS OF KANCHI

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8th Standard, Social, History, CHAPTER 19

THE CHALUKYAS OF BADAMI AND THE PALLAVAS OF KANCHI

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The Pallava king who was defeated by Pulakeshi is Mahendravarma.

2. The army of Chalukyas of Badami was called as Karanatabala.

3. The writer of the Sanskrit drama ‘Hara Parvatiya’ is Shivabhattaraka.

4. The Pallava king who earned the title ‘Vatapikonda’ is Narasimhavarma I.

5. The painting ‘The Meditation of Arjuna’ is at Mahabalipuram.

II Answer the following questions in brief:

6. How did Pulakeshi II extend his empire?

Answer: Pulakeshi II. Overpowering the Gangas, Kadambas and Alupas, he extended his empire. The Pallavas were at the peak of glory in South Deccan. Since Mahendravarma did not accept the sovereignty of Pulakeshi, Pulakeshi defeated him. When Harshavardhana, who was ruling in North India, he advanced upto the banks of river Narmada, Pulakeshi stopped him and earned the titles of ‘Dakshinapatheshwara’ and ‘Lord of the Peninsula’ for his daring act.

7. Describe the administrative system of the Badami Chalukyas.

Answer: They ruled around 200 years. The king was actively involved in administration. The kingdom was divided into districts called vishaya and the vishayadhipati used to look after it. The village was the smallest unit of the administration. The village leaders looked after the village accounts and administration. The Chalukyas encouraged all traditions and sects like that of the Shaivas, Vaishnavas and the Jains. They supported the construction of Jain temples and Buddhist viharas too.

8. The Chalukyas were lovers of literature. Explain with examples.

Answer: The Chalukyas of Badami patronized literature. Kannada and Sanskrit developed very well. Kannada was their state language. During this period, the tripadi form of poetry came into existence. Though there are no literary works produced in Kannada at this time, there are many inscriptions written in Kannada. One of the poems in the inscription of Kappe Arabhatta of Badami is in tripadi form.

9. How did the Pallavas encourage Sanskrit and Tamil?

Answer: The Pallavas encouraged both Sanskrit and Tamil. Kanchi was the center of Sanskrit literature. Bharavi (the author of Kiratarjuniya) and Dandi (the author of Dashakumar Charita) were the poets in the Pallava court. King Mahendravarma himself wrote a social drama, ‘Matta Vilasa Prahasana’ and a book Bhagavadajjukam.

10. Explain the contributions of Pallavas to art and architecture

Answer: The Pallavas were lovers of art and architecture. They built many temples in their kingdom, which are noteworthy for their artistic skill. Many temples carved in rocks can be seen in Mahabalipuram. Wonderful monolithic sculptures have been carved in these temples. They tell the stories from Mahabharata and Bhagavata. The Pancharathas are the famous monolithic temples. The carving of ‘Arjuna’s Meditation’ has emerged as an excellent work of art. The temples of Kailasanath, Ekambarnath and Vaikunta Perumal at Kanchi, and the coastal temple at Mahabalipuram are excellent examples of ancient Indian architecture.

Additional Questions and Answers:

1 . What is ‘Chalukyas of Vengi’?

Answer: Pulakeshi II could not rule the whole of his kingdom from one centre. He appointed his younger brother, Kubja Vishnuvardhana, as the provincial head of Vengi province. Vengi region is in a modern Andhra Pradesh. Kubja Vishnuvardhana, who was appointed as governor by his brother, the Western Chalukya King Pulakeshi II. The capital was initially Vengi (near Eluru) and later moved to Rajahmundry. Later on, Chalukyas ruled the kingdom for around five centuries under the name ‘Chalukyas of Vengi’.

2. Who visited to Chalukya Capital when the ruling of Pulakeshi II? How he described the rule of Pulakeshi II?

Answer: Hiuen Tsang visited the Chalukya capital. He has given a detailed description of Pulikeshi II and the Chalukya kingdom. He said that the king was just and kind. The army was disciplined and the soldiers were courageous warriors who were not afraid of death. The subjects were lovers of truth, contented, self-respecting, prosperous and loyal to the king. They respected the king very much, and the king loved his subjects.

3. What are the contributions of the Badami Chalukyas to the Kannada land and culture?

Answer: The Chalukyas developed the Kannada land, language and culture, and protected its religion, literature, art and architecture. Their army was famous as ‘Karanatabala’ The reign of the Badami Chalukyas is a great and glorious period in the history of Karnataka. This age is noteworthy not only for its military exploits but also for its art and literature. The Chalukyas of Badami patronized literature. Kannada and Sanskrit developed very well. Kannada was their state language.

4. What are the contributions of Chalukyas of Badami to art and architecture?

Answer: The Chalukyas of Badami were great builders as well as art-lovers. They built beautiful temples at Badami, Aihole and Pattadakallu. They developed a special style or ‘Vesara style’ of sculpture called ‘The Chalukya Style’ in Indian architecture. They built cave-temples in the rocks of Badami. They encouraged many artists and sculptors. The best temples in the Chalukya style are in Aihole and Pattadkallu. Aihole was one of the cradles of temple architecture. Evolution of the series of temples architecture was first experimented here. This style found its full experssion at Pattadakallu. Thus we see the famous temples of Lokeshwara (Virupaksha) and Trilokeshwara (Mallikarjuna) here. We get conclusive proof of the Chalukyas’ artistic achievement in the towering sculptures of Vishnu, Varaha, Harihara and Ardhanarishwara in the caves of Badami. Even painting received encouragement.

5. Describe the administration system of Pallavas of Kanchi.

Answer: They introduced systematic administration in Tamil Nadu. Their contributions are significant in literature, religion, art, architecture and education. When the Chalukyas reigned in Vatapi and the Pallavas in Kanchi, it was a heroic age in the South. Their kingdom was strong and organized. There were ministers and provincial officers. The kingdom had been divided into mandala, nadu and grama. The gramasabha dealt with the problems of the village. The gramabhojaka looked after the village administration.

III. Activities:

  1. Discuss in groups the contributions of the Badami Chalukyas to Kannada language.

2. Learn about tripadisfrom your Kannada teachers and by reading Kannada books.

3. Pay a visit to Kanchipura and Mahabalipuram.

IV. Projects:

1. Pay a visit to a place of historical importance and collect information about it.

2. Draw pictures and make an album of important temples of Badami, Aihole and Pattadakalu.

5th Standard, English, Second Language, Unit 6, Prose – Dignity of Labour

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5th Standard, English SL, Unit – 6, Prose

Dignity of Labour

Words to Know:

lazy : one who does not want to work

responsible : one who can take up work and finish it

realise : become aware or understand something

labour : hard work

scare : get frightened

melt : get softened

wisdom : knowledge

supper : meal eaten at night

accept : agree

tremble : shake due to fear or excess work

ache : pain

rashes : red marks on the skin

Vocabulary 

V1 Write the other genders of the words underlined, and complete the sentences.

1. Raju’s father and mother went to the market.

2. My uncle and aunt came to our house.

3. My grandfather and grandmother go for a walk.

4. Boys and girls play in the playground.

5. The wife was cool and calm but her husband was tensed.

V2 Match the following:

             A                                   B

1. businessman           two rupees

2. mother                    rich

3. sister                        gold coin

4. son                          one rupee

5. shopkeeper             lazy

A                                     B

1. businessman                       rich

2. mother                                gold coin

3. sister                                    one rupee

4. son                                      lazy

5. shopkeeper                         two rupees

V3 Some words are given below. They refer to the father and the son in the lesson. Select the appropriate words and write them in the right column:

Scared, lazy, wise, guess, tears, sweat, happy, rashes, strict, ache, value of hard work, promised

 Father                                      Son

Scared                                       lazy

Strict                                         ache

Wise                                          tears

guess                                        sweat

happy                                        rashes

                                                 value of hard work

                                                promised

Comprehension

C1 Answer the following questions and share your answers with your partner. Then write.

1. What kind of a boy was the businessman’s son?

Answer: The businessman’s son was a lazy boy. 

2. What did the businessman tell his son?

Answer: The businessman told his son to go out and earn something. Otherwise he would not be given food on that night.

3. Why did the mother give her son a gold coin?

Answer: The businessman told his son to go out and earn something. This demand by his father scared him. He went crying to his mother. Her heart melted at the sight of tears in her son’s eyes. She gave him a gold coin. 

4. What did the father ask the son to do with the coins?

Answer: The father asked the son to throw the coins into the well in front of their house.

5. Why did the son go to the market?

Answer: The third time there was no one to help the son. Therefore he went to the market in search of work. 

6. How did he earn two rupees?

Answer: A shopkeeper offered him two rupees for carrying his bag to his house. He was sweating a lot by the time he finished the work. Then the shopkeeper given two rupees for him.

7. Why was the boy not ready to throw the two-rupee coin into the well?

Answer: The two rupee coin was the own earning of the boy. That is why the boy not ready to throw the two-rupee coin into the well.

C2 Discuss with your friends and answer the following questions in four to six-sentences each.

1. Describe the attitude of the boy towards work.

Answer: The boy was very lazy. The boy was not believed in hard-working and he is irresponsible. He did not realise the value of labour. The lazy boy was not used to doing any kind of work. 

2. “… you are asking me to throw my hard earned money into the well!” Explain the feelings of the boy when he said this.

Answer: The boy cried out in pain and said, “… you are asking me to throw my hard-earned money into the well!” He felt that his father asking to throw his money which he earned by hard working. This was very painful to the boy. He cried so much and realised the value of hard work. 

Language Exercises:

L1 The mark ( ’ ) is an apostrophe which shows where the letters are left out. Now read after the teacher: 

Cannot – can’t

We will – we’ll

Do not – don’t

We are – we’re

They have – they’ve

You are – you’re

There is – there’s

Who is – who’s

Is not – isn’t

a) Write the short forms for the following:

 • Has not – Hasn’t

 • Are not – Aren’t

 • Have not – haven’t

 • They are – They’re

 • I will – I’ll

b) Write the full forms for the following:

 • Weren’t – Were not

 • Doesn’t – Does not

 • I’ve – I have

 • What’s – What is

 • She’ll – She will

L2 Speech sounds ‘oi’ as in ‘oil’.

A noise irritates a boy. But doesn’t his temper boil. Now, say these words.

boil, coil, soil, spoil, coin, join, voice, choice.

5th Standard, English Second Language, Unit 6, Poetry – Results And Roses

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5th Standard, English SL Unit 6, Poetry

Results And Roses

Words to Know:

attain : to reach or succeed in getting something; to

achieve

repose : to rest or stay

seek : to try to find or get something

fair : beautiful

Comprehension

C1 Answer the following questions and share your answers with your partner. Then write.

1. What do these words from the poem refer to: fair, small, big?

Answer: These words from the poem refer to the garden.

2. What does this poem mean?

Answer: Poem means that we should work hard for our success. Behind every success, there is a story of hard work. 

3. What should the man (you) do to get beautiful roses?

Answer: The man should bend his back and dig from week to week to get beautiful roses. We should work hard to get Results or Roses.

4. Who is the poet of this poem?

Answer: The poet of this poem is Edger A. Guest.

Activity

A1 Complete the sets of rhyming words. One has been done for you.

Fair – there 

Big, worth, reposes, attain, seek 

Answer: 

Fair – there

Big – dig

Worth – earth

Reposes – Roses

Attain – gain

Seek – week

A2 Identify the words from the jumbled letters. One is done for you.

a) mslal – small

b) forelsw –  flowers

c) ogla –  goal

d) utrlses – result

e) cabk – back 

f) renagd – garden

5th Standard, English Second Language, Unit 7 Prose – A Great Coachman

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5th Standard, English Second Language, Unit – 7, Prose

A Great Coachman

Words to Know:

coach : horse-drawn carriage

desire : wish

scholar : a learned person

wandering : moving from place to place

monk : a holy man

social evils : evils that affect the society,

¸ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಪಿಡುಗುಗಳು 

caste system : different groups in the society 

superstitions : blind faith, ಮೂಢನಂಬಿಕೆಗಳು 

religions : systems of faith and worship

brotherhood : a feeling that all belong to a family and

are brothers and sisters, ¸ಸೋದರಭಾವ 

motto : That expresses the aims and beliefs of

a person, ಸೂಕ್ತಿ, ಧ್ಯೇಯವಾಕ್ಯ 

achievements : great works

Vocabulary 

V1 Make as many words as possible from each of the words below.

UNDERSTAND

Answer: under, stand, duster, dare, are, red, run, tune, stun, ran, nude, nurse, rat, set, sat, end, rest, ant, aunt, dust

EXPERIENCE

Answer: rice, pen, ice, pin, per, prince, expire

Fill in the blanks with suitable words, choosing them from the box below.

with to under for on 

A mouse ran to the wall and hid under the table. I poked it with a stick. It jumped on the stool and was there for sometime. Later it ran out and disappeared. 

Comprehension

C1 Answer the following questions in two to three sentences each.

1. What did Naren tell his mother one day?

Answer: Naren told his mother one day that he wants to be a coachman, because it is nice to drive a coach for him.

2. What picture did the mother show him?

Answer: His mother showed him a picture of Krishna (Gitopadesham) when he wanted to be a coachman, symbolizing a guide for others.

3. When was Naren born?

Answer: Narendra was born on 12th of January 1863.

4. Who was Narendranath’s guru?

Answer: Ramakrishna Paramahamsa was the guru of Narendranath.

5. What is the motto of Ramakrishna Mission?

Answer: The main motto of Ramakrishna Mission is “Work is Worship”.

C2 Discuss in groups and answer the following questions in five to six sentences each.

1. “…you should be a coachman like Krishna.” What did Naren’s mother mean? 

Answer: Naren’s mother means that he should be a coachman like Krishna who guided Arjuna and showed the path to the innocent people of the universe. Little Naren could not understand his mother’s words quite clearly. Later on he became what his mother wished for. Narendra became famous as Swami Vivekananda.

 2. What did Vivekananda tell in the Parliament of World Religions at Chicago?

Answer: Vivekananda made a great speech in the Parliament of Religions at Chicago. He said that all religions in the world preached the same truth. Therefore everyone in the world should develop a sense of brotherhood and love each other. He came back to India and began to teach tolerance and love.

3. Collect pictures of Swami Vivekananda and write about Swami Vivekananda’s life.

Answer: Narendra was born on 12th of January 1863. His parents were Vishwanath Dutta and Bhuvaneshwari Devi. They considered the child was a gift from Lord Veereshwara. So they named the child Veereshwara. Later they gave him the name Narendranath Dutta. 

He was sent to school at the age of six. He read stories from Ramayana and Mahabharatha. He had a desire to study more and become a scholar. He wanted to see God. Naren excelled academically but sought spiritual truth, asking many if they had seen God. He met his guru, Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, who confirmed God’s existence, drawing Naren to him for spiritual guidance until Ramakrishna’s passing. After Ramakrishna’s death, Naren took monastic vows, becoming Swami Vivekananda, and travelled India as a wandering monk, witnessing widespread poverty and resolving to uplift his nation. With help, he travelled to America, represented Hinduism at the Parliament of Religions, and captivated the world with his opening, “Sisters and brothers of America,” preaching universal brotherhood and Vedanta. He lectured extensively in the US and Europe, meeting figures like Ikola tesla gaining disciples (like Sister Nivedita), and establishing Vedanta societies, spreading Hindu philosophy. 

He returned a hero, establishing the Ramakrishna mission to serve humanity, emphasizing that service to man is service to God. He inspired patriotism and social reform through spiritual strength, before passing away young in 1902. 

Language Exercises

L1 Fill in the blanks with the correct words given in brackets.

1. I went in (in / into) the park.

2. I saw a lot of (of / off) children playing in (on / in) the playground.

3. A little girl wanted to (too / to) read a book.

4. Her parents asked her to go out (out / in) and play.

5. But she said that she would continue to (to / for) sit in her room and read a book.

L2 Complete the following dialogue.

“Hello Nayana, where are you going ?”

“I’m going to the doctor.”

“Why what happened?” “Who is with you?”

“My mother is with me. She have stomach ache.”

“Will you come to school?”

“Yes, I’ll get some medicine and then come to the school.”

L3 Speech sounds.

‘oo’ as in ‘school’.

Say this aloud.

Linda is dressed in blue

Brinda too is dressed in blue

Blue is lovely too 

You know it is true

Brinda looks best in blue.

Say these words.

moon, toon, soon, spoon, glue, true.

Vocabulary 

V1 Make as many words as possible from each of the words below.

1. What did Naren tell his mother one day?

2. What picture did the mother show him?

3. When was Naren born?

4. Who was Narendranath’s guru?

5. What is the motto of Ramakrishna Mission?

1. “…you should be a coachman like Krishna.” What did Naren’s mother mean? 

 2. What did Vivekananda tell in the Parliament of World Religions at Chicago?

3. Collect pictures of Swami Vivekananda and write about Swami Vivekananda’s life.

L1 Fill in the blanks with the correct words given in brackets.

L2 Complete the following dialogue.

L3 Speech sounds.

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