9th English, UNIT 9 PROSE
AN ASTROLOGER’S DAY
Glossary
obscure : difficult to understand
mystic : spiritual
prophetic : predictive
paraphernalia : belongings
mutter : incoherent/ incomprehensible speech
gratified : thankful
Comprehension :
C1. Get into pairs / groups and discuss the answers to the following questions :

1. What articles did the astrologer carry?
   Answer: The articles which the astrologer carry are a bag and spread out his professional equipment, which consisted of a dozen cowry shells, a square piece of cloth with obscure mystic charts on it, a notebook, and a bundle of palmyra writing.
2. What were the different names given by the nuts vendor for his business?
   Answer: the different names given by the nuts vendor for his business are, “Bombay Ice Cream”, “Delhi Almond,” and “Raja’s Delicacy,”.
3. What kind of life would the astrologer have in his own village?
   Answer: The Astrologer had left his village without any previous thought or plan. If he had continued there, he would have carried on the work of his forefathers – namely, tilling the land, living, marrying, and ripening in his cornfield and ancestral home.
4. How much did the astrologer charge for his new clients?
   Answer: The Astrologer charge three paise per question for his new clients.
5. Why did the astrologer remain silent for at least ten minutes, initially?
   Answer: The astrologer remain silent for at least ten minutes because this silence of ten minutes, which provided him enough stuff for a dozen answers and advices.
6. What was the signal for the astrologer to bundle up?
   Answer: When the nuts vendor blew out his flare and rose to go home Then it was a signal for the astrologer to bundle up too, since it left him in darkness except for a little shaft of green light.
7. How much did the astrologer demand from his new client to answer his question?
   Answer: The astrologer demand eight Annas from his new client to answer his question.
8. What did the astrologer ask Guru Nayak to do?
   Answer: The astrologer ask Guru Nayak to take the next train and be gone to his village which was two day’s journey due north of there.
   C2. Working in pairs, discuss the answers to the following questions and write them in your notebook.
9. Why did the astrologer have no light of his own for his business?
   Answer: The astrologer had no light of his own for his business because half the enchantment of the place was due to the fact that it did not have the benefit of municipal lighting. This suited the astrologer very well, for the simple reason that he had not in the least intended to be an astrologer when he began life and he knew no more of what was going to happen to others than he knew what was going to happen to himself next minute. The dim lighting also helped create an atmosphere of mystery and enchantment, which made the astrologer’s predictions seem more credible. The lack of proper lighting also concealed the astrologer’s true identity and the fact that he wasn’t genuinely knowledgeable about astrology.
10. Why did the astrologer close his business when the nuts vendor blew out his flare?
    Answer: The astrologer closes his business when the nuts vendor blew out his flare, because the astrologer relied on the light from the flare above heap of groundnut for conducting his business. When the groundnut vendor blew out the flare, the astrologer was left in darkness and he could not continue his astrology.
11. How efficient was the astrologer in his business?
    Answer: The astrologer was efficient in his business because he was a good listener and had a keen understanding of human nature. The Astrologer never opened his mouth till the other had spoken for at least ten minutes, which provided him enough stuff for a dozen answers and advices. He had a working analysis of mankind’s troubles: marriage, money and the tangles of humanity. Long practice had sharpened his perception. The astrologer would make general statements that would be true for most people. The astrologer would use his understanding of human nature and his keen observation skills to make predictions.
12. “When shall I get him?”
    a) Who was this question asked to?
    Answer: This question was asked to the Astrologer.
    b) Whom does “I” refer to?
    Answer: ‘I’ referred to the Stranger.
    c) Why does the speaker want to get him?
    Answer: The speaker, known as Guru Nayak, wants to “get him” because he is seeking revenge on a man from his past who he believes tried to kill him because he wants to confront the astrologer and potentially exact revenge for the attempted murder, believing that the astrologer is the same man he is searching for.
13. “You look worried. What is wrong?”
    a) Who is the speaker?
    Answer: The wife of an Astrologer is the speaker.
    b) Whom does “you” refer to?
    Answer: ‘You’ referred to the Astrologer.
    c) Why was he worried?
    Answer: The Astrologer worried because he tried to kill the stranger named Guru Nayak a long back ago. Guru Nayak came there to take revenge for his unknown enemy. In his youth Astrologer stabbed his last client Guru nayak and ran away from his village and settled as astrologer in this town. But Guru nayak not recognized the Astrologer. But he still worried about meet him again.
    C3. Working in pairs, discuss the answers to the following questions and write them in your notebook.
14. Why did the astrologer run away from his village?
    Answer: In his youth Astrologer stabbed his last client Guru nayak and pushed him into the well and ran away from his village. He had feared being accused of murder. While under the influence of alcohol, he stabbed and pushed a man into a well. Fearing arrest, he ran away to avoid being caught and punished. He settled in Malgudi and married a girl there and decided to never return to his village.
15. In the story, do you think the astrologer should be punished for his crime?
    Answer: Yes, I think the astrologer should be punished for his crime, because, all persons are equal before the law of our country.
16. Describe how the astrologer felt at the end of the story?
    Answer: The Astrologer felt guilty about the attempted murder and believed he had killed Nayak. The astrologer used his skills as an astrologer to deceive Nayak and convince him to return home. The astrologer told Nayak that the man who tried to kill him had died, and that he would live to be a hundred if he returned home. The astrologer was able to avoid a dangerous situation by using his skill and intelligence.
17. Describe the role of fate and chance in the story.
    Answer: The astrologer was able to avoid a dangerous situation by fate and a chance and also his skill and intelligence. Fate allows the astrologer to remain unrecognized, enabling him to deceive Nayak into believing his attacker is dead. Fate plays a main role in the story. A villager turns into an astrologer because of his fate. Again, it is fate that brings the enemies face- to-face. Once again Astrologer succeeded to escape from the Guru nayak. Astrologer had used his skill and sends him back to his village.
18. Does the story make you think that all astrologers are false? Write about it.
    Answer: No, All astrologers are not false. In this story, the Astrologer is forced to leave his ancestral home and travel several hundred miles away with no plan and no money. But there are many astrologers in our society who have brilliant knowledge and skills about astrology.
19. How has R.K. Narayan portrayed the attractive appearance of the astrologer?
    Answer: .K. Narayan portrayed the appearance of the astrologer to make him attractive to the readers. R.K. Narayan says that astrologer’s forehead was resplendent with sacred ash and vermilion, and his eyes sparkled with a sharp, abnormal gleam which was really an outcome of a continual searching look for customers, but which his simple clients took to be a prophetic light and felt comforted. The power of his eyes was considerably enhanced by their position – placed as they were between the painted forehead and the dark whiskers which streamed down his cheeks: even a half-wit’s eyes would sparkle in such a setting. To crown the effect he wound a saffron-coloured turban round his head. This colour scheme never failed. People were attracted to him as bees are attracted to cosmos or dahlia stalks. He sat under the boughs of a spreading tamarind tree which flanked a path running through the town hall park. The Astrologer never opened his mouth till the other had spoken for at least ten minutes, which provided him enough stuff for a dozen answers and advices.
    C4. Read the following sentences from the story and arrange them in the sequential order as they appear in the story.
20. Take the next train and go home. 6
21. The astrologer pressed his invitation. 4
22. He was as much a stranger to the stars as were his innocent customers. 2
23. The astrologer got a glimpse of his face by the matchlight. 5
24. The place was lit up by shop lights. 1
25. The child has been asking for sweets for so many days. 7
26. The nuts vendor blew out his flare and rose to go home. 3
    Answer:
27. The place was lit up by shop lights.
28. He was as much a stranger to the stars as were his innocent customers.
29. The nuts vendor blew out his flare and rose to go home.
30. The astrologer pressed his invitation.
31. The astrologer got a glimpse of his face by the matchlight.
32. Take the next train and go home.
33. The child has been asking for sweets for so many days.
    LANGUAGE ACTIVITIES:
    Vocabulary
    V1. Word formation
    Make new words by adding the ending given in the box to the root words. Fill in the table with the new words. You may have to add/drop a letter from the root word to make a new word. Put a cross(x) where the ending and the root word do not match.
    ed ing er ly ful less
34. Help Helped Helping Helper X Helpful Helpless
35. End Ended Ending Ender X X endless
36. Hope Hoped Hoping X X Hopeful Hopeless
37. Enjoy Enjoyed Enjoying Enjoyer X X X
38. Shape Shaped Shaping Shaper Shapely X Shapeless
39. Smile Smiled Smiling X X X X
40. Run X Running Runner X X Runless
    V2. Fill in the blanks with suitable letters to arrive at the given meaning. Refer to the dictionary for the words.
    a) ………… sent = gift
    b) ………… sent = hate
    c) ………… sent = agreement
    d) ………… sent = approval
    a) Present
    b) resent
    c) assent
    d) consent
    V3. You know homophones are words that sound similar but have different spellings and meanings. Here are a few words:
    peace – piece lone – loan
    hour – our died – dyed
    fore – four raze – raise
    bear – bare break – brake
    pair – pear role – roll
    Work in pairs. With the help of a dictionary find out the meaning of the above words and use them in sentences of your own.
41. Peace – quiet, freedom for disturbance. He wanted to take rest with peace.
    Piece – part of anything. She cuts the fruits into several pieces.
42. Lone – alone, single. He is lone in his family, because all are died in accident.
    Loan – credit. He took loan from the bank.
43. Hour – Unit of time. The function started one hour late today.
    Our – Belongs to us. We have to do our duty promptly.
44. Died – expired, dead. He died in his 76th age.
    Dyed – coloured. She was always dyeing her hair.
45. Fore – front. The actress have beautiful forehands.
    Four – Ramesh has four daughters.
46. Raze – demolish. The government razes those unofficial buildings.
    Raise – lift, go upward. We could not raise the heavy things.
47. Bear – tolerate, Some persons have much capacity to bear the difficulties.
    Bare – uncovered, naked, exposed. The artist paints the bare picture.
48. Break – gap, pause in work. After continuous work, there should be a break.
    Brake – apparatus for checking motion of wheel. Cows are crossed the road, driver suddenly apply the brake.
49. Pair – set of two. Sharath purchased a pair of shoes.
    Pear – name of a fruit. Pear fruit is good for health.
50. Role – actor’s part. Negative role done by the hero in this film.
    Roll – thing rolled, register – There are rolled bundle of papers in the printing press.
    V4. Match the meanings with the following phrases and use them in sentences of your own.
    PHRASES MEANINGS
    Answer:
    a) on account of iv.owing to
    b) to bear with iii.to put up with
    c) in the midst of vi.in the middle of
    d) to be accustomed to v.to get used to
    e) to take a new turn i. to begin a new course
    f) bereft of ii. deprived of
    Grammar and Usage
    Reported speech:
    Look at the following sentences and observe the changes from direct to reported speech.
51. Mohan said, “I was late yesterday”. (Direct Speech)
    Mohan said that he had been late (Reported Speech)
    the day before.
52. Mohan said, “I am late today”. (Direct Speech)
    Mohan said that he was late that day. (Reported Speech)
    G1. Now complete the following sentences:
    DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
53. He said, “I live in New York.” He said that .. .. .. in
    New York.
    Answer: He said that he lived in New York.
54. She said: “I’m going to go She said that.. .. ..going to shopping.” go shopping.
    Answer: She said that she Ws going to go shopping.
55. He said, “I’ll see you later.” He said .. .. ..
    Answer: He said that he would see him later.
56. Anu said, “I went to a Anu said that she .. .. .. movie last night. movie last night.”
    Answer: Anu said that she had gone for a movie the previous night.
57. James asked “Do you want James asked if I wanted to go to come out tonight?” out that night.
    Answer: James asked if I wanted to go out that night.
    G3. Error corrections
    I. Punctuate the following sentences:
58. Rashmi said yamuna you are late today
    Answer: Rashmi said, “Yamuna, you are late today”.
59. What a beautiful garden it is
    Answer: What a beautiful garden it is!
60. People enjoyed the cricket match didn’t they
    Answer: People enjoyed the cricket match, didn’t they?
61. Unless he improves his bowling he cannot be selected for the match
    Answer: Unless he improves his bowling, he cannot be selected for the match
    II. Spot the errors in the following sentences and re write them
    correctly.
62. They are going to Himalayas.
    They are going to the Himalayas
63. Raju prefers idly than chapati.
    Raju prefers idly to chapati
64. One of the boy looks sad.
    One of the boys looks sad.
65. Mathematics are my favourite subject.
    Mathematics is my favourite subject.
66. A bunch of keys were found in my room.
    A bunch of keys was found in my room.
67. My neighbour is a honest man.
    My neighbour is an honest man.
68. Rafi wanted an one rupee.
    Rafi wanted a rupee.
69. Kiran’s brother is a M.L.A.
    Kiran’s brother is an M.L.A.
70. Our school bought a lot of furnitures.
    Our school bought a lot of furniture.
71. I met an European.
    I met a European.
    About the Author
    R. K. Narayan (10 October 1906 – 13 May 2001), (shortened form for Rasipuram Krishnaswami Iyer Narayanaswami) is an Indian author whose works of fiction include a series of books about people and their interactions in an imagined town called Malgudi. He is credited with bringing Indian literature in English to the rest of the world, and is regarded as one of India’s greatest novelists.
    Narayan’s works also include The Financial Expert, hailed as one of the most original works of 1951. His The Guide won the Sahitya Akademi Award.
    In a writing career that spanned over sixty years, Narayan received many awards and honours. These include the AC Benson Medal from the Royal Society of Literature and the Padma Vibhushan, India’s second-highest civilian award.

9th Standard English POEM 10
PHOTOGRAPH

Glossary
paddling: moving like rowing
transient: momentary ; not lasting for long.
wry: distorted.
Comprehension:
C1. Answer the following questions in a sentence or two each:

1. How many people are there in the photograph?
   Answer: There are three people in the photograph.
2. How is the poet related to the people in the photograph?
   Answer: The mother and the two cousins of the poet named Betty and Dolly are in the photograph. Thus the poet related to the people in the photograph.
3. Who was taking the snapshot?
   Answer: Uncle was taking the snapshot.
4. Is the mother described in the photo alive?
   Answer: No. She is not alive.
5. Which aspect of the mother does the poet like very much?
   Answer: The poet likes the sweet and smiling face of mother very much which was captured in the photograph.

C2. Discuss the answers for the following questions with your partner and then write down in your notebook.
1) Why does the writer say
“And of this circumstance
There is nothing to say at all
Its silence silences”?
Answer: The poet knows that her mother’s death is a fact and she can’t do anything about it. The poet has nothing to say about her mother’s death and the emptiness left after her death shatters the poet. This expression from the poem ‘The Photograph’ by Shirley Toulson means the truth and mystery of the poet’s mother’s death fills him with sadness. The constant pain she experiences on account of her loss makes her silent. She is unable to solve the mystery about death. She can’t do anything about it. Whenever she remembers her mother, she just becomes silent with the pain that followed after her mother’s death. Its silence silences.” The poet’s mother has now been dead for nearly as long as the girl in the photograph. The poet is at a loss for words to express her feelings about her mother’s death. It’s a solemn moment, and its silence has rendered her speechless.

2) Does the poet notice any change in the mother after the poet was born? What do you think could have made the change in the mother’s face?
Answer: Yes. The poet notices the change in the mother’s face after the poet was born. She adores her “sweet” face and observes how it changes as she grows older. She recalls every detail of her life, including her laughter when she looked at the photograph. This could have been the outcome of sorrowful incidents or hardships in life. Age and ill health also might have made the mother lose the sweetness of her face and smile. The poet is looking at her mother’s photograph which is indeed an old one. With it she can see how her mother looked when she was a little girl of twelve. It might have been windy at that time as their hair was flying on their faces when the uncle took the photograph. All the three smile through their flying hair. Looking at the photograph, the poet says that her mother had a sweet face, but it was a time before the poet was born.

3) Why are the feet described as “transient feet”?
Answer: The feet described as “transient feet” to symbolize the temporary nature of human life. The phrase is a metaphor that compares the permanence of the sea to the fleeting presence of humans. The word “transient” means something that is short-lived or temporary. The poet uses “feet” to symbolize humans. The poet suggests that the sea remains the same while humans grow old and die. Transient means something which is temporary or short-lived. Here, when the author says terribly transient feet, she refers to the ever-changing imprints of the feet left on the sea sand. The sea never appears to change but human life is transient. The poet suggests that human existence is transitory, but the sea seems never to change.

C3. Answer the following questions on your own.

1. What is the mood of the poet?
   Answer: In the poem “A Photograph,” the poet’s mood is predominantly sad and nostalgic as she looks at an old picture of her mother, reflecting on the passage of time and the loss of her mother who is now deceased, causing a deep sense of grief and longing.
2. Which line in the poem does you like the most? Why?
   Answer: I like the lines “A sweet face, My mother’s, that was before I was born, And the sea, which appears to have changed less”.
   Here poet explains the changing mind of every human being. The poet notices the change in the mother’s face after the poet was born. She adores her “sweet” face and observes how it changes as she grows older. She recalls every detail of her life, including her laughter when she looked at the photograph. This could have been the outcome of sorrowful incidents or hardships in life. Age and ill health also might have made the mother lose the sweetness of her face and smile. The poet is looking at her mother’s photograph which is indeed an old one.
3. Is there any change in the life of the poet’s mother over the years? What kind of a person, you think she was? Describe the mother in the poem do in your own words.
   Answer: Yes, there has been a lot of change in the life of the poet’s mother over the years. As a child, the poet’s mother was a carefree and friendly person. She had a smiling and sweet face in the photograph when she posed for it, holding the hands of her. She changed after the birth of poet. The poet’s mother had posed for the photograph with her cousins when she was young and was not yet bogged down by the responsibilities and hardships of life. In old age, along with inevitable physical changes, they also experience a change in their mental make-up because of the challenges in life.
   How many people are there in the photograph? How is the poet related to the people in the photograph? Who was taking the snapshot? Is the mother described in the photo alive? Which aspect of the mother does the poet like very much? Why does the writer say “And of this circumstance There is nothing to say at all Its silence silences”? Does the poet notice any change in the mother after the poet was born? What do you think could have made the change in the mother’s face? Why are the feet described as “transient feet”? 1. What is the mood of the poet? 2. Which line in the poem does you like the most? Why? 3. Is there any change in the life of the poet’s mother over the years? What kind of a person, you think she was? Describe the mother in the poem do in your own words.

10th Standard English, NON-DETAIL
Ulysses and the Cyclops
II. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS:
Answer briefly the following questions.

1. Who were Cyclops?
   Answer: The Cyclops dwell, a sort of giant shepherds who lived in caves, on the steep heads of mountains.
2. Pick any five details to show that they were not civilized.
   Answer: neither sow nor plough, but the earth untilled produces for them rich wheat and barley and grapes, yet they have neither bread nor wine, nor know the arts of cultivation, nor care to know them for they live each man to himself, without laws or government or anything like a state or kingdom; but their dwellings are in caves, on the steep heads of mountains, every man’s household governed by his own caprice or not governed at all. Ships or boats they have none, no trade or commerce, or wish to visit other shores; yet they have convenient places for harbours and for shipping.
3. Why did Ulysses and his men enter the habitation of the Cyclop?
   Answer: Ulysses, with a chosen party of twelve followers, landed, to explore what sort of men dwelt there,-whether hospitable and friendly to strangers, or altogether wild and savage, for as yet no dwellers appeared in sight.
4. Read the last four sentences of paragraph 2 and try to draw the picture of Polyphemus (savage face, massive body, one eye….)
   Answer: Student
5. How strong was the Greek wine?
   Answer: Greek wine was so strong that no one ever drank it without an infusion of twenty parts of water to one of wine, yet the fragrance of it even then so delicious, that it would have vexed a man who smelled it to abstain from tasting it; but whoever tasted it, it was able to raise his courage to the height of heroic deeds.
6. How did Ulysses introduce himself and his group to the Cyclop?
   Answer: Ulysses introduced himself and said that they came nei¬ther for plunder nor business, but were Grecians, who had lost their way, returning from Troy. Yet now they prostrated themselves humbly before his feet.
7. What horrid response did the Cyclop give to Ulysses, request for hospitality?
   Answer: Cyclop was response nothing, but gripping two of the nearest of them as if they had been no more than children, he dashed their brains out against the earth, and (shocking to relate) tore in pieces their limbs, and devoured them, yet warm and trembling, making a lion’s meal of them, lapping the blood.
8. What prevented Ulysses from attacking the Cyclop with his sword?
   Answer: Ulysses drew his sword, and half resolved to thrust it with all his might in at the bosom of the sleeping monster; but wiser thoughts restrained him, else they had there without help all perished, for none but Polyphemus himself could have removed that mass of stone which he had placed to guard the entrance.
9. How did Ulysses prove that “manly wisdom excels brutish force”?
   Answer: Ulysses hatched a plot to incapacitate the Cyclop and escape from the cave alive. Ulysses waxed bold with the contemplation of his project, and took a bowl of Greek wine, and merrily dared the Cyclop to drink. He chose a stake from among the wood which the Cyclop had piled up for firing, in length and thickness like a mast, which he sharpened, and hardened in the fire; and selected four men, and instructed them what they should do with his stake and made them perfect in their parts.
10. What ‘gift’ does the Cyclop offer Ulysses in return for the wine?
    Answer: Cyclop offer a gift to Ulysses in return for the wine and said “this is the kindness I will show thee, Noman: I will eat you last of all your friends.” He had scarce expressed his savage kindness when the fumes of the strong wine overcame him.
11. How do the brave Greeks blind the Cyclop?
    Answer: They placed the sharp end of the stake in the fire till it was heated red-hot; and some god gave them a courage beyond that which they were used to have, and the four men with difficulty bored the sharp end of the huge stake, which they had heated red-hot, right into the eye of the drunken cannibal. He becomes a blind.
12. Why didn’t the fellow Cyclops help Polyphemus when he cried out for help?
    Answer: When the fellow Cyclops came flocking from all parts to inquire what trouped Polyphemus, Polyphemus replied that that Noman had hurt him. Noman had killed him, Noman was with him in the cave. They replied, “If no man has hurt thee, and no man is with thee then thou art alone; and the evil which affects thee is from the hand of Heaven, which none can resist or help.” So they left him and didn’t help Polyphemus.
13. How did Ulysses help his men escape from the cave?
    Answer: Ulysses made knots of the osier twigs upon which the Cyclop commonly slept, with which he tied the fattest and fleeciest of the rams together, three in a rank; and under the middle ram he tied a man. And now the sheep began to issue forth very fast: as they passed, he felt the backs of those fleecy wools, never dreaming that they carried his enemies under them. So they passed on till the last ram came loaded with his wool and Ulysses together.
14. How did Ulysses himself escape from the cave?
    Answer: Ulysses wrapping himself fast with both his hands in the rich wool of one, the fairest of the flock. Polyphemus removed the stone, and sat in the threshold, feeling if he could lay hold on any man going out with the sheep. They passed on till the last ram came loaded with his wool and Ulysses together. He stopped that ram, and felt him, and had his hand once in the hair of Ulysses, yet knew it not. But he didn’t recognize Ulysses.
15. How did Ulysses introduce himself to the Cyclop at the end of the story?
    Answer: Ulysses introduce himself to the Cyclop at the end of the story as “if any ask thee who imposed on thee that unsightly blemish in thine eye, say it was Ulysses, son of Laertes, the King of Ithaca am I called, the waster of cities”.
    III. NOTE ON THE AUTHOR:
    Charles Lamb (1775-1834) born in London, was a great essayist (Essays of Elia), a poet and a much loved story teller. He, with his sister Mary Ann Lamb, wrote Tales from Shakespeare designed to make Shakespeare familiar to the young. His Adventures of Ulysses from which Ulysses and the Cyclops is an extract, was another successful attempt aimed at familiarising the Greek epic The Odyssey to the young.

10th Standard, Social – Geography CHAPTER – 28
INDIA – MAJOR INDUSTRIES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. Bengal iron company of West Bengal was located in Kulti in West Bengal
2. Manufacturing of cloth from various kinds of fibres is called Textile industry.
3. The first paper industry of India was located on banks of Hoogly river.
4. ISRO was established in the year 1969
5. Make a list of industrial zones.
   Answer: There are 8 main industrial zones in the country. They are,
6. Hoogly Region 2. Mumbai-Pune Region 3. Ahmedabad-Vadodar Region
7. Damodar Valley Industrial Region 5. Southern Industrial Region 6. National Capital Region
8. Vishakapatnam – Guntur Region 8. Kollam – Thiruvananthapuram Region.
9. Which are the places of Iron and steel industry?
   Answer: The major iron and steel industries in India are:
10. Tata Iron and Steel Plant- TISCO – at Jamshedpur of Jharkhand.
11. Indian Iron and Steel Company – IISCO – Burnpur, West Bengal
12. Visweswarayya Iron and Steel Company – VISCO – at Bhadravathi, Karnataka
13. Iron and Steel Company at Bhilai, Chattisgarh 5. Iron and Steel Company at Rourkela, Odisha
14. Iron and Steel Company at Durgapur, West Bengal 7. Iron and Steel Company at Bokaro, Jharkhand
15. Iron and Steel Company at Salem, Tamil Nadu
16. Iron and Steel Company at Vishakapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
17. What are the factors influencing the location of an industry?
    Answer: Industries are concentrated mainly in the areas of advantages. Availability of raw materials, energy resources, market, transport facility, availability of labour, port facility etc, are influenced on the location of industries. Besides, the location of industries is also influenced by the land availability at low cost, technology and government policies. In addition, factors influencing the location of industries vary from one type of industry to another.
18. What are the raw materials used in paper industry?
    Answer: The raw materials used for the paper industry are bamboo obtained from the forests, wood pulp and grass.
19. Explain the distribution of cotton textile industries in India.
    Answer: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh have maximum number of cotton textiles industries. Mumbai of Maharashtra has highest cotton mills and hence, it is called the ‘Manchester of India’ (Manchester is Britain’s main textile industry centre), ‘Cottonopolis’ of India. In addition, Nagpur, Sholapur, Kolkata of West Bengal, Kanpur of Uttar Pradesh, Indore of Madhya Pradesh, Surat of Gujarat, Coimbatore, Salem and Chennai of Tamil Nadu, Bengaluru and Davangere of Karnataka have cotton textile industries.
20. What are the effects of biotechnology on agriculture?
    Answer: Indian Government was established separate corporation in 1986 about the development of Bio-technology, due to this the great revolution was started in agriculture. Through the procedure of grafting in plants and animals and by the use of new seeds, medicines, fertilizers, organic fertilizers, developed hybrid seeds soya beans, maize, cotton etc. have been developed. In recent times, plant biotechnology, environment, bio-diversity and medical biotechnology are also being used.
21. What are the changes resulting from the use of advanced technology?
    Answer: With the development of human knowledge and increased use of advanced technology, the Central Government formally set the Advanced Technology Attachment in1990. As a result of this, advanced technology is used in telephone, internet communication, defence department, weapons and nuclear bombs, satellite launching, Lunar projects like Chandrayana,
    transparent in city administration in government offices (eg: Nemmadi, Sakala, Janaspandana etc.), development of global economic system, educational, social and economic affairs and elections.
22. What are the main achievements of ISRO?
    Answer: The main achievements of ISRO are,
    1) The Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) was introduced by Indian space organization (ISRO) for enhancing better experience in search – rescue operation.
    2) India was the first country to reach MARS for the first time through ISRO.
    3) India was the first country to land on the South – pole through the satellite launched by ISRO
    III. Match the following:
    A B
    i. Mumbai a. Manchester of India
    ii. Bengaluru b. Silicon Valley
    iii. Bhadravathi c. Vishveshwarayya Iron and Steel Industry
    iv. Belagavi district d. Sugar industries
    Some more questions:
23. Which are the important industries of India?
    Answer: The important industries of India are,
    a) Iron and Steel Industry (b) Cotton Textile Industry
    c) Sugar Industry (d) Aluminium Industry (e) Paper Industry
    d) Knowledge-based Industry (i) Information Technology (IT), (ii) Biotechnology (BT)
    (iii) Advanced Technology (AT)
24. What is Textile industry?
    Answer: Production of cloth from various types of fibres is called ‘Textile Industry’.
25. When the first cotton textile industry was established in India?
    Answer: The first cotton textile industry was established in 1854 at Mumbai and Baruch
26. Write a short note about Sugar industries in India.
    Answer: India ranks first in the production of sugar and second in its export. Sugar production was known to Indians since ancient times. This industry is located in sugarcane-growing areas. Maximum number of sugar industries is located in the Ganga river plain region. The sugar industries are found in Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh etc. There are more than 700 sugar mills in India producing about 359 lakh metric tons of sugar. Sugar is being exported to the U.S.A., Britain, Iran, Canada and Malaysia.
27. What are factors of Aluminium Industry in India?
    Answer: Aluminium was discovered recently in the year 1886. It is the most important non-ferrous metal produced in India. Aluminium industries are concentrated in a few places in the country. This industry depends mainly on three factors: supply of electricity, availability of bauxite, availability of other metals and supply of capital. The aluminium industries are in Odisha, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
28. When was Paper industry established in India? Where are the main paper factories in India?
    Answer: The first paper industry in India was established in Serampur of West Bengal in 1840 on the banks of the river Hoogly. Majority of the paper industries of the country are found in West Bengal. In addition to these, paper factories are also established in Mumbai, Pune, Chindwara, Amaravathi, Nagpur, Nasik, Karad, Raja Mahendra Varam, Raigadh, Tirupati, Meerut, Varanasi, Ghaziabad and Lucknow. Paper factories are located many places of Gujarat, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. There are many paper mills in various places in the country.
29. Write a paragraph about Information technology in India.
    Answer: In order to encourage development of the software industry and its export, the Indian government established Software Technology Parks (STP) in 1991 itself. Today, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh are very much advanced having developed information technology training centres and universities. Software forms a major part of our exports and has enabled us to earn foreign exchange. Bengaluru is the center of Information Technology and it is called Silicon Valley of India.
30. How did Advanced Technology developed in India?
    Answer: With the development of human knowledge and increased use of advanced technology, the Central Government formally set the Advanced Technology Attachment in 1990. As a result of this, advanced technology is used in telephone, internet communication, defence department, weapons and nuclear bombs, satellite launching, Lunar projects like Chandrayana, transparent in city administration in government offices (eg: Nemmadi, Sakala, Janaspandana etc.), development of global economic system, educational, social and economic affairs and elections.

Chapter – 24
SOCIAL CHALLENGES
EXERCISES
I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. Article 24 of the Constitution prohibits employing children for work.
   Answer: Article 24
2. The ‘Prohibition of Child Labour Act’ came into practice in the year 1986_.
   Answer: 1986
3. The National Policy was framed in 1987_ .
   Answer: 1987
4. The Prohibition of Dowry Act first came into effect in 1961__.
   Answer: 1961
5. Protection of Children from sexual offenses (POCSO) act came into force in 2012.
   Answer: 2012
6. Mention any two social challenges plaguing India.
   Answer: Two social challenges plaguing India are,
   A) Child Labour
   B) Child Marriage
7. What is child labourer?
8. What is the meaning of female foeticide?
   Answer: When the foetus is that of a girl and the parents do not want a girl baby to be born, they kill it in the womb itself. This is known as ‘female foeticid
9. What is female infanticide?
10. What is Child Marriage?
    Answer: According to law, the marriage that takes place between a boy of below 21 years and a girl who is below 18 years is child Marriage.
    III Discuss the following in groups and answer the following:
11. Mention the causes for the problem of child labour.
    Answer: Poverty, domestic conflicts, divorce, domestic violence, excessive control, greed of industrialists, illiteracy, kidnapping of children and pledging them etc. are the causes behind child labour and its increase.
12. What are the consequences of child labour?
    Answer: The consequences of child labour are,
13. Child labour is the result of a serious lacuna in the social system.
14. The people who extract work from children throughout the day, do not pay any attention to their mental, emotional, educational or medical needs. Instead, they harass them physically and mentally.
15. Due to ill-health, lack of nutritious food and proper medical facilities, forced employment, economic and social exploitation, thousands of child labourers are suffering even today.
16. At an age when they should have been playing, day-dreaming or studying, their innocence has been snatched away from them by pushing them into employment.
17. Explain the measures for eradicating the problem of child labour.
    Answer: The measures for eradicating the problem of child labour are,
18. The Central government has launched a programme called ‘Rehabilitation Welfare Fund of Child Labourers’ through which their educational, medical and fundamental needs can be fulfilled, and their exploitation stopped.
19. To prohibit appointment of child labourers, the ‘Child Labour Prohibition and Control Act (1986)’ has been enacted.
20. Industrialists who violate this law, will have to mandatorily contribute Rs. 20,000/- per child labourer to the Welfare Fund.
21. What are the evil effects of dowry system?
    Answer: The evil effects of dowry system are,
22. Dowry diminishes women’s self-respect, dignity and stature. It leads to domestic conflicts.
23. It also creates animosity between men and women.
24. Due to this evil, immorality and violence increase. Family relationships suffer.
25. Families of brides get oppressed under financial constraints. Greed for dowry is leading to deception in the name of marriage.
26. In order to escape from the dowry menace, people are resorting to child marriage.
27. Female foeticide and female infanticide are increasing.
28. The number of divorces are also rising.
29. What are the solutions for the problem of dowry?
    Answer: The solutions for the problem of dowry are,
30. Under the ‘Prohibition of Dowry Act’ in 1961, marrying under the condition of being provided dowry is prohibited.
31. Apart from legal measures, encouraging people to become awareness,
32. inter-caste marriages,
33. modern mass media,
34. voluntary organizations and women associations can also help to eradicate this social evil from our midst.
35. What are the effects of Child Marriage ?
    Answer: The effects of Child Marriage are,
36. The holistic development of children is stunted by child marriage and they lose the power of questioning.
37. As a result, violations like sexual assaults on children increase the number.
38. Many rights of children like education, childhood, entertainment, interaction with friends continue to be violated.
39. Children fall into the trap of malnutrition, anemia, diseases, abortions, infanticide and maternal mortality increases.
40. The chance of girl becoming a widow at a young age is also more and they become a victim of violence easily.
    Some more questions and answers
41. Expand ‘POSCO’
    Answer: Expand form of POSCO is ‘Protection of Children from Sexual Offense’
42. What is “POSCO”
    Answer: POSCO (Protection of Children from Sexual Offense) is the protection of children from sexual offenses act, is aimed at curbing the increasing number of sexual assults on children in schools, families and public places these days protetion of children from sexual offenses act 2012 has been passed preventing the increasing sexual violence against children in schools, families and public places these days.
43. What are the reasons for Child marriage?
    Answer: The reasons for Child marriage are,
44. Gender discrimination is the primary reason for Child Marriage. It is believed that since a girl goes to another family after marriage, it is better to send her early.
45. Lack of education is one of the main reasons for Child Marriage. As the children do not go to school, they end up marrying early.
46. Lack of proper implementation of law, Poor implementation of legal provisions in school education,
47. Lack of participation in the part of community and general public in the implementation of child rights and child development programmes has led to the problem of child marriage to prevail.
    4 . What are the solutions for Child marriage?
    Answer: The solutions for Child marriage are,
48. Implementing the education Development Programmes without lapses can prevent school dropouts before 18 years of age. This means all the children within 18 years of age should be within the schooling system and should have 100% attendance.
49. Similarly, birth registration is compulsory and 100% birth registration target is needed.
50. Importance should be given to girls’ education. They should be empowered on priority.
51. A child marriage should always be reported, questioned and opposed.
    5 . What is Dowry?
    Answer: Any kind of property, jewellery or gift given to the bridegroom at the time of marriage, either before or after the marriage is known as ‘dowry’.

10th Standard Karnataka, Social/History Chapter – 20
WORLD WARS AND INDIA’S ROLE
EXERCISES
I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. World War I ended in the year 1918.
2. Versailles Pact was signed in the year 1919.
3. Fascist dictator was Mussolini .
4. The leader of the Nazi Party in Germany was Hitler.
5. World War II started in the year 1939.
6. Japan attacked the American Naval Centre at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
7. As the head of Mysore Lancers Rejimentdar B. Chamaraja Urs was sent to the war field.

II Discuss the following in groups and answer them:

8. Explain the immediate cause for World War I.
   Answer: The immediate reason for the war was the assassination of the Austrian prince, Archduke Franz Ferdinand on 28th July. This incident created a rift between Austria and Serbia.

8. ‘Nazi ideology destroyed Germany’. Justify this statement.
   Answer: The Nazi administration murdered or deported millions of Jews and Slavs, and targeted other groups, including the mentally and physically disabled, Romani people, homosexuals, and Jehovah’s Witnesses. The Nazis established a police state where individuals could be arrested and imprisoned without reason. The Nazis persecuted and oppressed Jews, and eventually deported and murdered them. Hitler thought that Only Germans are eligible to rule the world. All other communities are eligible only to be ruled. Jews are responsible for all the problems of Germans. As per an estimate, he was responsible for the death of 6 million Jews and over a crore of other civilians. The ambition to win the entire world and popularize the Aryan race was one of the reasons for the World War II. The chapter of Hitler’s racial hatred ended with his death.

8. What were the causes for World War II?
   Answer: In Germany and other European nations, industrialists donated huge amounts to propagate nationalism. Using this resource, movements of hatred and arrogance became active. People like Hitler in Germany and Mussolini in Italy, came to power. In East Asia, Japan with an intention to expand its empire, was attacking Chinese territories. Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party wanted Germany to rule Europe. On September 1, 1939, German troops invaded Poland, which led to Britain and France declaring war on Germany. This was the one of the main reason for World War II.

8. Name the Commandants of Mysore Lancers.
   Answer: Some of the important commandants of Mysore Lancers were A.T. Tyagaraj, A. Lingaraja Urs, Subbaraja Urs, B.P. Krishne Urs, Mir Turab Ali, Sardar Bahadur, B. Chamaraja Urs and regimentdar B. Chamaraja Urs and Col. J. Desiraja Urs.

8. What were the results of the World War II?
   Answer: World War II had many consequences, including massive death and destruction, economic devastation, and the emergence of new geopolitical power blocs. At least 60 million people died, which was about 3% of the world’s population in 1939. The World War II resulted in many political changes all over the world. Many countries which were under the hold of England became independent. In the world war II, civilians and soldiers put together, about 4,82,00,000 people lost their lives.

8. Where is Tin murti chowk?
   Answer: Tin murti chowk is in New Delhi, India.
9. How did Britain utilise the resources of India during the World War II?
   Answer: Britain used India’s resources in many ways during World War II, including manpower, raw materials, financial support, and industrial production. England utilised the agrarian products and industrial goods for the war. Thus quantitative and Qualitative development of weapons somewhat raised the readiness of the Indian troops during the latter part of the II world war.

III Activities :

1. Collect the information on the impact of the wars on the human generation.
   Answer: There are many losses like human life, wealth, money, health will occur in wars. Wars have a devastating impact on human generations, causing direct loss of life, widespread physical injuries, psychological trauma, displacement, economic hardship, and disruption of social structures, with lasting effects on families and communities that can span multiple generations; children are particularly vulnerable to the long-term consequences of war, including developmental issues and mental health problems. The most immediate impact is the loss of lives among soldiers and civilians, leading to grief and family breakdown. War destroys infrastructure, disrupts economic activity, and leads to shortages of essential goods, causing widespread poverty. Communities can be fractured by war, leading to mistrust, social unrest, and breakdown of traditional social structures.

1. With the help of internet and newspapers, collect information and write an essay on the attempts being made by India, along with other nations, in order to establish peace at the global level.
   Answer: India leverages its rich cultural heritage and philosophy of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” (the world is one family) to foster understanding and harmony across nations. India has played a role in facilitating dialogue and negotiations to resolve regional conflicts, including in South Asia through SAARC. India has deployed troops to numerous UN peacekeeping missions across the globe. India has played a role in facilitating dialogue and negotiations to resolve regional conflicts in South Asia. India has also been contributing to the UN Peacebuilding Fund. India has been the largest troop contributor to UN missions since inception. So far India has taken part in 49 Peacekeeping missions with a total contribution exceeding 1,95,000 troops and a significant number of police personnel having been deployed. 168 Indian peacekeepers have made the supreme sacrifice while serving in UN missions. India is the second largest troop contributor to UN Peacekeeping Missions.
2. Some more questions
3. Which are the two triple alliances in World War I?
   Answer: The two triple alliances in World War I are.
   a. Britain, France and Russia
   b. Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
4. What are the effects of World War I?
   Answer: the effects of World War I are,
   The Alliance signed a humiliating Versailles treaty. Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman kingdoms lost their identity. Germany lost most of its area. The map of Europe changed drastically. Many small independent nations came into being. With the intention of preventing wars in the future, the League of Nations was established.

1. What are the two rival groups formed in World War II?
   Answer: The two rival groups formed in World War II are,
   a. Axis Group – Germany, Italy and Japan
   b. Allies Group – Britain, France and Russia and other countries.

1. Which country played major role in Germany’s defeat in World War II?
   Answer: In 1942, Russia defeated the German troops in the Stalingrad war. After that, in 1943, Germany faced a series of defeats. Russia played a major role in these defeats.
2. Describe the role of India in World War I
   Answer: About 1.5 million soldiers took part in this World war from India. Apart from this, Indians helped by giving 1,72,815 animals consisting of 85,953 horses, 10,781 camels, 5,061 bullocks and 65,398 mules. 7 crores of small arms and ammunition, 6 lakhs rifles and so on. Apart from this, between 1914-18, India supplied 4,19,20,223 garments, raw materials, manganese, mica, timber, tea, rubber were also supplied.

1. After World War II, what are the changes happened in India?
   Answer: The war ended in 1945 and resulted in many political changes all over the world. Many countries which were under the hold of England became independent. India became Indipendent in the year of 1947.

10th Standard, Science CHAPTER 13
Our Environment
E X E R C I S E S

1. Which of the following groups contain only biodegradable items?
   (a) Grass, flowers and leather
   (b) Grass, wood and plastic
   (c) Fruit-peels, cake and lime-juice
   (d) Cake, wood and grass
   Answer: a, c, d
2. Which of the following constitute a food-chain?
   (a) Grass, wheat and mango
   (b) Grass, goat and human
   (c) Goat, cow and elephant
   (d) Grass, fish and goat
   Answer: (b) Grass, goat and human

1. Which of the following are environment-friendly practices?
   (a) Carrying cloth-bags to put purchases in while shopping
   (b) Switching off unnecessary lights and fans
   (c) Walking to school instead of getting your mother to drop you on her scooter
   (d) All of the above
   Answer: (d) All of the above

1. What will happen if we kill all the organisms in one trophic level?
   Answer: If we kill all the organisms of one trophic level, it will lead to an increase in the number of organisms at the lower trophic level and decrease in the number of organisms at the higher trophic level. This will result in disruption in the food web and hence the ecosystem. The transfer of food energy to the next trophic level will stop. The organisms in the higher trophic level will die.The organisms in the lower trophic level will increase in population. This will break the food chain.

1. Will the impact of removing all the organisms in a trophic level be different for different
   trophic levels? Can the organisms of any trophic level be removed without causing any damage to the ecosystem?
   Answer: If all plants are removed, then herbivores will die because they won’t have food.
   If herbivores are removed, then carnivores will starve and die.
   If all primary consumers are removed, then secondary consumers will starve and die.
   If all organisms in a trophic level are removed, then the population of organisms at the lower trophic level will increase, and the population of organisms at the higher trophic level will decrease. Energy flows unidirectionally in food chains, with energy loss at each trophic level.
   No. The organisms of any trophic level can’t be removed without causing any damage to the ecosystem.

1. What is biological magnification? Will the levels of this magnification be different at different levels of the ecosystem?
   Answer: Biological magnification is the process by which harmful chemicals increase in concentration as they move up the food chain. The substances become more concentrated as they move up the food chain, and are incorporated into the diet of organisms at higher levels. For example, pesticides or heavy metals can enter lakes, rivers, and oceans, and then move up the food chain into aquatic organisms, fish, birds, animals, and humans.
   Yes, biological magnification levels vary at different levels of an ecosystem. It increases as you move up the food chain, and is highest at the top levels.
2. What are the problems caused by the non-biodegradable wastes that we generate?
   Answer: Non-biodegradable waste can cause many problems, including pollution, soil damage, and harm to living organisms.
   Burning non-biodegradable waste releases toxic gases.
   Non-biodegradable waste can accumulate in the soil and make it barren.
   Non-biodegradable waste can pollute water.
   Non-biodegradable waste can deplete soil fertility. Non-biodegradable waste can make soil unsuitable for plant growth.
   Chemicals like DDT can accumulate in the food chain. Cattle can die after eating plastics. Non-biodegradable waste can harm living organisms.

1. If all the waste we generate is biodegradable, will this have no impact on the environment?
   Answer: Biodegradable waste can still impact the environment, even if it’s handled properly. This is because of the amount of waste generated, the time it takes to decompose, and the impact of decomposition on the environment. Too much biodegradable waste can create a breeding ground for flies, mosquitoes, and worms that spread disease.
2. Why is damage to the ozone layer a cause for concern? What steps are being taken to limit this damage?
   Answer: At the higher levels of the atmosphere, ozone performs an essential function. It shields the surface of the earth from ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun. This radiation is highly damaging to organisms, for example, it is known to cause skin cancer in human beings. Damage to the ozone layer is a major concern because it allows harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun to reach Earth’s surface.
   To limit this damage, the primary step taken globally is to significantly reduce the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) through the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty that restricts the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances. In 1987, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) succeeded in forging an agreement to freeze CFC production at 1986 levels. It is now mandatory for all the manufacturing companies to make CFC-free refrigerators throughout the world.

Some more Text Book Questions:

1. What are trophic levels? Give an example of a food chain and state the different trophic levels in it.
   Answer: The steps in a food chain where energy and food are transferred are called trophic levels.
   Example of food chain:
   Grass Insects Frogs Snakes
2. Grass -The first trophic level, where food is produced
3. Insects – The second trophic level, where primary consumers eat plants
4. Frogs – The third trophic level, where secondary consumers eat primary consumers
5. Snakes – The fourth trophic level, where tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers

1. What is the role of decomposers in the ecosystem?
   Answer: Decomposers play a vital role in the ecosystem by breaking down dead organisms and returning nutrients to the soil, water, and air. This process helps plants grow and reproduce, and keeps the environment clean.
2. Why are some substances biodegradable and some non-biodegradable?
   Answer: Substances that are broken down by biological processes are said to be biodegradable. Substances that are not broken down in this manner are said to be non-biodegradable. These substances may be inert and simply persist in the environment for a long time or may harm the various members of the eco-system.
   Substances are considered biodegradable if they can be broken down by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi into simpler organic compounds, while non-biodegradable substances lack the chemical structure that allows them to be decomposed by these organisms, usually because they are synthetic materials with complex bonds that microbes cannot readily break down; essentially, the key difference lies in the ability of microorganisms to digest and utilize the substance’s components.
3. Give any two ways in which biodegradable substances would affect the environment.
   Answer: When biodegradable substances decompose, they release carbon into the atmosphere. Biodegradable waste can pollute water. Biodegradable waste can pollute the land.

1. Give any two ways in which non-biodegradable substances would affect the environment.
   Answer: The two ways in which non-biodegradable substances would affect the environment are,
   i) They contaminate soil and water resources as they cannot be decomposed by micro-organisms.
   (ii) These substances, when accidentally eaten by stray animals, can harm them and can even cause their death.
2. What is ozone and how does it affect any ecosystem?
   Answer: Ozone is a gas made of three atoms of oxygen. It is a hazardous gas that is prevalent high up in the atmosphere. Ozone is a vital gas for all sorts of ecosystems on earth as it protects the environment from the damaging effects of UV radiation causing skin cancer and cataract and impairs our immune system. Depletion of this ozone layer can significantly impact ecosystems by exposing organisms to harmful UV rays, potentially causing damage to plant life, disrupting marine ecosystems, and increasing the risk of skin cancer in humans.

1. How can you help in reducing the problem of waste disposal? Give any two methods.
   Answer: The two ways we can help in reducing the problem of waste disposal are,
   a. Minimize using single-use disposable items by opting for reusable alternatives like water bottles and shopping bags.
   b. Properly separate waste at home by sorting recyclable materials from general trash to ensure they can be recycled effectively.

10th Standard, Karnataka Social/ Geography CHAPTER – 29
INDIA – NATURAL DISASTERS
EXERCISES
I. Answer the following questions in brief:

1. What are natural disasters?
   Answer: Many incidents occurring in Nature are beyond human control. Preventing these and predicting their occurrence at a certain place is beyond science too. Naturally-occurring destructive incidents resulting in loss of human life and property are called natural disasters.

1. What are the effects of cyclones?
   Answer: The effects of cyclones are as follows.
   a. Cyclones are very destructive. Sometimes, the life of the people of cyclone-hit areas gets totally changed.
   b. They cause large scale deaths.
   c. Ocean tides inundate the inland water-bodies and make them salty.
   d. Crops get totally destroyed.
   e. Transport links, electricity supply and the daily life of the of people get affected badly.
   f. Cyclone-hit areas suffer from infectious diseases, leading to huge casualties.
2. What are floods?
   Answer: When there is heavy rainfall and excessive melting of ice, the volume of water increases in the river leading it to overflow. This is called “floods”.

1. What is Landslide?
   Answer: Land mass sliding down the slopes from mountains or hills are called land slide.
2. What is Earthquake?
   Answer: Vibration or movement of the upper layers of the earth due to the pressure created inside is called Earthquake.
3. What are the causes of floods? Describe flood-prone areas in India.
   Answer: The causes of floods are,
   a. The uncertainty of monsoon rainfall sometimes gets heavy rainfall causes floods.
   b. Accumulation of silt in the rivers leads to overflowing of water on either side of the river, causing floods.
   c. Breach of dams or retention walls leads to sudden release of large quantity of water resulting in floods.
   d. Rivers changing their course can also cause floods.
   e. Heavy rainfall during cyclones can also lead to floods.
   f. Earthquakes in the sea are also causes floods.
   Apart from the natural causes mentioned above, man-made causes like deforestation, improperly built dams, weak retention walls, and illegal encroachment of land are also important causes.
   Flood-prone regions are found all over the country.
   a. The Ganges and its tributaries Yamuna, Gandak, Kosi and Ghagra rivers cause floods in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
   b. Damodar and Suvarnarekha rivers cause floods in Chattisgarh and West Bengal states.
   c. Brahmaputra and its tributaries Dibang, Dihang, Subansiri and Lohit rivers cause floods in Assam.
   d. Cloudburst often causes abrupt floods in the Himalayas.
   e. Narmada, Tapti, Sabaramathi and Mahi rivers cause floods for some days in a year in the state of Gujarat.
   f. Krishna, Tungabhadra, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Dhoni, Bennehalla etc. cause floods during rainy season in Karnataka.

1. What is Coastal Erosion? Mention its management.
   Answer: The erosion of land by the waves in the coastal areas is called coastal erosion. Prevention or management of Coastal erosion can be done as follows.
   a. Prohibiting sand mining in coastal areas.
   b. Constructing retention walls along the length of coast wherever waves are strong.
   c. Stocking of large rocky boulders along the coast to reduce the impact.
   d. The most effective method of preventing coastal erosion is by growing mangrove forests along the coast.

1. Write about the effects of earthquake and precautions to be taken.
   Answer: The effects of earthquake are,
   1 . The loss of life and destruction of property, 2. Obstruction to transport, 3. Spread of infectious diseases, 4. Increased tidal activity, 5. Tsunamis, 6. Change in river’s direction.
   The precautions to be taken to earthquake are,
   a. Restricting construction of multi-storied building in earthquake-prone areas.
   b. Using very light material for construction of houses in these areas.
   c. Constructing houses to ensure stability.
   d. Providing basic amenities to the quake-affected areas.
   e. Disconnecting power supply in the event of an earthquake. Remedies during natural disasters
3. With the help of your teacher, make a list the flood affected places in India.
   Answer: The flood affected places in India are West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Kerala, Haryana, Assam and Uttar Pradesh. Flood prone areas in India are in the areas beside the major rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Mahanadi, Teesta, Brahmaputra etc. India is one of the most natural disaster prone countries in the world.
5. 
   Some more Questions.
   Fill in The blanks
6. Naturally-occurring destructive incidents resulting in loss of human life and property are called Natural disasters.
7. When there is heavy rainfall and excessive melting of ice, the volume of water increases in the river.
8. Land mass sliding down the slopes from mountains or hills are called land slide.
9. Landslides are common in the mining areas.
10. The erosion of land by the waves in the coastal areas is called coastal erosion.
11. Vibration or movement of the upper layers of the earth due to the pressure created inside is called Earthquake.
    Answer the following Questions.
12. What are the preventive measures for cyclones?
    Answer: The preventive measures can be taken for cyclones are,
    a. Evacuation of people from low-lying areas.
    b. Ready to keeping generators, boats, helicopters and other transport facilities.
    c. Re-routing trains and buses from the cyclone-prone areas.
    d. Keeping people constantly informed about the movement of the cyclone.
    e. Keeping the army battalions ready.
    f. Ready to keeping food, potable water and clothes ready.
    g. Ready to keeping medicines and medical facilities ready.
13. What are the Effects of floods?
    Answer: The Effects of floods are as follows.
    a. Floods are causes, loss of shelter, property, land and crops of the people.
    b. Telecommunication, electricity supply and transport facilities get affected.
    c. Besides washing away the fertile upper layers of soil, a lot of trees are destroyed.
    d. Stagnant water in the low lands leads to dangerous diseases.
14. Mention the Flood control measures.
    Answer: The Flood control measures are,
    a. To control floods, bunds should be constructed on either side of rivers.
    b. Constructing dams across rivers, collecting water in reservoirs and directing the water to other places.
    c. Establishing centers to issue flood warnings.
    d. Afforestation in the river basins will prevent soil erosion, and also reduce accumulation of silt in the rivers there by reducing the chances of floods.
15. What are the causes for Landslides?
    Answer: The causes for Landslides are,
    a. In the mountainous areas and coasts, constantly flowing water and tides remove soil creating slopes leading to landslides.
    b. When railways, roads and canals are constructed in the steep mountainous areas, the slopes become steeper leading to landslides.
    c. Collection of loose soil on clay soil layer can enhance steep slope formation leading to landslide.
    d. Landslides are common in the mining areas. Excavation of earth to reach the ore deposits deep down can cause landslides.
    e. Deforestation and deep tilling of the slopes can cause landslides.
16. What are the effects of Landslides?
    Answer: The effects of Landslides are,
    a. Flowing small rivers are checked by landslides.
    b. Transportation is affected.
    c. Streams and many plants get submerged.
    d. Landslides can cause loss of life and damage to property.
17. Mention two effects of Coastal Erosion
    Answer: The two effects of Coastal Erosion are,
    a. Large amount of land mass submerg into the sea due to coastal erosion by waves.
    b. Many houses and also property get loss and damaged.
18. What are the reasons for earthquake?
    Answer: The reasons for earthquake are,
    a. Pressure increases in the interior of the earth.
    b. Change in the Magma from one part to another.
    c. Urbanisation.
    d. Deforestation, Construction of Dams, Mining activities etc.,
20. Mention the places of India which earthquakes are happened?
    Answer: The occurrence of earthquakes is fairly widespread. The northern Himalayas, East Assam, Gujarat in the West have witnessed most of the earthquakes. In South India, Koyna, Latur and other places have experienced some earthquakes.
21. What are the measures can be taken in the case of Natural disasters?
    Answer: Distribution of food, drinking water, distribution of medicine, temporary shelter facilities, necessary basic amenities, essential services to be provided in the case of Natural disasters.