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9th Standard, Social, Economics CHAPTER 32 – LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT

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9th Standard, Social/ Economics CHAPTER – 32

LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1) The famous book of Admsmith is The wealth of Nations.

2) Abolition of bonded labour act was passed in the year 1976.

3) When the marginal productivits of a labour is Zero is known as disguised unemployment.

4) Division of labour increases efficiency of Labour.

5) Abolition of child labour act was passed in the year 1986.

II. Discuss in groups and answer the following.

6) What is meant by division of labour?

Answer: Division of Labour means the allocation of different parts of the production process to different workers or to different groups of workers.

7) What is meant by child labour?

Answer: The children working below the age of 14 years to work is called child Labour.

8) Define unemployment.

Answer: An unemployed is one who is willing to work at the prevailing market rate, but still does not get the work.

9) Explain the advantages of division of labour.

Answer: The important advantages of the division of labour are,

  1. Efficiency of Labour: The basic advantage of division of Labour is that it increases the efficiency of Labour
  2. Quality of production: The increase in the efficiency of Labour leads not only to an increase in the quantity of output but also to an improvement in the quality of the produced goods and services.
  3. Profit: The increase in quantity and quality of output brings greater Profit.
  4. Average cost: Since Division of Labour increases the total output the average cost of producing a commodity falls, then consumers get goods at cheap rate.
  5. Research and Development: Division of Labour at a longer period helps in research and innovation which leads to produce variety of new products.

10) List the disadvantages of division of labour.

Answer: The important disadvantages of division of labour are,

  1. Monotony of work: Under division of Labour, a worker has to do the same job time and again for years together. Therefore; after some time, the worker feels bored.
  2. Lack of responsibility: If the quality of the product is not up to the expected level, none can be held responsible
  3. Increased dependence: When the production is divided up into a number of processes and each part is performed by different workers, it may lead to dependence among workers.
  4. Unemployment: Division of Labour leads to specialization. A worker instead of completing the whole article is specialized in making a small part of it. If he/she is removed from the job, he/she has to look for a job which is of the same type till then he will be unemployed.
  5. Class conflict:-Division of Labour facilitates large scale production which helps the producers to earn huge profits. The producers thus become rich by paying less wages to the workers. This divides the society into haves and have nots (rich and poor).

11) State the meaning of productive and reproductive labour.

Answer: Productive Labour is that which creates some utility or which has undergone for earning an income. Reproductive Labour is the work at domestic place, at house. It can also be called as Domestic Labour. It is unpaid work, performed by women in home. Child rearing and caring, cleaning, cooking etc. are the examples for Reproductive labour.

12) What are the types of unemployment?

Answer: The types of unemployment are as follows.

  1. Disguised unemployment
  2. Seasonal unemployment
  3. Industrial Unemployment
  4. Educational Unemployment

13) Identify the differences between disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment.

Disguised unemployment: It is a situation of unemployment with surplus manpower than actual requirement and in which the marginal productivity of some workers are zero. So even removal of them will not affect the volume of total production. It is also called under employment of Labour.

Seasonal unemployment: People engaged in such a type of work or activities may remain unemployed during the off season. This is called Seasonal unemployment.

14) How industrial unemployment is different from educational unemployment?  

Industrial Unemployment: – If a person remain unemployed for a given period due to the changes in the industrial sector it is called as Industrial Unemployment. E.g.: People who migrate to urban areas in search of jobs fail to get jobs due to lack of special training and skill.

Educational Unemployment: -The condition of educated people not having job though they are interested and capable of doing it.

IV. Projects:

  1. Prepare a project on different types of unemployment and state its position in today’s India.

Answer: There are many types of unemployment and state its position in India. They are,

Disguised unemployment: It is a situation of unemployment with surplus manpower than actual requirement and in which the marginal productivity of some workers are zero. So even removal of them will not affect the volume of total production. It is also called under employment of Labour.

Seasonal unemployment: People engaged in such a type of work or activities may remain unemployed during the off season. This is called Seasonal unemployment.

Industrial Unemployment: – If a person remain unemployed for a given period due to the changes in the industrial sector it is called as Industrial Unemployment. E.g.: People who migrate to urban areas in search of jobs fail to get jobs due to lack of special training and skill.

Educational Unemployment: -The condition of educated people not having job though they are interested and capable of doing it.

Cyclical unemployment: Reason for this unemployment is economic downturns, when businesses lay off workers

Structural unemployment: This unemployment occurs when the skills of the workforce don’t match the skills required for jobs 

Frictional unemployment: This unemployment occurs when people searching jobs, this is the time between jobs when someone is looking for a new job 

  • Write a report on gender dimensions laboring

Answer:  The gender division of labour refers to the allocation of different jobs or types of work to women and men. A lack of employment opportunities outside the home combined with financial constraints forces women staying behind to work at home as a substitute for male migrants’ work, as ‘unpaid’ workers. Women constitute nearly 30% of the labour force in rural area and 20% in urban areas. The percentage of women labour force is low when it is compared to the male, but the share of women force in total labour force has been increasing gradually. Women are equally important, like men for the growth and development of a country. With economic progress, women are emerging as a force of empowering India. But it is unfortunate that the socio economic status of women labour in India is not increasing. In one way or the other women are exploited in the society.

The female participation in labour force has increased by 9.5% points in 2021-22 over the year 2017-18, this upward trend in female LFPR is the result of various influential factors.

Around 39.3% females of age group 15-59 years in rural areas were in labour force during 2021-22, registered an increase of 12.7% points from the year 2017-18. In urban areas, around 26.5% females were in labour force during 2021-22 as compared to 22.3% in 2017-18.

The main reason for men not being in labour force was continuation of their study. Around 71.7% men wanted to continue their study and it keeps them outside the labour force.

20.6% of total rural women were engaged in Agriculture work and major portion 14.2% women are working as helper and only 6.4% females are own employer. Only 1.4% of total rural women were engaged in “Services Sector.

Some more Questions:

  1. What are the features of Labour?

Answer: The features of Labour are,

1. Labour cannot be separated from the Labourer

2. Labour cannot be accumulated

3. Labour supply varies over time

4. Labour is less mobile

5. Labour differs in efficiency

6. Labour is an active factor.

2. What are the types of Labour?

Answer: Labour can be of many types. It can be categorized as-

1. Nature of work done: Physical and mental Labour

2. Skill:- Skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled Labour

3. Training: Professional and Administrative Labour

4. Income earned:  Productive and reproductive Labour.

3. What is productive labour?

Answer: Productive Labour is that which creates some utility or which has undergone for earning an income.

According to Adam smith ‘productive Labour is only that Labour, which leads to the creation of material goods or assets’.

4. What is Reproductive Labour?

Answer: Reproductive Labour is the work at domestic place, at house. It can also be called as Domestic Labour.

5. What is Bonded Labour?

Answer: Bonded labour is one who is bound to work in the house of the land lord for a fixed amount up to a fixed period or till the repayment of the borrowed money.

6. What is Child Labour?

Answer: The children working below the age of 14 years to work is called child Labour.

7. What is an employment? 

Answer: Employment is a situation where a person is engaged in the work at the prevailing wage rate in the market, to maintain his/her livelihood as it brings regular income either in private or public sector.

8. What is unemployment? 

Answer: An unemployed is one who is willing to work at the prevailing market rate, but still does not get the work is called unemployment.

9. What is youth unemployment?

Answer: Unemployment among the people between the age group of 15-30 years is called youth unemployment.

9th Standard Karnataka, Social, Geography, CHAPTER 30 – MAJOR TOURIST CENTRES OF KARNATAKA

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9th Karnataka Social Geography CHAPTER – 30

MAJOR TOURIST CENTRES OF KARNATAKA

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Nandi Hill Station is in Chikballapur district.

2. Abbe falls is near to Madikeri (Mercara) town.

3. Gokak waterfall is called Niagara of Karnataka.

4. Om beach is near Gokarna.

5. Mysore city is called the ‘City of Palaces’.

II. Answer the following questions in brief.

6. What are the advantages of tourism?

Answer: Tourism has become an inevitable part of the human life today. We gain knowledge about the place, culture, civilization and life style etc. Tourism has many advantages, including economic benefits, environmental benefits, and cultural benefits. Tourism creates jobs in many sectors, including hotels, restaurants, transportation, and entertainment. Tourism brings in foreign currency, which helps the economy. Tourism can improve a country’s brand image. Tourism gives localities a chance to showcase their culture and raise their profile. 

7. Name the sites included in the UNESCO’s world heritage sites list.

Answer: UNESCO has recognized and included Hampi, Pattadakal, and recently, the Western Ghats and the Hoysala Temples of Beluru, Halebeedu and Somanathapura as ‘World Heritage Sites’.

8. Name the attractive places of Bengaluru.

Answer: The city of Bengaluru is attracting large number of tourists. It has a pleasant climate, wonderful buildings like Vidhana Soudha, Vikasa Soudha, Udyoga Soudha, High Court, Nehru Planetorium, Vishveshwaraiah industrial and techonological musuem, beautiful gardens like Lalbagh and Cubbon Park and hence it is called ‘Garden City’. It is Karnataka’s largest city and one of the megacities of the country.

9. Name the wildlife sanctuaries of Karnataka.

Answer: For the conservation of wild life in their natural habitat, 36 wildlife sanctuaries have been identified. Of these Melukote, Kaveri, Mookambika, Kappathagudda, Jogimatti, Bheemaghada, Chincoli, Talakaveri wild life sanctuaries are the main ones. The five national parks in Karnataka are Rajiv Gandhi National Park in Nagarahole, Bandipur, Bannerghatta, Kudremukh and Anshi National Park.

10. Name the important of waterfalls of Karnataka.

Answer: The important of waterfalls of Karnataka are, Jog Falls of Shivamogga, ‘Gaganachukki’ and ‘Bharachukki’ in Mandya, ‘Abbe falls’ in Kodagu, Hebbe falls near Kemmanagundi hill station, Kalhatagiri falls, Unchalli Falls (called Loushington) Uttara Kannada district and Gokak Falls in Belagavi district, Magod falls etc.

11. What is the theme of Karnataka tourism department?

Answer: “One state many worlds”. This is the theme of Karnataka Tourism department.

III. Match the following.

A                                                                     B

i. Biligirirangana hills                                 b. Chamarajnagar district

ii. Gandhi Bhavan                                       d. Nandi Hills

iii. Nagara Hole                                           a. Rajeev Gandhi National Park

iv. Mysuru                                                    e. Chamundi Hills

v. Udupi                                                        c. St. Mary’s Island

IV. Activities:

1. Make a list of the hill stations and wild life sanctuaries of Karnataka.

Answer: The hill stations and wild life sanctuaries of Karnataka are,

Hill stations of Karnataka: Kudremukh hill station of Chikkamagaluru district, Nandi hill station of Chikballapur district, B.R.Hills, Agumbe Sunset spot, Kemmannugundi, Devarayanadurga, Jogi hills of Chitradurga district,Kodachadri, Himavadgopalaswamy hills, the rocky hillocks of Ramnagar, Madhugiri Monolithic hill, the enchanting rock formations at Yana.

The wild life sanctuaries of Karnataka: Rajiv Gandhi National Park in Nagarahole, Bandipur, Bannerghatta, Kudremukh and Anshi National Park, Melukote, Kaveri, Mookambika, Kappathagudda, Jogimatti, Bheemaghada, Chincoli, Talakaveri wild life sanctuaries are the main ones.

Some more questions:

  1. Mention the historical places of Karnataka.

Answer: The historical places of Karnataka are Hampi, Belur, Halebid, Somnathpur, Badami, Pattadakal, Aihole, Gol Gumbuz of Vijayapura, Lakkundi, Banavasi, Basaralu, Belligave, Mysuru, Srirangapatna etc.

  • Name the Places of Pilgrimage in Karnataka.

Answer:  The Places of Pilgrimage in Karnataka are Dharmasthala, Udupi, Sringeri, Horanadu, Kollur, Gokarna, Ulavi, Sirsi, Shravanabelagola, Kudala Sangama, Melukote, Adichunchunagiri, Karkala, Devaragudda, Mylarakshetra, Bande Nawaz Darga of Kalaburagi, Ibrahim Roza of Vijayapura, Mallikrahan Darga of Sira, St.Philomena Church in Mysuru, Rosario Cathedral in Mangaluru etc.

  • What are Forts in Karnataka?

Answer: There are many historic and strong forts in Karnataka and they are favourite tourist spots, for example : Fort of Bidar, Vijayapura, Kalaburagi, Hampi (Vijayanagar), Keladi, Chitradurga, Madhugiri, Nandi Hills, Pavagada, Manjrabad, Ucchangidurga, Kavaledurga, Parathagadha, Srirangapatna, the coastal forts of Bahadurgadha, Basavarajadurga, Devagadha Kurmagadha etc.

  • What are the famous tourist spots in Mysuru?

Answer: The famous tourist spots in Mysuru are Ambavilas palace, Jaganmohan palace, Chamundi Hills, K.R.Sagar Dam and Brindavan gardens, the Mysuru Zoo, Kabini dam, Nugu forest, Shakuvana, Bylukuppe, Venkatappa Art Gallery etc.

9th Standard, English, POEM 10 – PHOTOGRAPH

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   9th Standard English POEM 10

 PHOTOGRAPH

Glossary

paddling: moving like rowing

transient: momentary ; not lasting for long.

wry: distorted.

Comprehension:

C1. Answer the following questions in a sentence or two each:

1. How many people are there in the photograph?

Answer: There are three people in the photograph.

2. How is the poet related to the people in the photograph?

Answer: The mother and the two cousins of the poet named Betty and Dolly are in the photograph. Thus the poet related to the people in the photograph.

3. Who was taking the snapshot?

Answer: Uncle was taking the snapshot.

4. Is the mother described in the photo alive?

Answer: No. She is not alive.

5. Which aspect of the mother does the poet like very much?

Answer: The poet likes the sweet and smiling face of mother very much which was captured in the photograph.

C2. Discuss the answers for the following questions with your partner and then write down in your notebook.

1) Why does the writer say

“And of this circumstance

There is nothing to say at all

Its silence silences”?

Answer: The poet knows that her mother’s death is a fact and she can’t do anything about it. The poet has nothing to say about her mother’s death and the emptiness left after her death shatters the poet. This expression from the poem ‘The Photograph’ by Shirley Toulson means the truth and mystery of the poet’s mother’s death fills him with sadness. The constant pain she experiences on account of her loss makes her silent. She is unable to solve the mystery about death. She can’t do anything about it. Whenever she remembers her mother, she just becomes silent with the pain that followed after her mother’s death.  Its silence silences.” The poet’s mother has now been dead for nearly as long as the girl in the photograph. The poet is at a loss for words to express her feelings about her mother’s death. It’s a solemn moment, and its silence has rendered her speechless.

2)  Does the poet notice any change in the mother after the poet was born? What do you think could have made the change in the mother’s face?

Answer: Yes. The poet notices the change in the mother’s face after the poet was born. She adores her “sweet” face and observes how it changes as she grows older. She recalls every detail of her life, including her laughter when she looked at the photograph. This could have been the outcome of sorrowful incidents or hardships in life. Age and ill health also might have made the mother lose the sweetness of her face and smile. The poet is looking at her mother’s photograph which is indeed an old one. With it she can see how her mother looked when she was a little girl of twelve. It might have been windy at that time as their hair was flying on their faces when the uncle took the photograph. All the three smile through their flying hair. Looking at the photograph, the poet says that her mother had a sweet face, but it was a time before the poet was born.

3) Why are the feet described as “transient feet”?  

Answer: The feet described as “transient feet” to symbolize the temporary nature of human life. The phrase is a metaphor that compares the permanence of the sea to the fleeting presence of humans. The word “transient” means something that is short-lived or temporary. The poet uses “feet” to symbolize humans. The poet suggests that the sea remains the same while humans grow old and die. Transient means something which is temporary or short-lived. Here, when the author says terribly transient feet, she refers to the ever-changing imprints of the feet left on the sea sand. The sea never appears to change but human life is transient. The poet suggests that human existence is transitory, but the sea seems never to change. 

C3. Answer the following questions on your own.

  1. What is the mood of the poet?

Answer: In the poem “A Photograph,” the poet’s mood is predominantly sad and nostalgic as she looks at an old picture of her mother, reflecting on the passage of time and the loss of her mother who is now deceased, causing a deep sense of grief and longing. 

  • Which line in the poem does you like the most? Why?

Answer: I like the lines “A sweet face, My mother’s, that was before I was born, And the sea, which appears to have changed less”.

Here poet explains the changing mind of every human being. The poet notices the change in the mother’s face after the poet was born. She adores her “sweet” face and observes how it changes as she grows older. She recalls every detail of her life, including her laughter when she looked at the photograph. This could have been the outcome of sorrowful incidents or hardships in life. Age and ill health also might have made the mother lose the sweetness of her face and smile. The poet is looking at her mother’s photograph which is indeed an old one.

  • Is there any change in the life of the poet’s mother over the years? What kind of a person, you think she was? Describe the mother in the poem do in your own words.

Answer: Yes, there has been a lot of change in the life of the poet’s mother over the years. As a child, the poet’s mother was a carefree and friendly person. She had a smiling and sweet face in the photograph when she posed for it, holding the hands of her. She changed after the birth of poet. The poet’s mother had posed for the photograph with her cousins when she was young and was not yet bogged down by the responsibilities and hardships of life. In old age, along with inevitable physical changes, they also experience a change in their mental make-up because of the challenges in life.

9th Social, Political Science, CHAPTER 24 – An Introduction to the Study of International Relations

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9th Social Political Science CHAPTER – 24

An Introduction to the Study of International Relations

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The study of international relations is called international politics said by  Hans J Morgenthau

2. Woodrow Wilson Chair started at University of Wales in Britain University.

3.  Jeremy Bentham Used the term International Relations for the very first time.

II. Answer the following questions after group discussion.

4. What is the study of international relations?

Answer: There are 195 sovereign nations in the contemporary world. Although these nations are fully independent, they are not self-sufficient nations. Whether it is an individual or a nation representing them, it is imperative to connect with another nation to redress the grievances of its people. Imperatives like these prefaced the study of international relations.

5. When did the systematic study of international relations begin?

Answer: The systematic study of international relations began after the First World War. Systematic study of international relations began in universities in countries such as America, Britain and Sweden. It was realized in 1919 by starting the Woodrow Wilson Chair at the 

University of Wales in Britain.

6. Who was the first chairman of the Woodrow Wilson Chair for the systematic study of international relations, started at the University of Wales?

Answer:  Ekarth Jim was the first chairman of the Woodrow Wilson Chair for the systematic study of international relations, started at the University of Wales.

7. Explain the nature of International Relations?

Answer: The study of international relations has its own nature. It is discussed as follows.

1. Nature of Change : The nature of international relations is dynamic. What has happened in world politics? what is going on And it’s a perfect analysis of what happens next.

 2. Interdisciplinary Content: The study of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature like other social sciences.

 3. Nation-state is the primary unit: In the study of international relations, the behavior of the state is the driving force for the movement of relations between nations.

 4. National Interest and National powers are Fundamental Factors: Protection of national interest is the main objective of the state. Nations develop relations with other nations with this goal in mind.

5. Struggle for power: According to Hans J. Marganthor, international politics is a struggle for power among nations. Whichever country has more power or power influences other countries to fulfill its interests.

6. Interaction and feedback among nations: No nation in the present world is self perfect. Every nation depends on another nation in some way. So it is imperative that they engage in interaction and feedback to protect their respective interests.

7. Use of Empirical and Analytical Methods for Theory Formation: Theories are the basis for the study of all branches of knowledge. Accordingly, theories are also the basis in the study of 

international relations.

8. Role of official and non-official institution: Both recognized and non-recognized organizations are influencing the study of international relations Organizations like (UN-United Nations) (World Bank) and (IMF-International Monetary Fund) are official institutions. 

8. What is the importance of International Relations?

Answer: Importance of Studying International Relations are as follows.

1. Introduces the real nature of world politics: World politics helps to understand the dynamics of real power relations between different nations and organizations. The actions and reactions of different countries depend on the policy orientations of the respective countries. Therefore international relations helps to realize the reality of world politics.

2. Helps realize national interests: National interests are the basic motivations of international relations. The nature of those interests determines the nature of international relations. It is 

for the fulfillment of these interests all nations develop their own relationships.

3. Gives knowledge about the major challenges facing the world : The study of international relations is the basis for dealing with the major challenges facing the world like hunger, malnutrition, poverty, diseases, illiteracy, unemployment, conflict, war, terrorism, 

climate change and biological problems.

4. Awakens Universal Consciousness: Although there are many differences due to different interests and beliefs between countries, the unity that we are all human beings in the end breaks down the boundaries between us. Such feelings contribute to world peace and 

awaken universal consciousness. The study of international relations is helpful in this regard.

5. Upholds the Importance of Foreign Policy : Study of Foreign Policy Part of the study of international relations. As mentioned earlier, good relations between countries are very necessary for world peace, and for that to materialize, knowledge of foreign policy is required.

6. Help to know the importance of international organizations:Various international organizations have been formed to facilitate human life. Also, there are many associations and unions at the world level. They are working for world peace. It is because of their activism that the world lives at peace to some extent. For example – the study of international organizations such as United Nations, World Bank, UNESCO, UNICEF etc. helps to understand such organizations comprehensively.

III. Activities:

1. Discuss in class the importance of interdependence in International Relations.

Answer: In International Relations, interdependence is crucial because it creates a system where nations rely on each other for various needs. It also carries risks of vulnerability and potential power imbalances between nations depending on the nature of their interdependence. Interdependence encourages collaboration to address transnational issues like climate change, pandemics, and terrorism, as no single country can effectively tackle them alone. Nations can specialize in producing goods and services they are most efficient at, leading to increased trade and overall economic prosperity when they rely on each other for different products. Interdependence can give smaller nations more leverage in international politics by providing them with bargaining chips in negotiations with larger powers. Heavy reliance on another country for essential goods or services can leave a nation vulnerable to disruptions in trade or political instability. 

2. List the factors contributing to global peace with the help of the teacher.

Answer: The eight pillars of positive peace are well-functioning government, sound business environment, acceptance of the rights of others, good relations with neighbours, free flow of information, high levels of human capital, low levels of corruption, and equitable distribution of resources.  It is not just the absence of conflict, but the active presence of harmony, justice, equality, and understanding both within individuals and between nations. Building peace from the inside out encourages sustainable solutions to global problems, such as human rights, environmental protection, and economic equity. 

3. Learn about life and achievements of Woodrow Wilson.

Answer: Woodrow Wilson was the 28th president of the United States. He led the country through World War I and was a key figure in the creation of the League of Nations.  He born in Staunton, Virginia on December 28, 1856. He attended Princeton University, where he became president in 1902. Later he earned a Ph.D. in political science from Johns Hopkins University in 1886. He married Ellen Louise Axson in 1885, and they had three daughters. Woodrow Wilson created the league of Nations after world war I (1914 – 18). He presided over ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, giving women the right to vote, and laws that prohibited child labour and that mandated an eight-hour workday for railroad workers. 

Political career:

Became the governor of New Jersey in 1910

Selected as the Democratic presidential candidate in 1912

Won the election due to the Republican party split between William Howard Taft and Theodore Roosevelt

Achievements as president: 

Led the United States into World War I

Created the League of Nations

Ratified the Nineteenth Amendment, giving women the right to vote

Prohibited child labor

Mandated an eight-hour workday for railroad workers

Passed the Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Underwood-Simmons Act, Graduated income taxes, and Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Foreign policy:

His stance on foreign policy came to be known as Wilsonianism 

He called for the abolition of secret treaties, a reduction in armaments, and freedom of the seas 

4. List the material that constitutes the study of international relations.

Answer: International relations involve the study of such things as foreign policy, international conflict and negotiation, war, nuclear proliferation, terrorism, international trade and economics, and international development, among other subjects. As you may expect, international relations’ broad scope requires an interdisciplinary approach, drawing upon the fields of economics, law, political science, sociology, game theory, and even psychology.

International relations study is structured around three main themes: political thought, political institutions and international relations. Following an introduction to these themes, you’ll begin to tailor the course to your interests and aspirations with a selection of optional modules. These include areas such as security, interdependence, liberty, and comparative studies of political economies, democratic practice, and the role of global politics in the environment. 

IV. Projects:

1. Discuss the importance of meeting and exchange of ideas between leaders of different countries in improving international relations.

Answer: Meeting and exchanging ideas between leaders of different countries is crucial for improving international relations as it Meeting and exchanging ideas between leaders of different countries is crucial for improving international relations as it fosters mutual understanding, builds trust, allows for direct dialogue on complex issues, and creates opportunities to find common ground and collaborate on global challenges, ultimately promoting cooperation and reducing tensions between nations; essentially, it serves as a key tool for diplomacy and conflict resolution. Essentially, it serves as a key tool for diplomacy and conflict resolution. 

Direct dialogue allows leaders to express their views and concerns openly, gaining a deeper understanding of each other’s perspectives and priorities. 

Personal interactions between leaders can help break down stereotypes and create a foundation for stronger relationships, even when there are disagreements on policy issues. 

High-level meetings can send a positiv signal to the international community.

Leaders can leverage their meetings to foster cultural understanding and appreciation between their respective nations. 

2. Find out with the help of the teacher how Kautilya’s Arthashastra is useful for the development of international relations.

Answer: Kautilya’s Arthashastra is considered valuable for developing international relations due to its detailed analysis of power dynamics between states, emphasizing the concept of “Rajamandala” (circle of states), which outlines the need to understand and strategically manage relationships with neighboring countries, including potential allies and enemies, allowing for a nuanced approach to diplomacy based on power calculations and situational awareness; it also provides practical strategies like using diplomacy, alliances, and military force when necessary to protect national interests, making it relevant for modern foreign policy decision-making. 

Six-fold policy (Sama-Dana-Bheda-Danda): This policy advocates using a combination of conciliation, gifts, dissension, and force to manage relationships with other states, depending on the situation. 

Importance of intelligence gathering: Kautilya stresses the need for accurate information about other states to make informed decisions in diplomacy and warfare. 

Flexibility in strategy:The Arthashastra emphasizes adapting strategies based on changing circumstances and power dynamics, allowing for dynamic foreign policy adjustments. 

How modern states can apply Arthashastra principles:

Analyzing regional dynamics: Studying the “Mandala” concept to understand the power balance within a region and identify potential allies and adversaries. 

Strategic partnerships: Using the “Sama-Dana-Bheda-Danda” policy to build alliances, offer incentives, create divisions among opponents, and use force when necessary. 

Economic diplomacy: Recognizing the importance of economic power in international relations, similar to Kautilya’s focus on a strong economy as a foundation for political influence.

9th Standard, English, UNIT 9 (PROSE) – AN ASTROLOGER’S DAY

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9th Standard, English, UNIT 9 (PROSE)

AN ASTROLOGER’S DAY

Glossary

obscure : difficult to understand

mystic : spiritual

prophetic : predictive

paraphernalia : belongings

mutter : incoherent/ incomprehensible speech

gratified : thankful

Comprehension :

C1. Get into pairs / groups and discuss the answers to the following questions:

  1. What articles did the astrologer carry?

Answer: The articles which the astrologer carry are a bag and spread out his professional equipment, which consisted of a dozen cowry shells, a square piece of cloth with obscure mystic charts on it, a notebook, and a bundle of palmyra writing.

  • What were the different names given by the nuts vendor for his business?

Answer: the different names given by the nuts vendor for his business are, “Bombay Ice Cream”, “Delhi Almond,” and “Raja’s Delicacy,”

  • What kind of life would the astrologer have in his own village?

Answer: The Astrologer had left his village without any previous thought or plan. If he had continued there, he would have carried on the work of his forefathers – namely, tilling the land, living, marrying, and ripening in his cornfield and ancestral home.

  • How much did the astrologer charge for his new clients?

Answer:  The Astrologer charge three paise per question for his new clients.

  • Why did the astrologer remain silent for at least ten minutes, initially?

Answer:  The astrologer remain silent for at least ten minutes because this silence of ten minutes, which provided him enough stuff for a dozen answers and advices.

  • What was the signal for the astrologer to bundle up?

Answer: When the nuts vendor blew out his flare and rose to go home, then it was a signal for the astrologer to bundle up too, since it left him in darkness except for a little shaft of green light.

  • How much did the astrologer demand from his new client to answer his question?

Answer: The astrologer demand eight Annas from his new client to answer his question.

  • What did the astrologer ask Guru Nayak to do?

Answer: The astrologer ask Guru Nayak to take the next train and be gone to his village which was two day’s journey due north of there.

C2. Working in pairs, discuss the answers to the following questions and write them in your notebook.

  1. Why did the astrologer have no light of his own for his business?

Answer: The astrologer had no light of his own for his business because half the enchantment of the place was due to the fact that it did not have the benefit of municipal lighting. This suited the astrologer very well, for the simple reason that he had not in the least intended to be an astrologer when he began life and he knew no more of what was going to happen to others than he knew what was going to happen to himself next minute. The dim lighting also helped create an atmosphere of mystery and enchantment, which made the astrologer’s predictions seem more credible. The lack of proper lighting also concealed the astrologer’s true identity and the fact that he wasn’t genuinely knowledgeable about astrology.

  • Why did the astrologer close his business when the nuts vendor blew out his flare?

Answer: The astrologer closes his business when the nuts vendor blew out his flare, because the astrologer relied on the light from the flare above heap of groundnut for conducting his business.  When the groundnut vendor blew out the flare, the astrologer was left in darkness and he could not continue his astrology.

  • How efficient was the astrologer in his business?

Answer: The astrologer was efficient in his business because he was a good listener and had a keen understanding of human nature. The Astrologer never opened his mouth till the other had spoken for at least ten minutes, which provided him enough stuff for a dozen answers and advices. He had a working analysis of mankind’s troubles: marriage, money and the tangles of humanity. Long practice had sharpened his perception. The astrologer would make general statements that would be true for most people. The astrologer would use his understanding of human nature and his keen observation skills to make predictions.

4. “When shall I get him?”

a) Who was this question asked to?

Answer: This question was asked to the Astrologer.

b) Whom does “I” refer to?

Answer: ‘I’ referred to the Stranger.

c) Why does the speaker want to get him?

Answer: The speaker, known as Guru Nayak, wants to “get him” because he is seeking revenge on a man from his past who he believes tried to kill him because he wants to confront the astrologer and potentially exact revenge for the attempted murder, believing that the astrologer is the same man he is searching for.

5. “You look worried. What is wrong?”

a) Who is the speaker?

Answer: The wife of an Astrologer is the speaker.

b) Whom does “you” refer to?

Answer: ‘You’ referred to the Astrologer.

c) Why was he worried?

Answer: The Astrologer worried because he tried to kill the stranger named Guru Nayak a long back ago. Guru Nayak came there to take revenge for his unknown enemy. In his youth Astrologer stabbed his last client Guru nayak and ran away from his village and settled as astrologer in this town. But Guru nayak not recognized the Astrologer. But he still worried about meet him again.

C3. Working in pairs, discuss the answers to the following questions and write them in your notebook.

  1. Why did the astrologer run away from his village?

Answer: In his youth Astrologer stabbed his last client Guru nayak and pushed him into the well and ran away from his village. He had feared being accused of murder. While under the influence of alcohol, he stabbed and pushed a man into a well. Fearing arrest, he ran away to avoid being caught and punished. He settled in Malgudi and married a girl there and decided to never return to his village.

  • In the story, do you think the astrologer should be punished for his crime?

Answer: Yes, I think the astrologer should be punished for his crime, because, all persons are equal before the law of our country.

  • Describe how the astrologer felt at the end of the story?

Answer: The Astrologer felt guilty about the attempted murder and believed he had killed Nayak. The astrologer used his skills as an astrologer to deceive Nayak and convince him to return home. The astrologer told Nayak that the man who tried to kill him had died, and that he would live to be a hundred if he returned home. The astrologer was able to avoid a dangerous situation by using his skill and intelligence.

  • Describe the role of fate and chance in the story.

Answer: The astrologer was able to avoid a dangerous situation by fate and a chance and also his skill and intelligence. Fate allows the astrologer to remain unrecognized, enabling him to deceive Nayak into believing his attacker is dead. Fate plays a main role in the story. A villager turns into an astrologer because of his fate. Again, it is fate that brings the enemies face- to-face. Once again Astrologer succeeded to escape from the Guru nayak.  Astrologer had used his skill and sends him back to his village. 

  • Does the story make you think that all astrologers are false? Write about it.

Answer: No, All astrologers are not false. In this story, the Astrologer is forced to leave his ancestral home and travel several hundred miles away with no plan and no money. But there are many astrologers in our society who have brilliant knowledge and skills about astrology.

  • How has R.K. Narayan portrayed the attractive appearance of the astrologer?

Answer: .K. Narayan portrayed the appearance of the astrologer to make him attractive to the readers. R.K. Narayan says that astrologer’s forehead was resplendent with sacred ash and vermilion, and his eyes sparkled with a sharp, abnormal gleam which was really an outcome of a continual searching look for customers, but which his simple clients took to be a prophetic light and felt comforted. The power of his eyes was considerably enhanced by their position – placed as they were between the painted forehead and the dark whiskers which streamed down his cheeks: even a half-wit’s eyes would sparkle in such a setting. To crown the effect he wound a saffron-coloured turban round his head. This colour scheme never failed. People were attracted to him as bees are attracted to cosmos or dahlia stalks. He sat under the boughs of a spreading tamarind tree which flanked a path running through the town hall park. The Astrologer never opened his mouth till the other had spoken for at least ten minutes, which provided him enough stuff for a dozen answers and advices.

C4. Read the following sentences from the story and arrange them in the sequential order as they appear in the story.

1. Take the next train and go home. 6

2. The astrologer pressed his invitation. 4

3. He was as much a stranger to the stars as were his innocent customers. 2

4. The astrologer got a glimpse of his face by the match light. 5

5. The place was lit up by shop lights. 1

6. The child has been asking for sweets for so many days. 7

7. The nuts vendor blew out his flare and rose to go home. 3

Answer:

  1. The place was lit up by shop lights.
  2. He was as much a stranger to the stars as were his innocent customers.
  3. The nuts vendor blew out his flare and rose to go home.
  4. The astrologer pressed his invitation.
  5. The astrologer got a glimpse of his face by the matchlight.
  6. Take the next train and go home.
  7. The child has been asking for sweets for so many days.

LANGUAGE ACTIVITIES:

Vocabulary

V1. Word formation

Make new words by adding the ending given in the box to the root words. Fill in the table with the new words. You may have to add/drop a letter from the root word to make a new word. Put a cross(x) where the ending and the root word do not match.

  edingerlyfulless
1.HelpHelpedHelpingHelper      XHelpfulHelpless
2.EndEndedEnding  Ender          X      Xendless
3.HopeHopedHoping      X       XHopefulHopeless
4.EnjoyEnjoyedEnjoyingEnjoyer      X      X      X
5.ShapeShapedShapingShaperShapely      XShapeless
6.SmileSmiledSmiling      X     X        X       X
7.Run      XRunningRunner      X       XRunless 

V2. Fill in the blanks with suitable letters to arrive at the given meaning. Refer to the dictionary for the words.

a) ………… sent = gift

b) ………… sent = hate

c) ………… sent = agreement

d) ………… sent = approval

a) Present

b) resent

c) assent

d) consent

V3. You know homophones are words that sound similar but have different spellings and meanings. Here are a few words:

peace – piecelone – loan
hour – ourdied – dyed
fore – fourraze – raise
bear – barebreak – brake
pair – pearrole – roll

Work in pairs. With the help of a dictionary find out the meaning of the above words and use them in sentences of your own.

  1. Peace – quiet, freedom for disturbance. He wanted to take rest with peace.

Piece – part of anything. She cuts the fruits into several pieces.

  • Lone – alone, single. He is lone in his family, because all are died in accident.

Loan – credit. He took loan from the bank.

  • Hour – Unit of time. The function started one hour late today.

Our – Belongs to us. We have to do our duty promptly.

  • Died – expired, dead. He died in his 76th age.

Dyed – coloured. She was always dyeing her hair.

  • Fore – front. The actress have beautiful forehands.

Four – Ramesh has four daughters.

  • Raze – demolish. The government razes those unofficial buildings.

Raise – lift, go upward. We could not raise the heavy things.

  • Bear – tolerate, Some persons have much capacity to bear the difficulties.

Bare – uncovered, naked, exposed. The artist paints the bare picture.

  • Break – gap, pause in work. After continuous work, there should be a break.

Brake – apparatus for checking motion of wheel. Cows are crossed the road, driver suddenly apply the brake.

  • Pair – set of two. Sharath purchased a pair of shoes.

Pear – name of a fruit. Pear fruit is good for health.

  1. Role – actor’s part. Negative role done by the hero in this film.

Roll – thing rolled, register – There are rolled bundle of papers in the printing press.

V4. Match the meanings with the following phrases and use them in sentences of your own.

PHRASES MEANINGS

Answer:

a) on account of                                iv.owing to

b) to bear with                  iii.to put up with

c) in the midst of                              vi.in the middle of

d) to be accustomed to v.to get used to

e) to take a new turn                      i. to begin a new course

f) bereft of                                          ii. deprived of

Grammar and Usage

Reported speech:

Look at the following sentences and observe the changes from direct to reported speech.

1. Mohan said, “I was late yesterday”. (Direct Speech)

Mohan said that he had been late (Reported Speech)

the day before.

2. Mohan said, “I am late today”. (Direct Speech)

Mohan said that he was late that day. (Reported Speech)

G1. Now complete the following sentences:

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

1. He said, “I live in New York.”                                              He said that .. .. .. in

New York.

Answer: He said that he lived in New York.

2. She said: “I’m going to go                                  She said that.. .. ..going to shopping.” go shopping.

Answer: She said that she Ws going to go shopping.

  • He said, “I’ll see you later.”                     He said .. .. ..

Answer: He said that he would see him later.

  • Anu said, “I went to a                                 Anu said that she .. .. .. movie last night. movie last night.”

Answer: Anu said that she had gone for a movie the previous night.

  • James asked “Do you want     James asked if I wanted to go to come out tonight?” out that night.

Answer: James asked if I wanted to go out that night.

G3. Error corrections

I. Punctuate the following sentences:

1. Rashmi said yamuna you are late today

Answer: Rashmi said, “Yamuna, you are late today”.

2. What a beautiful garden it is

Answer: What a beautiful garden it is!

3. People enjoyed the cricket match didn’t they

Answer: People enjoyed the cricket match, didn’t they?

4. Unless he improves his bowling he cannot be selected for the match

Answer: Unless he improves his bowling, he cannot be selected for the match.

II. Spot the errors in the following sentences and re write them

correctly.

  1. They are going to Himalayas.

They are going to the Himalayas

  • Raju prefers idly than chapati.

Raju prefers idly to chapati

  • One of the boy looks sad.

One of the boys looks sad.

  • Mathematics are my favourite subject.

 Mathematics is my favourite subject.

  • A bunch of keys were found in my room.

A bunch of keys was found in my room.

  • My neighbour is a honest man.

My neighbour is an honest man.

  • Rafi wanted an one rupee.

Rafi wanted a rupee.

  • Kiran’s brother is a M.L.A.

Kiran’s brother is an M.L.A.

  • Our school bought a lot of furnitures.

Our school bought a lot of furniture.

  1. I met an European.

 I met a European.

About the Author

R. K. Narayan (10 October 1906 – 13 May 2001), (shortened form for Rasipuram Krishnaswami Iyer Narayanaswami) is an Indian author whose works of fiction include a series of books about people and their interactions in an imagined town called Malgudi. He is credited with bringing Indian literature in English to the rest of the world, and is regarded as one of India’s greatest novelists.

Narayan’s works also include The Financial Expert, hailed as one of the most original works of 1951. His The Guide won the Sahitya Akademi Award.

In a writing career that spanned over sixty years, Narayan received many awards and honours. These include the AC Benson Medal from the Royal Society of Literature and the Padma Vibhushan, India’s second-highest civilian award.

8th Standard, Social/History CHAPTER 21 – THE CHOLAS AND HOYSALAS OF DWARASAMUDRA

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8th Standard, Social/History CHAPTER-21

THE CHOLAS AND HOYSALAS OF DWARASAMUDRA

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The capital of the Cholas was Thanjavur.

2. The committee of the villagers in every village during the period of the Cholas was Ur.

3. The most famous Chola educational centre or agrahara was Uttaramerur agrahara.

4. The temple in Begur near Bangalore built by the Cholas is the Choleshwara temple.

5. The army of bodyguards during the time of the Hoysalas was Garuda.

6. The poetic work written by Raghavanka Harishchandra Kavya.

II. Answer the following questions in brief:

7. Who was the founder of the Chola kingdom?

Answer: Karikala Chola is the founder of the Chola kingdom.

8. Write a note on the significant features of the Chola administration.

Answer: The Cholas had set up an able and efficient administrative system. The kingdom had been divided into mandalam, kotwangi, nadu, kurram or community of villages and tara-kurram. There was a committee of villagers called Ur in every village. The foremost quality of the Chola administration was the development of the self-governance of the village. The grama sabhas were the first sabhas. Tara-kurram was a village. Every kurram had a village committee named mahasabha. This was also called perumguri and its members perumakkal. The members were chosen through election. Only Sanskrit scholars and rich people were allowed to stand for election.

9. Describe the encouragement given by the Hoysalas to literature.

Answer: Hoysalas encouraged the Kannada literature. Kannada literature flourished immensely. Rudrabhatta wrote ‘Jagannatha Vijaya’, the great poet Janna wrote ‘Yashodhara Charite’, Harihara composed the Champu poem ‘Girija Kalyana’, Raghavanka authored ‘Harishchandra Kavya’ and Keshiraja wrote ‘Shabdamani Darpana’. Even in Sanskrit, memorable works were composed. Sreebhasya by Ramanujacharya and Parasharabhatta composed Sri Guna Ratnakosha.

Some more Questions and answers.

  1. Fill in the blanks.
  2. The Brihadeeshwara temple was built by Rajaraja Chola I
  3. The Cholas constructed the Bellandur Lake near Bangalore.
  4. Vishnuvardhana was theimportant Hoysala king.
  5. Vishnuvardhana earned the title ‘Talakadugonda’.
  6. Answer the following questions.
  7. What are the temples built by the Cholas?

Answer: The Cholas were Shaivites, and they built many Shiva temples. The Brihadeeshwara temple built by Rajaraja Chola I in Thanjavoor, is a very famous one. The Brihadeeshwara temple in Thanjavur is 500 feet tall and it is in a courtyard 250 feet wide. Its shikara is 200 feet tall. The Choleshwara temple was built by Rajendra Chola.  The Aprameya temple near Channapatna, the Choleshwara temple in Begur near Bangalore and the Mukteshwara temple near Binnamangala are the temples built by the Cholas in Karnataka. The temples used to function as economic and cultural centres. The idols of Shiva, Ganapati, Vishnu, Durga and Kartikeya of this time are famous.

  • What are lakes built by the Cholas?

Answer: The Cholas constructed many lakes, and the Bellandur lake near Bangalore is one of these. They built a huge pond in Gangaikonda Cholapuram.

  • Who was the famous among the Hoysala Kings?

Answer: Vishnuvardhana was the famous among the Hoysala Kings.

  • How did Hoysala kings encouraged agriculture?

Answer: To encourage agriculture, the Hoysalas built innumerable lakes like the Shanti Sagara, Ballalaraya Samudra, Vishnu Samudra etc gave the imporatance to agriculture.

  • Write a short note about the administration system of Hosala Kings?

Answer: The Hoysalas had brought into practice provincial system of administration. The power of ruling was given to the Princess, Queens and the Royal family. The officials looked after the administration of the nadu and vishayas. In the villages, there used to be the representatives of the government like the gowda, senabova, talawara and others.

  • How the architecture of Hoysalas is world famous?

Answer: The architecture of the Hoysalas is world-famous. The Hoysalas carved their innumerable sculptures in soap stone. There are five feature that can be seen in all their temples. They have the star shaped sanctum sanctorum, upapeetha (Jagati) decorative panels, shikara and pillers. There are beautiful idols of Madanikas (Shilabalikas) on the brakets of the pillars of Chennakeshava temple at Beluru.

  • Which are the famous temples built by the Hoysalas?

Answer: Vishnuvardhana built the Kirtinarayan temple in Talakadu and the Chennakeshava (Vijayanarayana) temple at Belur. Ketamalla built the Hoysaleshwara temple at Halebidu. The Keshava temple constructed by Somadandanayaka at Somanathapura is famous. There are many temples and basadis in Arasikere, Govindanahalli, Doddagaddavalli and Bhadravati. All these are noted for their extremely delicate carving.

Karnataka 10th Standard, Social, Business Studies, Chapter 33 – CONSUMER EDUCATION AND PROTECTION

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Karnataka 10th Standard, Social, Business Studies, Chapter – 33

CONSUMER EDUCATION AND PROTECTION

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:

1. The other name of the Consumer is User.

2. Person giving goods or services for money is called Provider’.

3. The Consumer Day is observed on March 15 every year.

4. In the case of compensation less than one Crore the complaint has to be submitted to the District Commission.

II. Answer the following questions in one word or sentence each:

5. Who is called a consumer?

Answer: The Service Organisations have used the term ‘User’ to those who use the goods and services. The Government in its consumer protection Act has used the word ‘Consumer’ in place of user.

6. What is the main aim of Consumer Movement?

Answer: The traders or the producers cheat the consumers in many ways. To stop this hindrance some social organisations started some movements. This is the main aim of Consumer Movement.

7. What is the Right of every Consumer?

Answer: The right of every consumer is to get quality goods and services for his money.

8. When did Consumer Protection Act come into force in India?

            Answer: Consumer Protection Act come into force in India in 1986.

9. Who appoints the President of the District Consumer Forum?

Answer: The State government appoints the President of the District Consumer Forum.

III. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each:

10. What are the problems faced by consumers?

            Answer: The problems faced by consumers are,

            It is the right of every consumer to get quality goods and services. The traders or the producers cheat the consumers in many ways. The direct transaction between the producer and the consumer has almost stopped. The Price Fixation of the goods and services was done mainly by the middlemen. It led to many hindrances. Consumers had to face various difficulties and problems. They incurred many losses.

11. What are the causes for consumer exploitation?

            Answer: When agricultural occupations developed, it changed the marketing methods. The direct transaction between the producer and the consumer has almost stopped. The Price Fixation of the goods and services was done mainly by the middlemen. It led to many hindrances. Consumers had to face various difficulties and problems. These are the causes for consumer exploitation.

12. Mention the four important aims of the Consumer Protection Council.

            Answer: The four important aims of the Consumer Protection Council are,

  1. The Act accords importance for safety and quality.
  2. Avoiding production and sale of dangerous goods.
  3. Prevention of Trade Malpractices in the market.
  4. Supervision on Quality, Weights, Measures and Price.
  5. Compensating the Consumers in case of any problem arising as a result of trade.
  6. Creating awareness to the consumers through Consumer Education.

13. What are the major functions of the Consumer Protection Council?

            Answer: The major functions of the Consumer Protection Council are,

  1. The Right to Protect against the marketing of goods which are hazardous to life and property of the consumers.
  2. The Right to Information- information about the quality, quantity, purity, standard etc, to protect the consumer against unfair trade practices.
  3. Right to Choice: Wherever possible access to variety of goods at competitive prices.
  4. Right to be Heard: The interests of the consumers to be heard with due consideration.
  5. Right to seek Redressal against the unfair trade practices or unscrupulous exploitation.
  6. Right to Consumer Education: The Consumers are to be educated about their rights.
  7. Right to stop exploitation.
  8. Right to healthy environment that is good physical environment to enhance the quality of their life.

14. Mention three stages of Consumer Courts.

            Answer: The three stages of Consumer Courts are,

  1. District Commission: There shall be a forum in each district. A qualified district judge nominated by the state government presides over the deliberations.
  2. The State Commission: A person who is or has been a High Court Judge is its president.
  3. The State Commission: A person who is or has been a High Court Judge is its president.

15. What are the methods to follow to file a complaint in consumer court?

Answer: The methods to be followed to file a case in a consumer court are as follows.

  1. There is no prescribed proforma to file a case.
  2. The complaint may be a typed one or hand written.
  3. The complaint should include the name of the person (complainant), Full address and Telephone Number.
  4. The person or organisation against whom the complaint is made should be, mentioned clearly with address.
  5. The particulars of the goods by which the loss has incurred and the amount of loss should be specified clearly. The bill or receipt should be enclosed.
  6. There is no fees or stamp duty for the complaint.
  7. No advocate or lawyer is required. The consumer himself/herself can argue.

IV. Observe the picture given below and answer the questions that fallow:

  1. What is the Company’s name printed on the packet?

Answer: The Company’s name printed on the packet was ‘KHOJATI”

  • What is the maximum price printed?

Answer: the maximum price printed in the packet was Rs 30/-

  • What is the date of manufacturing of this item?

Answer: The date of manufacturing of this item is February 2013.

  • What is the date within which this item is to be used?

Answer: The date within which this item is to be used is January 2016.

10th Standard, Social – Geography CHAPTER 28 – INDIA: MAJOR INDUSTRIES

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10th Standard, Social – Geography CHAPTER – 28

INDIA – MAJOR INDUSTRIES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. Bengal iron company of West Bengal was located in Kulti in West Bengal

2. Manufacturing of cloth from various kinds of fibres is called Textile industry.

3. The first paper industry of India was located on banks of Hoogly river.

4. ISRO was established in the year 1969

II. Answer the following questions in brief:

5. Make a list of industrial zones.

Answer: There are 8 main industrial zones in the country. They are,

1. Hoogly Region  2. Mumbai-Pune Region   3. Ahmedabad-Vadodar Region

4. Damodar  Valley Industrial Region   5. Southern Industrial Region  6. National Capital Region

7. Vishakapatnam – Guntur Region  8. Kollam – Thiruvananthapuram Region.

6. Which are the places of Iron and steel industry?

Answer: The major iron and steel industries in India are:

1. Tata Iron and Steel Plant- TISCO – at Jamshedpur of Jharkhand.

2. Indian Iron and Steel Company – IISCO – Burnpur, West Bengal

3. Visweswarayya Iron and Steel Company – VISCO – at Bhadravathi, Karnataka 

4. Iron and Steel Company at Bhilai, Chattisgarh  5. Iron and Steel Company at Rourkela, Odisha

6. Iron and Steel Company at Durgapur, West Bengal  7. Iron and Steel Company at Bokaro, Jharkhand

8. Iron and Steel Company at Salem, Tamil Nadu

9. Iron and Steel Company at Vishakapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.

7. What are the factors influencing the location of an industry?

Answer: Industries are concentrated mainly in the areas of advantages. Availability of raw materials, energy resources, market, transport facility,  availability of labour, port facility etc, are influenced on the location of industries. Besides, the location of industries is also influenced by the land availability at low cost, technology and government policies. In addition, factors influencing the location of industries vary from one type of industry to another.

8. What are the raw materials used in paper industry?

Answer: The raw materials used for the paper industry are bamboo obtained from the forests, wood pulp and grass.

9. Explain the distribution of cotton textile industries in India.

Answer: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh have maximum number of cotton textiles industries. Mumbai of Maharashtra has highest cotton mills and hence, it is called the ‘Manchester of India’ (Manchester is Britain’s main textile industry centre), ‘Cottonopolis’ of India. In addition, Nagpur, Sholapur, Kolkata of West Bengal, Kanpur of Uttar Pradesh, Indore of Madhya Pradesh, Surat of Gujarat, Coimbatore, Salem and Chennai of Tamil Nadu, Bengaluru and Davangere of Karnataka have cotton textile industries.

10. What are the effects of biotechnology on agriculture?

Answer: Indian Government was established separate corporation in 1986 about the development of Bio-technology, due to this the great revolution was started in agriculture. Through the procedure of grafting in plants and animals and by the use of new seeds, medicines, fertilizers, organic fertilizers, developed hybrid seeds soya beans, maize, cotton etc. have been developed. In recent times, plant biotechnology, environment, bio-diversity and medical biotechnology are also being used. 

11. What are the changes resulting from the use of advanced technology?

Answer: With the development of human knowledge and increased use of advanced technology, the Central Government formally set the Advanced Technology Attachment in1990. As a result of this, advanced technology is used in telephone, internet communication, defence department, weapons and nuclear bombs, satellite launching, Lunar projects like Chandrayana, 

transparent in city administration in government offices (eg: Nemmadi, Sakala, Janaspandana etc.), development of global economic system, educational, social and economic affairs and elections.

12. What are the main achievements of ISRO?

Answer: The main achievements of ISRO are,

1) The Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) was introduced by Indian space organization (ISRO) for enhancing better experience in search – rescue operation.

2) India was the first country to reach MARS for the first time through ISRO.

3) India was the first country to land on the South – pole through the satellite launched by ISRO

III. Match the following:

       A                                                                                                     B

i. Mumbai                                                                            a. Manchester of India

ii. Bengaluru                                                                       b. Silicon Valley

iii. Bhadravathi                                                  c. Vishveshwarayya Iron and Steel Industry

iv. Belagavi district                                                           d. Sugar industries

Some more questions:

  1. Which are the important industries of India?

Answer: The important industries of India are,

  1. Iron and Steel Industry   (b) Cotton Textile Industry
  2. Sugar Industry      (d)  Aluminium Industry    (e) Paper Industry
  3. Knowledge-based Industry (i) Information Technology (IT), (ii) Biotechnology (BT)

(iii) Advanced Technology (AT)

  • What is Textile industry?

Answer: Production of cloth from various types of fibres is called ‘Textile Industry’.

  • When the first cotton textile industry was established in India?

Answer: The first cotton textile industry was established in 1854 at Mumbai and Baruch

  • Write a short note about Sugar industries in India.

Answer: India ranks first in the production of sugar and second in its export. Sugar production was known to Indians since ancient times. This industry is located in sugarcane-growing areas. Maximum number of sugar industries is located in the Ganga river plain region. The sugar industries are found in Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh etc. There are more than 700 sugar mills in India producing about 359 lakh metric tons of sugar. Sugar is being exported to the U.S.A., Britain, Iran, Canada and Malaysia.

  • What are factors of Aluminium Industry in India?

Answer:  Aluminium was discovered recently in the year 1886. It is the most important non-ferrous metal produced in India. Aluminium industries are concentrated in a few places in the country. This industry depends mainly on three factors: supply of electricity, availability of bauxite, availability of other metals and supply of capital. The aluminium industries are in Odisha, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

  • When was Paper industry established in India? Where are the main paper factories in India?

Answer: The first paper industry in India was established in Serampur of West Bengal in 1840 on the banks of the river Hoogly. Majority of the paper industries of the country are found in West Bengal. In addition to these, paper factories are also established in Mumbai, Pune, Chindwara, Amaravathi, Nagpur, Nasik, Karad, Raja Mahendra Varam, Raigadh, Tirupati, Meerut, Varanasi, Ghaziabad and Lucknow. Paper factories are located many places of Gujarat, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. There are many paper mills in various places in the country.

  • Write a paragraph about Information technology in India.

Answer: In order to encourage development of the software industry and its export, the Indian government established Software Technology Parks (STP) in 1991 itself. Today, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh are very much advanced having developed information technology training centres and universities. Software forms a major part of our exports and has enabled us to earn foreign exchange. Bengaluru is the center of Information Technology and it is called Silicon Valley of India.

  • How did Advanced Technology developed in India?

Answer: With the development of human knowledge and increased use of advanced technology, the Central Government formally set the Advanced Technology Attachment in 1990. As a result of this, advanced technology is used in telephone, internet communication, defence department, weapons and nuclear bombs, satellite launching, Lunar projects like Chandrayana, transparent in city administration in government offices (eg: Nemmadi, Sakala, Janaspandana etc.), development of global economic system, educational, social and economic affairs and elections.             

4th Standard, English FL, UNIT – X (Chapter 10) – THIMMAKKA

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4th Standard, English FL, UNIT – X (Chapter 10)

THIMMAKKA

Let us understand:

I. Underline the correct answer:

1. Thimmakka could not go to school because;

a. There was no school in her village.

b. Her parents were very poor.

Answer: Her parents were very poor

2. Thimmakka earned many awards for ___________

a. being illiterate.

b. planting trees.

Answer: planting trees.

II. How many times are the following words repeated in this lesson?

THIMMAKKA: ____7______

TREES : ____4______

PLANTS : _____11_____

SAPLING : _____7_____

III. Answer the following questions:

  1. What did Thimmakka do to keep herself busy?

Answer: Thimmakka decided to do something to keep herself busy. Thimmakka began to plant trees along the road connecting her village with the neighbouring village.

  • Why did Thimmakka want to plant trees?

Answer:  Thimmakka had only one aim – to create life. She decided to grow something. So She decided to plant trees.

  • When did Thimmakka and Chikkaiah plant trees mostly?

Answer: Thimmakka and her husband Chikkaiah planted trees mostly during the monsoon season. They planted the saplings mainly when the rains started.

  • How did people come to know about Thimmakka and her love for plants?

Answer:  One day Thimmakka was shocked to learn that some of the villagers were planning to cut a few of her trees. With the help of the local police she stopped them from cutting the trees. This made news. This is how Many people came to know about Thimmakka’s and her love for plants.

  • How have people shown their appreciation of her work?

Her work has been honoured with many national awards of India.

  • What kind of a woman is Thimmakka?

Saalumarada Thimmakka is an Indian environmentalist from Karnataka who is known for her work in planting and caring for trees. Thimmakka was born in a very poor family in Hulikal village in Magadi taluk near Bengaluru, and so she could not go to school.  She does not know how to read or write.

V. Some plants / trees grow from the seeds and some others grow just by planting the cuttings. Names of some trees and plants are given below, put them in their right boxes.

guava, neem, drumstick, coconut, rose, mango, cactus, hibiscus, papaya,                                                 

Trees/plants grow from seedsPlants/trees grow from cuttings

Guava                                                                                   rose

Coconut                                                                               drumstick

Mango                                                                                  cactus

Papaya                                                                                 neem, hibiscus,

Drumstick                                                                            black neem

VI. There are many action words (verbs) used in this lesson that come after the word ‘to’. These verbs do not specify number and tense.

For example : I like to play.

Identify such verbs and write them in the space provided. Follow the example.

1. to read and write

2. ________to work________________

3. ________to plant________________

4. ________to create________________

5. ________to water________________

VII. Identify the correct phrases and complete the statements given below.

read and write, plant trees, water the plants, stop villagers from cutting the trees, ride a bicycle, keep herself busy.

1. Thimmakka knows how to plant trees.

2. Thimmakka knows how to ______water the plants__________

3. Thimmakka doesn’t know how to ______read and write___________

4. Thimmakka knows how to ________ stop villagers from cutting the trees __________

5. Thimmakka doesn’t know how to _____ride a bicycle___________

6. Thimmakka knows how to __________ keep herself busy _____________

VIII. By adding ‘not’, we can change the meaning of the sentences. Change the following sentences. One is done for you.

1. Villagers could cut the trees.

Villagers could not cut the trees.

2. Thimmakka could go to school.

Thimmakka could not go to school

3. Thimmakka learnt that she would be able to have a child

  Thimmakka learnt that she would not be able to have a child

XI. Questions play an important role in any conversation. We ask questions to seek information. Ask questions for the sentences given below to get the underlined words as answers.

  1. I’m eight years old.

How old are you?

  • My mother helps me with my homework.

Who helps me with my homework?

  • I study for four hours a day.

How many hours you study for a day?

  • No, I watch only cartoons, on T.V.

Are you watching serials on T.V?

  • Yes, I read a lot of comics.

Are you read comics?

10th Standard, Social, Sociology, Chapter 24 – SOCIAL CHALLENGES

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10th Standard, Social, Sociology, Chapter – 24

SOCIAL CHALLENGES

EXERCISES

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

  1. Article ___24___ of the Constitution prohibits employing children for work.

Answer: Article 24

  • The ‘Prohibition of Child Labour Act’ came into practice in the year ___1986____.

Answer: 1986

  • The National Policy was framed in ___1987____ .

Answer: 1987

  • The Prohibition of Dowry Act first came into effect in ___1961_____.

Answer: 1961

  • Protection of Children from sexual offenses (POCSO) act came into force in ____2012____.

Answer: 2012

II Answer the following in one sentence each:

  • Mention any two social challenges plaguing India.

Answer: Two social challenges plaguing India are,

A) Child Labour

B) Child Marriage

7. What is child labourer?

Answer: According to the Constitution, ‘Child labourers are those who are aged below 14 years and work in order to earn money’. Normally, the labour undertaken by minor children are called ‘Child Labour’.

  • What is the meaning of female foeticide?

Answer: When the foetus is that of a girl and the parents do not want a girl baby to be born, they kill it in the womb itself. This is known as ‘female foeticid

  • What is female infanticide?

Answer: ‘The inhuman practice of killing the female baby after it is born is female infanticide’.

  1. What is Child Marriage?

Answer: According to law, the marriage that takes place between a boy of below 21 years and a girl who is below 18 years is child Marriage.

III Discuss the following in groups and answer the following:

  1. Mention the causes for the problem of child labour.

Answer: Poverty, domestic conflicts, divorce, domestic violence, excessive control, greed of industrialists, illiteracy, kidnapping of children and pledging them etc. are the causes behind child labour and its increase.

  1. What are the consequences of child labour?

Answer: The consequences of child labour are,

  1. Child labour is the result of a serious lacuna in the social system.
  2. The people who extract work from children throughout the day, do not pay any attention to their mental, emotional, educational or medical needs. Instead, they harass them physically and mentally.
  3. Due to ill-health, lack of nutritious food and proper medical facilities, forced employment, economic and social exploitation, thousands of child labourers are suffering even today.
  4. At an age when they should have been playing, day-dreaming or studying, their innocence has been snatched away from them by pushing them into employment.
  5. Explain the measures for eradicating the problem of child labour.

Answer: The measures for eradicating the problem of child labour are,

  1. The Central government has launched a programme called ‘Rehabilitation Welfare Fund of Child Labourers’ through which their educational, medical and fundamental needs can be fulfilled, and their exploitation stopped.
  2. To prohibit appointment of child labourers, the ‘Child Labour Prohibition and Control Act (1986)’ has been enacted.
  3. Industrialists who violate this law, will have to mandatorily contribute Rs. 20,000/- per child labourer to the Welfare Fund.
  4. What are the evil effects of dowry system?

Answer: The evil effects of dowry system are,

  1. Dowry diminishes women’s self-respect, dignity and stature. It leads to domestic conflicts.
  2. It also creates animosity between men and women.
  3. Due to this evil, immorality and violence increase. Family relationships suffer.
  4. Families of brides get oppressed under financial constraints. Greed for dowry is leading to deception in the name of marriage.
  5. In order to escape from the dowry menace, people are resorting to child marriage.
  6. Female foeticide and female infanticide are increasing.
  7. The number of divorces are also rising.
  8. What are the solutions for the problem of dowry?

Answer: The solutions for the problem of dowry are,

  1. Under the ‘Prohibition of Dowry Act’ in 1961, marrying under the condition of being provided dowry is prohibited.
  2. Apart from legal measures, encouraging people to become awareness,
  3. inter-caste marriages,
  4. modern mass media,
  5. voluntary organizations and women associations can also help to eradicate this social evil from our midst.
  6. What are the effects of Child Marriage ?

Answer: The effects of Child Marriage are,

  1. The holistic development of children is stunted by child marriage and they lose the power of questioning.
  2. As a result, violations like sexual assaults on children increase the number.
  3. Many rights of children like education, childhood, entertainment, interaction with friends continue to be violated.
  4. Children fall into the trap of malnutrition, anemia, diseases, abortions, infanticide and maternal mortality increases.
  5. The chance of girl becoming a widow at a young age is also more and they become a victim of violence easily.

Some more questions and answers

  1. Expand ‘POSCO’

Answer: Expand form of POSCO is ‘Protection of Children from Sexual Offense’

  • What is “POSCO”

Answer: POSCO (Protection of Children from Sexual Offense) is the protection of children from sexual offenses act, is aimed at curbing the increasing number of sexual assults on children in schools, families and public places these days protetion of children from sexual offenses act 2012 has been passed preventing the increasing sexual violence against children in schools, families and public places these days.

  • What are the reasons for Child marriage?

Answer: The reasons for Child marriage are,

  1. Gender discrimination is the primary reason for Child Marriage. It is believed that since a girl goes to another family after marriage, it is better to send her early.
  2. Lack of education is one of the main reasons for Child Marriage. As the children do not go to school, they end up marrying early.
  3. Lack of proper implementation of law, Poor implementation of legal provisions in school education,
  4. Lack of participation in the part of community and general public in the implementation of child rights and child development programmes has led to the problem of child marriage to prevail.

4 . What are the solutions for Child marriage?

Answer: The solutions for Child marriage are,

  1. Implementing the education Development Programmes without lapses can prevent school dropouts before 18 years of age. This means all the children within 18 years of age should be within the schooling system and should have 100% attendance.
  2. Similarly, birth registration is compulsory and 100% birth registration target is needed.
  3. Importance should be given to girls’ education. They should be empowered on priority.
  4. A child marriage should always be reported, questioned and opposed.

5 . What is Dowry?

Answer: Any kind of property, jewellery or gift given to the bridegroom at the time of marriage, either before or after the marriage is known as ‘dowry’.

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