1. What do the words “heaving” and “shining” refer to?
Answer: The words “heaving” and “shining” refers to a wet road. That means on the route of sea.
2. The word “road” means a track for moving. Is the word “road” used to mean this in the poem? What are the other possible meanings of the word?
Answer: The other possible meanings of the word ‘road’ in this poem was ‘the way what we have to achieve in our life’.
3. Is the poem an expression of the poet’s liking for a journey by sea?
Answer: Yes, The poem an expression of the poet’s liking for a journey by sea. The Poet likes the journey on sea.
4. What is the significance of all the “directions” in the poem?
Answer: The significance of the use of all the directions like North, east, south and west is than man should be ready to travel in all the directions in his life. He should be courageous in quest of knowledge and the purpose for achieve something special in here on the earth.
5. Why does the poet say the road that leads to shipping, is the right road for him?
Answer: The poet say the road that leads to shipping, is the right road for him because he thinks a road without earth’s road-dust
is the right road for him.
6. “In quest of that one beauty God put me here to fail.” What does “that one beauty” refer to?
Answer: “That one beauty” refers to the motive to achieve something in our life.
7. How is the poet’s road different from the road of the other men?
Answer: The road of other men leads to their house. The poet’s road is different as it leads him in various directions like north, south, east and west in order to find the motive to achieve something in his life,
8. Why is the wind described as salt sea wind?
Answer: The wind is described as salt sea wind because wind over the salty sea is blowing and it leads to salt spray in poet’s eyes.
9. Describe the road that the poet would like to take. Example: bronzed sailors go.
Answer: The poet say the road that leads to shipping, is the right road for him because he thinks a road without earth’s road-dust is the right road for him. It is a wet road to all directions like north, south, east and west in order to find the motive to achieve something in his life.
10. Why do you think the poet wants to sail all the time?
Answer: The poet wants to sail all the time because god has sent him to search for that one beauty means the motive to achieve more of life.
11. Do you think the poet loves travelling? Justify your answer.
Answer: Yes, The poet loves travelling because he has an inner urge to explore new places and gain new experiences. He observes what he sees with an open mind and closely explores everything.
convergence : coming together towards a common point.
twin : two (old use, poetical).
smart : elegant, fashionable
stature : size and importance
grace : quality of being beautiful.
Titanic : (n) name of the ship, it comes from “Titan’’ (in Greek legend) one of a family of giants who ruled the world.
hue : the degree of brightness in colour.
iceberg : a large piece of ice floating in the sea, most of which is below the surface.
titanic : (adj) of great strength, size, power,
importance etc.
alien : here, so different as to be the opposite of one another; incompartible.
shadowy : here, hidden, causing a feeling
of mystery and fear.
In shadowy silent distance : This phrase makes the
reader feel something mysterious and fearful.
No mortal eye could see : no one could foretell.
intimate welding : close joining.
history : here, story.
anon : adv. (old use, poetical) in a short time, soon.
Spinner of the years : fate.
consummation : the point at which something is made complete.
Come, let us talk about this poem.
Take turns with your partner to ask or answer the questions given below. Explain to him or her why you think your answer is correct. Quote from the poem if necessary. Write down your answers.
In the first three lines the poet speaks of two things. What are they?
Answer: In the first three lines the poet speaks about smart ship and iceberg.
The poet uses the word “grew” twice. What does he mean in each case?
Answer: The poet uses the word “grew” twice. The word ‘grew’ once signifies the ship’s development and construction, signifying its increasing size and sophistication as it was built. In second time the word ‘grew’ means the iceberg gradually coming closer to the ship in the vast ocean, highlighting the unseen danger and the growing potential for a collision. The first ‘grew’ describes the science and technology and the second ‘grew’ describes the growth of danger in the sea.
What does he say about the ship’s qualities?
Answer: He says that the ship has grown into a greater height and also the quality rendered being beautiful to look at, and also the degree of brightness in colour is also grown.
What is mysterious and fearful? What phrase expresses this idea?
Answer: Mysterious means something that is not known and fearful means something to be afraid of. The phrase ‘In shadowy silent distance grew the iceberg too’ expresses this idea.
In what way are the ship and the iceberg “alien”? Explain.
Answer: The ship and the iceberg are considered “alien” because they are entirely different words and opposite to one another. The ship is a man-made construct of human technology, while the iceberg is a natural phenomenon from the remote. The ship is a product of human, while the iceberg is a purely natural creation.
When you are playing with a top, you spin it and make it spin on the floor. The force of spinning also makes it go round and round in a circle. Now, our earth also does the same. It goes round and round the sun, spinning. So, who is “the Spinner of the years” :- a. the earth? b. the sun? c. the Almighty? d. the fate?
Answer: The Fate.
Two things became historical facts in navigation. What were they?
Answer:
In Thomas Hardy’s poem “The Convergence of the Twain,” the two historical facts that converged are the construction of the Titanic, representing human hubris and technological pride, and the simultaneous formation of the iceberg that would ultimately sink it, signifying the indifferent power of nature; essentially, the collision between human achievement and the natural world.
8. The Atlantic Ocean is vast . The Titanic and the iceberg are mere splash in it. Yet, one obstructs the other in its course. There was a head-on collision. This was the amazing event. (Supply the missing words)
9. The iceberg and the ship were alien. They were like the two hemispheres. Explain what this means.
Answer: The iceberg and the ship were alien. They were like the two hemispheres. Here it means they are different from one another one is natural and the other one is artificial, man-made, as to be the opposite of one another. The two sides purposefully created by the mysterious creator and they have ever since been coming close to their ultimate clash, this sentence gives the idea that human pride was shattered when the ship sank.
10. The event that brought death and destruction was like play to someone. Which two lines say so?
Answer: Till the Spinner of the Years… Said “Now!” and each one hears” these two lines show the event that brought death and destruction was like play to someone.
11. Consider the words – ‘‘……And each one hears …..” This means there were two/three/many who heard. (Underline the correct word)
Answer: Two
12. Consider the word “consummation”. At what point of time in the short life of the ship was the consummation?
a. When the ship stood in the dock in all its glory.
b. When it began to leave and the passengers on the deck were cheered by the people on the ground.
c. When it reached its maximum speed in the open sea.
d. None of the above.
Answer: b) When it began to leave and the passengers on the deck were cheered by the people on the ground.
13. In describing the collision the poet has used three phrases and one word. Scan the poem and find them.
Answer: The three phrases and one word used by the poet when describing the collision.
Consummation
Paths coincident
Twin halves
Jar two hemispheres
D. Writing
Write a short summary of the poem in your own words.
Answer; Thomas Hardy was an English novelist and poet. He described the Titanic incident in this poem. The smart ship named Titanic is being built with stature, grace and hue the iceberg is also taking shape far away. Both, ship and iceberg are totally different like Alien to each other and when they came together it became history. It was a coincident that their paths are bent towards each other and one day it happened, the ship and the iceberg came together and consummation took place and the incident happened. In this incident or accident all the passengers in the Titanic were died.
breeder : one who keeps (animals) for the purpose of breeding animals
galloping : moving swiftly
hooves : the horny covering encasing the foot in certain animals, as the horse and ox.
hired : paid for services
capture : catch
eccentric : abnormal
sustained : suffered
acquitted : declared innocent
emigrate : move from one country to another to reside there
Comprehension :
I. Answer the following questions in a sentence or two each.
1. What was Stanford’s contention of a galloping horse?
Answer: Stanford had an argument over whether a galloping horse ever has all four hooves off the ground or not. Stanford believed that hooves of horses sometimes left the ground completely. So Stanford hired an English photographer named Edward Maybridge with the intention of capturing the truth on a photographic plate.
2. What was “the truth” that Stanford wanted to capture on a photographic plate?
Answer: Experts and artists alike agreed that the hooves of horses always kept at least some contact with the ground. Stanford believed that hooves of horses sometimes left the ground completely. So Stanford hired an English photographer named Edward Maybridge with the intention of capturing the truth on a photographic plate.
3. Why did Maybridge set up a battery of sixteen cameras parallel to the race track?
Answer: Maybridge set up a battery of 16 cameras parallel to a race track in Sacramento with each camera’s shutter connected to a wire stretched across the race track. As the horse galloped past, its legs tipped the shutters in an order, creating a series of photographs, showing the portion of the horse at each instant. He wanted to prove that hooves of horses sometimes left the ground completely.
4. Who helped Stanford to prove himself right?
Answer: English photographer named Edward Maybridge helped Stanford to prove himself right. The horses sometimes left the all four hooves off the ground.
5. What was the special feature of the lightweight camera?
Answer: The special feature of the lightweight camera was, light weight camera and projection systems capable of making movies that could be viewed by an audience.
II. Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. ‘‘He had to wait five years for an answer.”
a. Who does “he” refer to?
Answer: The word “he” refers to ‘Sanford’.
b. What “answer” was he waiting for?
Answer: The “answer” was he waiting for was galloping horses sometimes left the ground completely.
c. Why had he to wait five years?
Answer: He had to wait for five years because Maybridge was an eccentric because of serious head injuries sustained in a stage-coach accident. In 1875, after being tried and acquitted of the murder of an individual, he stayed in central America for a short while. He returned in 1875.
2. ‘‘They gave the first demonstration of their cinematograph system.”
a. Who does “they” refer to?
Answer: The word “they” refers to French photographic materials manufacturer Antoine Lumiere and his sons.
b. When was the first demonstration given?
Answer: The first demonstration given in March 1895.
c. What is a cinematograph system?
Answer: Cinematograph system is a light weight camera and projection systems capable of making movies that could be viewed by an audience.
III. Say whether the following statements are True or False.
Stanford was a racehorse jockey.
Answer: False
2. Experts and artists agreed that hooves of horses always kept some contact with the ground.
Answer: True
3. The images proved all of them wrong.
Answer: True
4. Stanford believed that sometimes the hooves of horses don’t have any contact with the ground.
Answer: True
5. Thomas Edison and his assistant invented the Kinetograph.
Answer: True
Language exercise
I. Vocabulary
One word substitution (look into the dictionary for help):
quest : an attempt to find something, a lone search.
sphere : an area of interest.
look upon : consider.
renounce : give up.
rebellious : disobedient and hard to control.
apparent : seen or understood.
conscience : moral sense.
alien : a foreigner.
mentor : trusted adviser.
impact : profound effect.
urge : advise, advocate.
ultimatum : final warning.
surveillance : a close watch kept on someone.
allegiance : loyalty, faith.
retreat : move back.
tribulation : misery, trouble.
immense : great.
legend : an old story about great events and people.
martyr : someone who dies for a cause.
C. Conversing:
Take turns with your partner to ask and answer the questions given below. Explain to him/her why you think your answer is correct. Quote from the text if necessary. Write down your answers.
How does Subhas’ uniqueness come out in his struggle for freedom? How does he differ from other national leaders? Give two examples.
Answer: In the history of India’s freedom struggle, the place of Subhas Chandra Bose is unique. He was the leader who thought of fighting the brute force of the British by armed force. He had a wonderful organizing capacity. He could raise a modern army of about 75,000 men and women. He inspired them with intense patriotic fervour and a burning desire to free their enslaved motherland.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Subhas Chandra Bose. Each led us in his own way. Bose asked Indians to give him their blood, and he would give them freedom. Gandhi promised freedom without violence. That is how he differ from other national leaders like Gandhi ji and others.
2. Subhas was a wonderful organiser. Give three examples for this.
Answer: Subhas was a wonderful organiser. He had a wonderful organizing capacity. He could raise a modern army of about 75,000 men and women. In the Presidency College, Calcutta, he organised a students’ strike to demonstrate against an English Professor who had insultingly pushed away an Indian student. He travelled throughout the country to organize public opinion against the war effort. Subhas went to South-East Asia and organised the Indian National Army (I.N.A.) to fight against the British. The Indian soldiers and civilians at once declared their allegiance to him and began to call him “Netaji.”
3. Subhas was an inspirational figure. Give three examples for this.
Answer: Indian people were joined the Indian National Army in thousands. Women also joined All-Women Army. He was the leader who thought of fighting the brute force of the British by armed force. He could raise a modern army of about 75,000 men and women. He inspired them with intense patriotic fervour and a burning desire to free their enslaved motherland. The Indian soldiers and civilians at once declared their allegiance to him and began to call him “Netaji.” He gave them the inspiring call of “Jai Hind” and “Dilli Chalo.” He was a doer as well as a thinker, and a fighter who never submitted to defeat. In life, he was a natural leader of men, who inspired immense devotion and loyalty.
4. Subhas was broadminded and spiritual. He worked for national integration and he was a man of vision. Give examples.
Answer: Subhas Chandra Bose, demonstrated his broadmindedness and spiritual nature by actively working towards national integration, respecting diverse religious communities, following the teachings of Swami Vivekananda, and advocating for a unified India where caste and religious differences were not barriers, all while pursuing a vision for a free and independent India through revolutionary means. Subhas was broad-minded and looked at India from an international perspective. Subhas actively reached out to Muslim leaders and communities, emphasizing the importance of Hindu-Muslim unity in the freedom struggle. He actively encouraged dialogue and understanding between different religious communities, believing that national unity could only be achieved by embracing diversity.
5. Give an account of the sacrifices Subhas’ made.
Answer: Subhas promised his father.to take up the ICS examination, and after a year he came out passing in merit. But his conscience did not allow him to serve the alien rulers even as a height executive he resigned the job to sacrifice his life to serve the motherland. He resigned to join Gandhiji’s call of Non-Cooperation. He resigned from the ICS and gave up his job to lead a life of trials and tribulations and returned to India. Bose went on hunger strike to protest against the ill-treatment of prisoners. These are all the sacrifices if Subhas Chandra Bose.
6. Give an account of Subha’s adventurous life.
Answer; Subhash Chandra Bose asked Indians to give him their blood, and he would give them freedom. He was the leader who thought of fighting the brute force of the British by armed force. He had a wonderful organizing capacity. He could raise a modern army of about 75,000 men and women. In the Presidency College, Calcutta, he organised a students’ strike to demonstrate against an English Professor who had insultingly pushed away an Indian student. He appear at the Indian Civil Service (ICS) examination. After a year, he came out successfully and stood fourth in the order of merit. But his conscience would not allow him to serve the alien rulers even as a high executive. So, he resigned from the ICS and returned to India. Bose settled down as principal of National College at Calcutta. But, Bose gave up his job when Gandhiji started the Non-Cooperation Movement. After his release from the jail, Bose formed the “Swaraj Party” and was appointed the editor of the party’s journal “Forward”. Bose became the Executive Officer of the Calcutta Corporation in 1924 and gained valuable experience of planning and practical administration. Subhas made such an impact on the Congress that he was elected twice as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1938 and 1939. Subhas went to South-East Asia and organised the Indian National Army (I.N.A.) to fight against the British. The Indian soldiers and civilians at once declared their allegiance to him and began to call him “Netaji.” He gave them the inspiring call of “Jai Hind” and “Dilli Chalo.”
7. Subhas worked in many different fields – administration, journalism, education, statesmanship and war. Give examples.
Answer: Subhas Chandra Bose worked in many different fields.
Administrative: He had a wonderful organizing capacity. He could raise a modern army of about 75,000 men and women. appear at the Indian Civil Service (ICS) examination. After a year, he came out successfully and stood fourth in the order of merit. Subhas was elected twice as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1938 and 1939. He worked as principal of National College at Calcutta.
Journalism: After his release Bose formed the “Swaraj Party” and was appointed the editor of the party’s journal “Forward”. Bose became the Executive Officer of the Calcutta Corporation in 1924 and gained valuable experience of planning and practical administration.
Education: Bose appear at the Indian Civil Service (ICS) examination. After a year, he came out successfully and stood fourth in the order of merit. He worked as principal of National College at Calcutta.
Statesmanship: Bose was the President of the All India Youth Congress in 1923 and the Secretary of Bengal State Congress.
War: In 1943, Bose proclaimed the formation of the Provisional Government of Free India and declared war on Britain and the United States. He also re-organized the Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army) with help from the Japanese.
D. Word Formation
a. Write three verbs and make the verbs adjectives by using the suffix “-able.”
Example : eat – eatable.
b. Make six sentences using the verbs and the adjectives you have written.
Example : We gave the fruit to the monkey. The monkey ate the fruit. So we thought the fruit was eatable.
Move – moveable – He is trying to move the vehicle. The vehicle is moveable.
Watch- Watchable – Ramesh was watch the cinema. The cinema was watchable.
Walk – Walkable – Sheela is walking. That was walkable distance.
Enjoy – enjoyable – She have full of enjoy while singing. Her song was enjoyable.
Note – Notable – Police was noted the thief. The crime of thief was notable.
2. The world’s first biologically coloned animal is ___ Sheep.
3. The government of Karnataka introduced its industrial policy in the year _____1996____
4. The one who said that ‘cottage industries are the lamps that guide a country on the path of progress’ was ____Mahatma Gandhiji_____ .
II Answer the following in two or three sentences each.
1 What is meant by communication system?
Answer: The process of sending news or information from one person to another or from one place to another is known as ‘Communication System’
2 Which are the three types of mass media?
Answer: The three types of mass media are,
1. Print media
2. Electronic media
3. Entertainment media
3 What is meant by ‘Information Technology’?
Answer: The creation and spread of information with the help of technology is called Information Technology.
4 What do you mean by ‘Biotechnology’?
Answer: The process of utilizing the features of organisms to obtain useful products through technology is called Biotechnology.
5 Which are the districts in Karnataka that have Biotechnology Parks?
Answer: Biotechnological Parks have been established in the Agriculture Universities of Bengaluru and Dharwad. Similarly, in order to make use of marine resources in the coastal areas, a biotechnological centre has been established at Karwar. An Agricultural Biotechnological Institute has been established at Dharwad.
6 Explain the importance of organic farming.
Answer: Modern cultivation methods are being adopted in agriculture and production is being increased. People have realized the ill-effects of the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Recently Save Environment Movement has attempted to bring awareness in the government. Hence, the government has taken measures to encourage the use of organic manure.
7 What is meant by ‘Soil Erosion’?
Answer: The washing away of the upper fertile layer of soil due to natural processes like wind, rain and floods is called ‘soil erosion’. Soil erosion also takes place when forests are destroyed or wrong practices of cultivation are followed.
Some more questions:
What are the Measures taken for the development of agriculture?
Answer: The Measures taken for the development of agriculture are,
1. Irrigation system
2. Emphasis on conservation of soil
3. Encouragement to organic farming
2. What are the major industries of Karnataka?
Answer: The major industries of Karnataka are,
Iron and Steel industry
Aluminium industry
Cotton textile industry
Silk industry
Sugar industry
Paper industry
Electronic industry
Cement industry etc
3 . What are the important irrigation projects of Karnataka?
Answer: The important irrigation projects of Karnataka are Tungabhadra project, Upper Krishna project, Bhadra, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Hemavati, Harangi, Vanivilas, Karanja,Varahi, Bennetore, Hipparagi and other projects.
2 In 1974 D.Devaraj Urs was the Chief Minister of Karnataka.
Answer: D.Devaraj Urs
3 In 1975 L.G.Havanur was the First Chairman of Backward Classes Commission.
Answer: L.G.Havanur
4 The architect of the Panchayat Raj system in Karnataka was Sri Nazeer Sab
Answer: Sri Nazeer Sab
II Answer the following in two or three sentences each.
1 What is ‘land reform’?
Answer: The measures implemented in order to solve the problems with regard to land holdings are called Land Reforms.
2 What were the major land reforms implemented in Karnataka?
Answer: The major land reforms implemented in Karnataka are,
Abolition of the Zamindari system
Reforms in the Tenancy system
Maximum Limit on land holdings
Creation of Economic holdings
Development of Co-operative farming
3 What is meant by ‘economic holdings’?
Answer: The land holdings which enable the cultivator to earn sufficient income for himself and his family to lead a comfortable life after accounting for all his expenses, are called ‘Economic holdings’.
4 Why has the Karnataka government fixed the limit for the maximum area of land that can be owned by a family?
Answer: For removing or Abolition of the Zamindari system, the Karnataka government fixed the limit for the maximum area of land that can be owned by a family.
5 What is ‘co-operative farming’?
Answer: Farmers voluntarily form co-operative associations, give their lands for collective supervision to co-farmers and cultivate the lands together. When the crop is harvested and sold, they set aside money for long-term development of the land and divide the rest of the money among themselves. This is ‘Co-operative Farming System’.
6 How did the L.G.Havanur Commission identify the backwardness of a community?
Answer: The percentage of students of different castes who passed in the S.S.L.C. examination in 1975 was taken as the criterion for determining the backwardness of those castes. That is how the L.G.Havanur Commission identified the backwardness of a community.
7 Why is the Panchayat Raj system significant?
Answer: Panchayat Raj system can be defined as the decentralization of administration. It aims at giving authority to the local people to participate in administration and take decisions. The Panchayat Raj system is significant because, the Panchayat Raj system laid a solid foundation for the birth of democratic bodies at the grassroot level in Karnataka.
Some more questions :
What are the three levels of the administrative system of Karnataka?
Answer: The three levels of the administrative system of Karnataka are,
Gram Panchayat
Taluk Panchayat
Zilla Panchayat
2 . What are the main features of the 1974 Land Reform (Amendment) Act?
Answer: The main features of the 1974 Land Reform (Amendment) Act are,
It cancelled all kinds of tenancy.
The tiller was given the opportunity to establish his right on the land that he was cultivating.
All the lands under tenancy came into the possession of the government. Those who wished to establish their rights on the land and those who wanted compensation had to apply through a tribunal.
The decision of the tribunal was final. Its judgement could be questioned only in the High Court.
Work with your partner, sitting next to you, and do this exercise. If your answer is “Not true”, say what is true. Substantiate all the answers by reading to him/ her the relevant sentences in the passage. Write down your answers.
The director woke up with the feeling that the building a. would be flooded, b. would be burnt down, c. would collapse. (Underline the phrase that completes the sentence)
Answer: c. would collapse
The director cut off his wife’s call because he wanted to save himself first. (True/ Not True)
Answer: True
The director lost the chance of hearing his wife’s last words. (True/Not True)
Answer: True
Car Nicobar Islands stand the highest among Nicobar Islands. (True/Not True)
Answer: True
Port Blair was hit by the rising sea before Car Nicobar Islands. (True/ Not True)
Answer: True
The director heard from Malacca that his family had survived. (True/ Not True)
Answer: Not true – Malacca had been badly hit and there were some survivors, but as for his family there was no news.
The director’s heart broke when he felt his son’s misery. (True/ Not True)
Answer: True
The poor thirteen-year-old’s misery was that he had not been able to save his mother and sister. (True/ Not True)
Answer: True
When did the director become really anxious?
Answer: The water in the harbour had begun to rise very rapidly and the anchored ships seemed to be swirling. Director ran to the higher ground with others. Then it occurred to the director that Nicobar Islands are low – lying islands and some like Car Nicobar islands stand no more than a few meters above the sea level at their highest point. This made him anxious. Because, his wife and children were staying in low level Island.
What did the director’s son tell him?
Answer: Director spoke to his son directly later that night and learnt that the family had been in the bedroom when the earthquake started. A terrifying sound from the direction of the sea had driven them into the drawing room, but the boy had kept running. When the wave hit, the house dissolved into splinters and the boy was carried away as if on a wind. Flailing his arms, he managed to take hold of something that seemed to be fixed to the earth. Through wave after wave he managed to keep his grip. When the water receded, he saw that he was holding on to the only upright structure. Then the director asked about his mother and sister, the son of the director started crying and him that his mother and sister are just disappeared.
The mother and the sister had died. The boy feels he is to be blamed. This shows his sense of responsibility. Explain this point.
Answer: “And your mother and sister?” the director had asked. “Baba, they just disappeared” – And now for the first time the boy began to cry. The director’s heart broke because he knew his son was crying because he thought he would be scolded and blamed for what had happened. This cry shows his responsibility. The boy thought that he failed to his responsibility. He wanted to save his mother and sister.
The director wanted to mourn alone quietly. (True/ Not True)
Answer: True
Why did the director choose his slides and not anything else?
Answer: The Director did not pick it up. He said, “What good will it do? What will it give back?” The director chooses his slides and not anything else because, it may cause more pain in his future life. This things brings the memory of past and could be more painful to him. It is an expression of the innermost sovereignty of the self because nothing now remains to cloud its vision. In the manner of his choosing there was not a particle of hesitation or the faintest glimmer of doubt. Perhaps he must have found some comfort in the knowledge of an impersonal effort.
“Words seem futile,” says the author. Explain what he means.
Answer: The author says that the words seem futile because the director did not want sympathy from others. He wanted to be alone at the time of the tragedy was happened. Sometimes, words seem futile, and at these moments, it seems nothing is of value other than to act and intervene in the course of events.
How did the author himself intervene and act in the course of the events?
Answer: The author realized that the director did not want sympathy from others. He wanted to be alone at the time of the tragedy was happened. Author thought the words of sympathy does not work in sometimes. And at these moments, it seems nothing is of value other than to act and intervene in the course of events. Even thinking, reflecting and writing about it seem trivial and wasteful.
D. Word Formation
Write the names of five countries and then make words from them using the suffix “-an”.
Example : America – American (person/language).
Add a noun to each word you have made to make a noun phrase.
Example : American scientist.
E. Grammar: The Suffix
Suffixes help words to do different functions of grammar.
Example:
surprise (n); surprise (v);
surprised, surprising (adj)
surprisedly, surprisingly (adv)
Exercise:
Fill in the blanks to supply the correct forms of the word “surprise” :
1. Surprised at finding the lone, hungry cub grandfather brought it home.
2. A tiger on the leash surprised people on the street.
3. It was a surprise for them to see a man with a tiger.
4. “Don’t be surprised if he eats up Mahamoud,” said Grandmother.
5. Surprisingly, the tiger didn’t harm the man.
6. Surprisedly, they all watched the man petting the tiger.
(Note: Sentences 5 and 6 begin with adverbs)
(Note: You have learnt earlier that an adverb modifies the meaning of a verb, or an adjective, or another adverb. But here is something more to learn. An adverb can also modify the meaning of a whole sentence. The sentences 5 and 6 you have written are examples of this function of the adverb.)
Exercise: Write two more sentences beginning with
fortunately…. 2. unfortunately….
Fortunately: Fortunately, I got the award from the university.
Unfortunately: Unfortunately I just missed the rank by just one mark.
About the author:
Amitav Ghosh is a famous journalist, sociologist and novelist. He was born on July 11, 1956, at Calcutta, to Lieutenant Colonel Shailendra Chandra Ghosh, Retired Officer of the Pre-Independence Indian Army. He studied in Doon School, Dehradoon and St. Stephen’s College, Delhi. He earned the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from St. Edmund’s Hall, Oxford. He has been a Visiting Professor at Harvard University since 2005. He teaches Comparative Literature.
1. The government manages the public finance through ______________.
Answer: fiscal policy
2. In the budget, when the government’s revenue is more than its expenditure, it is called ____
Answer: Surplus Budget
3. The person who presents the Central Government Budget in the Lok Sabha is ____________
Answer: Finance Minister of India
4. The revenue generated by the government through internal and external loans is __
Answer: Capital receipts.
5. GST Stands for ______________.
Answer: Goods and Service Tax
II. Answer the following in one sentence each:
6. What is Public Finance?
Answer: The finance of the government is called Public Finance.
7. What do you mean by Budget?
Answer: The statement of estimated income and expenditure of a year prepared by the government is called Budget.
8. Give the meaning of Deficit Budget.
Answer: If the expenditure is more than the income, it is called Deficit budget.
9. What are Direct Taxes?
Answer: When the tax is paid by an individual on whom it is imposed, it is called Direct Tax. Personal Income Tax, Corporate Tax, Wealth Tax, Stamp Duty etc. are the Direct taxes.
10. Express fiscal deficit in the form of a formula.
Answer: In the budget, if the government’s expenditure is more than its revenue receipts and non-debt capital receipts, it is called fiscal deficit. Formula: Fiscal deficit = (Revenue receipts + Non-debt Capital Receipts) – Total Expenditure
III. Answer the following in five-six sentences each:
11. Explain the differences between personal finance and public finance.
Answer: The differences between Personal finance and Public finance are as follows.
Personal or Private Finance
Public Finance
Pe1. Personal or private finance relates income and expenditure of one person or one family.
1. Public finance relates to the income and expenditure of the government.
2. In Private finance, individuals calculate their income before hand and then spend it accordingly.
2. In public finance, the government calculates its expenditure first and then adjusts its income accordingly.
3 – Personal financial transactions are kept confidential.
3. Public financial matters are discussed in the legislative houses.
4. When an individual or a family saves money, it will supplement their prosperity.
4) When the government saves money, growth is stunted. Hence governments always try to show more expenditure on developmental works.
12. Explain briefly the significance/importance of public finance.
Answer: The significance of public finance is,
A government, with an intention to establish economic progress and financial stability, announces the fiscal policy related to its income, expenditure and debt.
1) The government manages public finance according to fiscal policy.
2) Public finance is managed keeping in mind the progress of the nation.
3) The government, through its fiscal policies, formulates methods to equitably distribute the country’s natural wealth, labour and capital investment, and tries to maximize the production.
4) The government tries to ensure the equitable distribution of the income generated amids all sections of the people, and tries to see that all people live comfortably.
5) Nation’s progress can be achieved by achieving the welfare of the people.
6) The government, policies, enhances the public expenditure in priority areas like agriculture, small scale industries and basic infrastructure.
7) The government takes steps to ensure a balanced growth in all spheres of the economy.
8) Developing countries like India utilize public finance in order to eradicate poverty and unemployment to regulate financial upheavals and commodity prices.
9) To establish financial stability Government uses financial policy as a weapon.
13. List the plan expenditure of the Central Government.
Answer: Under the Central Planned Expenditure, the government spends money on three types of services and development. They are:
1. Financial services – Agriculture and agriculture-related activities, industry, communication, fuel, science and technology, rural development etc.
2. Social services – Education, health, hygiene, family welfare, drinking water supply, housing, social welfare etc.
3. General services – The expenditure incurred on maintenance of peace, law and order.
14. Explain the aspects of non-tax revenue of the Central government.
Answer: Apart from taxes, the government generates revenue from other sources. This is called Non-tax revenue. The main types of Non-tax revenue are as follows.
1. The net profit earned by the Reserve Bank of India.
2. The net profit generated by the Indian Railways.
3. The revenue generated by the Departments of Post and Telecommunications.
4. The revenue generated by the Public Sector Industries.
5. The revenue generated by the Coins and Mints.
6. Various types of fees and penalties etc.
15. What is fiscal deficit? Mention the four kinds of fiscal deficit.
Answer: In the budget, if the government’s expenditure is more than its revenue receipts and non-debt capital receipts, it is called fiscal deficit.
Four kinds of fiscal deficit: Fiscal deficit, Budget Deficit, Revenue Deficit and Primary Deficit are the four kinds of fiscal deficit. They are calculated as follows.
Fiscal deficit = (Revenue receipts + Non-debt Capital Receipts) – Total Expenditure
Budget Deficit = Total Revenue – Total Expenditure
Answer: Surplus Budget, Deficit Budget and Balanced Budget are the three types of Budget. If the budget shows excess income as compared to expenditure, it is called Surplus budget. If the expenditure is more than the income, it is called Deficit budget. If both income and expenditure are the same, it is called Balanced budget.
2. What is Public expenditure? Mention the two types of Public expenditure.
Answer: The government spends money for various purposes like defence, administration, economic development and welfare of the people. This is called Public Expenditure. Revenue expenditure and the Capital Expenditure are the two types of Public expenditure.
3. What is Revenue expenditure? Write the types of revenue expenditure.
Answer: The expenditure incurred by the Central government from the sources of revenue income is called Revenue Expenditure. Planned Expenditure and Non-planned Expenditure are the two types of revenue expenditure.
4. What is the Planned expenditure? What are the three services under the Planned expenditure?
Answer: The expenditure incurred by the government towards financial and social services, nation-building exercises and developmental works is called Planned Expenditure. Under the Central Planned Expenditure, there are three types of services and development. They are,
1. Financial services – Agriculture and agriculture-related activities, industry, communication, fuel, science and technology, rural development etc.
2. Social services – Education, health, hygiene, family welfare, drinking water supply, housing, social welfare etc.
3. General services – The expenditure incurred on maintenance of peace, law and order.
5. What is the Non-Planned expenditure? What are they?
Answer: With the exception of developmental activities, expenditure incurred on administration, defence, interest payment and other heads is called Non-planned expenditure. The major heads of non-plan expenditure are civil administration, defence, interest payment, allocations to states and various subsides etc.
6. What are Capital Expenditure?
Answer: The money spent by the government on agriculture, industry, transport, electricity, irrigation projects and other developmental activities along with creation of new assets is called Capital Expenditure.
7. What is Public revenue?
Answer: The government collects income from varied sources to meet its expenditure. This is called Public Revenue.
8. What is Revenue receipts ? Write the two types of the revenue receipts.
Answer: The income generated by the government through taxes and non-tax sources is called Revenue Receipts. This is the actual revenue of the government. Revenue Receipts are of two types: 1.Tax revenue 2.Non-tax revenue.
9. What is Tax? What are the two types of taxes?
Answer: The money paid by the citizens without any expectation in return is called Tax. The two types of taxes are,
Direct Taxes: When the tax is paid by an individual on whom it is imposed, it is called Direct Tax.
Indirect Taxes: If the burden of tax imposed by the government is transferable to others, it is called Indirect Tax.
10. What is Capital receipts? Why this was generated?
Answer: The revenue generated by the government which is intended to be used to create new assets in various fields of the economy, is called Capital Receipts. This revenue is generated to meet the expenses required for the development of agriculture, industries, irrigation, electricity, basic amenities etc.
2. How does nature disturb the stones on the wall?
Answer: Nature disturbs the stones on the wall through heavy frost and rain and wind.
3. How do hunters disturb the stones on the wall?
Answer: Hunters can disturb the stones on the wall by allowing rabbits to come out so that their dogs can catch them.
4. Who does “they” in line 7 refer to?
Answers: The word “they” in line 7 refer to ‘hunters’.
5. Who are the two characters in the poem? (Note: the speaker is not the poet)
Answer: The speaker and the neighbour are the two characters in the poem.
6. When does the mending of the wall take place?
Answer: The mending of the wall takes place in early spring, after the winter frosts have damaged the wall.
7. When the poet says, “we have to use a spell to make them balance”
a) he really means that they had to use a magic spell to make the stones stand one above the other
b) he is just saying it humorously
c) he regrets that he did not know magic.
Answer: he is just saying it humorously
8. “I let my neighbour know…” (line 12)
What did the speaker let the neighbour know?
Answer: the speaker lets his neighbor know that he doesn’t need the wall because there are no cows to contain. The speaker also suggests that they might be better off if they stopped repairing the wall altogether.
9. a) What is referred to as just another outdoor game?
Answer: The speaker refers to keeping stones in place as “just another kind of outdoor game”.
b) Why does the speaker call it a game?
Answer: The speaker calls it a outdoor game because there is one opponent on each side and mending the wall serves no purpose.
10. What argument does the speaker give to convince his neighbour that they do not need the wall?
Answer: the speaker argues that a wall is unnecessary between his and his neighbor’s properties because the speaker points out that nature constantly erodes the wall through frost and other natural elements. The speaker also points out that there is no need for separation between their neighbors because they have different fields. The speaker’s property is covered in apple trees, and his neighbor’s is covered in pine trees. Since neither of them raise cattle, there is no fear of cows venturing onto the other’s property.
11. What is the neighbour’s stock reply?
Answer: The neighbor’s stock reply is “Good fences make good neighbours”
12. By building a wall between neighbours, what are we “walling in” and what are we “walling out?”
Answer: By building a wall between neighbours, we are walling in our things stating their ownership and we are walling out so that no one comes in our property. When a wall is built between neighbors, the owner is “walling in” their things and “walling out” anyone who might enter their property.
13. The speaker says, “I rather / he said it for himself”
a) What does “it” refer to here?
Answer: “it” refers to the neighbor’s statement, “good fences make good neighbors”. The speaker and his neighbor have different views on whether to build and maintain a wall between their farms. ‘it” refers to the thing that is destroying the wall.
b) What does the speaker mean by this statement?
Answer: The speaker means that someone doesn’t want the existence of this wall and this is thereason that it is being broken again and again.
14. How does the neighbour carrying a stone in each hand appear to the poet?
Answer: The poet sees his neighbor as a savage from the old stone era when he silently carries stones to place on the wall.
15. Darkness in line 41 refers to
a) darkness in the woods under the shade of tree.
b) a mental darkness, ignorance
c) his “blindness” to see the light in the speaker’s arguments.
Answer: a mental darkness, ignorance
16. Frost says that his poem is a metaphor, saying one thing and meaning another. The wall in the poem is a metaphor. What do you think is the metaphorical meaning of wall?
Answer: The metaphorical meaning of wall is the negativity of the emotions that erupt between humans and as a result it blocks their relationships
17. Why do you think the speaker resents the wall? What does he want?
Answer: The speaker resents the wall because it is broken every time, it gets repaired. Moreover it appears to him as a game as there is no use of it. He doesn’t want this barrier between him and his neighbour.
B. Close Study
Read the following extracts carefully. Discuss in pairs and then write the answers to the questions given below them.
1. “He moves in darkness as it seems to me,
Not of woods only and the shade of trees.”
Who does “he” in the first line refer to?
Answer: The Neighbour
2. What does “darkness” mean here?
Answer: Neighbour’s mindset. His Ignorance about speaker’s words.
3. Why does the speaker say that “he” moves in darkness?
Answer: The speaker says that The neighbour moves in darkness because he just repeats a sentence his father had told him and doesn’t give any other explanation for maintaining the wall.
2. “Stay where you are until our backs are turned”
a) Who are these words said to?
Answer: The Stones
b) Who does “our” refer to?
Answer: The Speaker and the neighbour.
c) What is the tone of the speaker?
Answer: Uncertainty and questioning
III. PARAGRAPH WRITING :
Discuss in pairs the answers to the following questions. Individually note down the points and then develop the points into one paragraph answer.
If you were given a chance to live with one of these characters in the poem, whom would you like to live with? Why?
Answer: If I have a chance to live with one of these characters in the poem, I would like to live with Speaker. Because he is very logical and have reasonable thoughts. He doesn’t wants to barriers between human beings.
IV. ACTIVITIES :
1. The two characters, the speaker and the neighbour, have two totally opposing views on having a wall between their fields. Given below are a few statements, opinions and attitudes. Say whom does each apply to? The first two are done for you.
i. “Something there is that doesn’t love a wall” – speaker
ii. “good fences make good neighbours” – neighbour
iii. very conservative – Neighbour
iv. logical and reasonable – Speaker
v. light-hearted, humorous – Speaker
vi playing safe – neighbour
vii. Respects tradition – neighbour
viii. even God and nature seem to be against a wall between men – The Speaker
ix. apple orchard – The Speaker
x. living beyond the hills – The Neighbour
xi. an old stone savage – The Neighbour
xii. cosmopolitan in outlook. – The Speaker
2. Group Discussion
Man has built many walls (barriers) that separate man from man. There are social, cultural, religious, regional, political and other barriers all around us.
2. Are these barriers necessary for a good and happy co-existence?
Answer: These barriers are not necessary for a good and happy co-existence.
3. Why are they bad?
Answer: Because all these barriers divides the human beings.
4. What can you do to break these barriers?
Answer: We can educate the people and spread awareness to break these barriers.
5. Imagine your life without any barriers. What kind of life would it be?
Answer: Our life will happy and peaceful life without any barriers.
NOTE ON THE AUTHOR :
Robert Frost (1874-1963) was born in San Francisco. He is regarded highly for his realistic depiction of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech. His work frequently employs settings from rural life in New England in the early twentieth century, using them to examine complex social and philosophical themes. He became one of the country’s best-loved poets. Despite the surface cheerfulness and descriptive accuracy of his poems, he often presents a dark, sober vision of life, and there is a decidedly thoughtful quality to his work. A popular and oft-quoted poet, Frost was honored frequently during his lifetime, receiving four Pulitzer prizes for poetry.
The last Governor General of the British India was _______.
Answer: Lord Mountbatten
The first Home Minister of India was ______________.
Answer: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
The first President of India was _____________.
Answer: Babu Rajendra Prasad
Pondicherry joined India as a Union Territory in _________.
Answer: 1954
The linguistic organization of India took place in __________.
Answer: 1953
II Discuss the following in groups and answer them:
6. What were the problems faced by India after Independence?
Answer: The declaration of the British government on the 3rd of June 1947, based on the report of Lord Mountbatten, formed the basis for the creation of two independent countries called India and Pakistan. August 15th 1947 was a day of joy and sorrow for Indians. Although Indians were not in favour of separate countries for Hindus and Muslims, it became inevitable due to the ‘Divide and Rule’ policy of the British. Many problems cropped up along with independence. Many questions like rehabilitation of refugees, communal riots, formation of government, integration of various provinces, production of food, development of agriculture, growth of industries etc. had to be dealt with.
7. How did the country deal with the problem of refugees?
Answer: The problem of refugees was one of the worst problems resulting from the partition of India. Due to the division, people had to migrate from Pakistan to India leaving their homes,familiar environment, property etc., and go to a new place. The burden of providing shelter, employment, land, education, health care, conducive social environment to these refugees fell on the government. Many efforts went into this process of rehabilitation.
8. Describe the manner in which Pondicherry was liberated from the French.
Answer: The French colonies had continued their hold on Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Chandranagar in post-independence India. As a result of the struggle by the Congress, the Communists and other organizations urging that it should be a part of India, in 1954, these provinces joined India. Pondicherry was declared a Union territory in 1962. Pondicherry was renamed as puducherry in 2006.
9. How was Goa liberated from the Portuguese?
Answer: An endless struggle took place demanding the inclusion of Goa which was under the imperialist rule of Portugal, with India. Though they were ordered to give up Goa, the Portuguese brought in additional troops from Africa and Europe, and tried to strengthen their hold by suppressing the movement. In 1955, satyagrahis from different parts of India gathered at Goa and began a liberation movement demanding that the imperialists quit Goa. In 1961, the Indian army intervened and took Goa under its control. Goa which remained a Union Territory till 1987, became a state later on.
10. Why was the state re-organisation commission formed by the government of India in 1953?
Answer; The administration was not effective during the times of the British and the princely kingdoms because the language used for administration was different from the language of the common man. In this backdrop, the desire for linguistic formation of states was intense. After Potty Sriramulu, under the aegis of the Andhra Mahasabha, went on a fast-unto- death satyagraha for 58 days and then died in 1952 demanding the formation of Vishalandhra state, this demand became much more severe. In 1953 the government formed Justice Fazal Ali Commission in which Fazal Ali was the Chairman, K.M.Panickker and H.N.Kunjru were the members. In 1953 Andhra Pradesh became the first state to be formed based on language. As per the report of the Commission, the State Reorganisation Act came into force in 1956. Accordingly, 14 States and 6 Union Territories were formed in the country.
IV Projects:
I . Make a list of the capitals and administrative languages of the states in India.
Karnataka: Capital: Bengaluru, Official language: Kannada
Kerala: Capital: Trivandrum, Official language: Malayalam
Madhya Pradesh: Capital: Bhopal, Official language: Hindi
Maharashtra: Capital: Mumbai, Official language: Marathi
Andhra Pradesh: Capital: Amaravati, Official language: Telugu
Arunachal Pradesh: Capital: Itanagar, Official language: English
Assam: Capital: Dispur, Official language: Assamese
Bihar: Capital: Patna, Official language: Hindi
Chhattisgarh: Capital: Raipur, Official language: Chhattisgarhi
Goa: Capital: Panaji, Official language: Konkani
Gujarat: Capital: Gandhinagar, Official language: Gujarati
Haryana: Capital: Chandigarh, Official language: Haryanvi
Himachal Pradesh: Capital: Shimla, Official language: Hindi
Jammu and Kashmir: Capital: Srinagar (summer), Jammu (winter), Official language: Urdu
Jharkhand: Capital: Ranchi, Official language: Hindi
Manipur: Capital: Imphal, Official language: Manipuri
Meghalaya: Capital: Shillong, Official language: English
Mizoram: Capital: Aizawl, Official language: Mizo
Nagaland: Capital: Kohima, Official language: English
Odisha: Capital: Bhubaneswar, Official language: Oriya
Punjab: Capital – Chandigarh, Language – Punjabi
Rajastan: Capital – Jaipur, Language – Hindi
Sikkim: Capital – Gangtok, Language – Nepali
Tamil Nadu: Capital – Chennai, Language – Tamil
Telangana: Capital – Hyderabad, Language – Telugu
Tripura: Capital – Agartala, Language – Bengali and Kokborok
Uttar Pradesh: Capital – Lucknow, Language – Hindi
Uttarakhand: Capital – Dehradun, Language – Hindi
West Bengal: Capital – Kolkata, Language – Bengali
II. With the help of your teacher, learn about the cultural significance of our neighbouring states.
The cultural significance of our neighbouring states.
Karnataka: Karnataka is known as the cradle of temple architecture, with the Southern Vimana and Northern Rekhaprasada styles evolving in the Malaprabha valley. Karnataka has a rich musical heritage, including the Karnatic music school and Gamaka. The Mysore school of painting is known for its simplicity and intricate detailing. Tribal art is another indigenous art form. Karnataka has distinctive styles of sculpture, including Chalukya, Hoysala, and Vijayanagara.
Andhra Pradesh: Andhra Pradesh is famous for its classical dance forms, including Kuchipudi, Vilasini Natyam, Bhamakalapam, and Butta Bommalu (stick puppetry). The region is home to many architectural marvels, including the ancient city of Amaravati, and the temples of Tirupati, Srisailam, and Simhachalam. Karnatak (South Indian) music has derived much from Andhra roots. The state is known for its traditional handloom products like Pochampally and Mangalgiri sarees, as well as Kalamkari fabric. Kondapalli toys, made from softwood and beautifully painted, are also popular souvenirs.
Tamil Nadu: Tamil Nadu’s architecture is characterized by Dravidian style, which includes grand temples with intricate gopurams. The state also has rock-cut caves and monolithic temples, such as the Shore Temple in Mahabalipuram, which was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984. Bharatanatyam is a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu’s cuisine is known for dishes like idli, dosa, rasam, sambar, and pongal. Rice is a staple food, and is often served with sambar and coconut chutney. Tamil Nadu has many festivals, including Pongal, Tamil New Year, Thaipusam, Karthikai Deepam, Aadi Perukku, Panguni Uthiram, and Vaikasi Visakam. Tamil Nadu has a rich literary heritage that includes the Sangam literature, Tirukkural, and the contributions of authors during the Tamil Renaissance. Women often wear colorful silk saris, especially on special occasions, while men traditionally wear dhotis. Tamil Nadu is known for its Tanjore paintings, brass and bronze work, and Kanchipuram silk sarees.
Kerala: Kerala is known for its music forms, including Sopanam and Opana, and is home to legendary music maestros like K.J. Yesudas and Raveendran. Kerala is known for its art forms, including Kathakali, a classical dance-drama that combines opera, ballet, masque, and pantomime. Other art forms include Mohiniyattam, a dance known for its graceful movements and expressive gestures. Kerala is also known for its handicrafts, such as wood carvings, metalwork, and pottery. Kerala’s architecture is marked by intricately carved temples and traditional wooden homes. Kerala is known for its martial art form, Kalaripayattu, which is believed to be one of the oldest martial arts in the world. Kerala’s festivals include Onam, Vishu, Eid, and Thrissur Pooram. The Navarathna ring, featuring nine precious gemstones, is a highly auspicious piece of jewelry traditionally worn in Kerala. Kerala was once home to Nagaradhana, or snake worship, which was practiced by nearly every Hindu community in the state.
Maharashtra: Maharashtra is known for its colorful festivals, including Ganesh Chaturthi, Naag Panchmi, and Gudi Padwa. Maharashtra has spicy regional cuisines, and traditional dinner items are arranged in a circular way. Men wear dhotis, which are long cloths wrapped around the legs, and women wear saris, which are colorful cloths wrapped around the body. Popular traditional forms of dance and music include Koli, Powada, and Lavani. Maharashtra has many heritage sites, including the Gateway of India, Ajanta and Ellora Caves, and Raigad Fort.
