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10th Standard, Social History, Chapter – 3, The Impact of the British Rule in India

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10th Standard, Social History, Chapter – 3

The Impact of the British Rule in India

Exercises

I. Fill in the following blanks with suitable answers:

1. Diwani Adalat in civil court was introduced by Warren Hastings

2. The post of Superintendent of Police was created by Lord Cornwallis

3. The Permanent Zamindari system was introduced in Bengal and 

Bihar provinces in 1793.

4. The Land tax system introduced by Alexander Reed is Ryotwari System

5. The report given by Macaulay became the base of modern education system.

6. The Regulating Act was implemented in the year 1773.

II. Discuss and answer the following questions:

7. Illustrate the judicial system formulated through The British East India Company.

Answer: A new Judicial System started finding roots when the British rule began taking over from the Mughal rule. After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam handed over the ‘Diwani Rights’, the authority to collect land taxes to the British. With this, Dual-Administration came into effect in Bengal region. This is also called as ‘Dual-Governance’. Later on the British thought of bringing more centralized judicial system in India. With the implementation of this system, the British overtook the authority of the Mughal and established their supremacy in India. This was attained by implementing new Judicial System in India. According the administrative plan devised by Warren Hastings who took over the administration as Governor in 1772, two types of courts were needed to be established in each district: ‘A Diwani Adalat’ as a civil court and ‘Nijamat Adalat’ as a criminal court. In these civil courts Hindus were dispensed justice as per the Hindu scriptures and the Muslims as per the Shariyat. Slowly, the British legal procedures were introduced in the criminal courts. Civil courts came under the administration of European officers. Though the criminal courts were under the control of ‘Qajis’, they were functioning under the supervision of European officers.

8. What were the measures undertaken at the time of the British in Police system?

Answer: The Police were in charge of maintaining the internal law and order situation. Lord Cornwallis implemented the efficient Police System in India for the first time. He created the new post of Superintendent of Police (SP). He divided a district into many ‘Stations’ in 1793 and put every station under a ‘Kotwal’. Similarly he put every village under the care of ‘Chowkidhar’. ‘Kotwal’ was made accountable for thefts, crimes and other law violations at village level. The severe drought of 1770 led to a weak law and order situation. Hence, the entire police system was brought under the control of the British Officers. The system of appointing British Magistrates started in 1781. The Police Officers were under the power of the Magistrates. The Police system underwent continuous changes. In 1861, the Indian Police Act was implemented. This law became the base of good law and order as well as administration. But, Indians were not appointed for the post of officers. In 1902, the Police Commission allowed the appointment of suitable Indians qualified for the post of the police officers. In spite of all these measures, the discrimination against the Indians did not end.

9. British land tax system made the Indian farmers to “born in debt, lived in debt and died in debt”. How? 

Answer: Though the small farmers were given land ownership, they were subjected to more suffering due to heavy land taxes. The officials took punitive actions to collect land taxes. The farmers had to borrow from the money lenders whenever the crops failed. They had to sell their lands whenever they failed to repay the loans. Though the British East India company government claimed that the new system benefit the farmers, the irony was that more farmers had to lose their lands due to its implementation. According to Charles Metcalf, “the Indian farmers were born in debt, lived in debt and died in debt due to the land tax policies of the British”.

10. What were the main aspects of Ryotwari system?

Answer: The Ryotwari System was first implemented in Baramahal region by Alexander Reed in 1792. This system was later implemented in Madras and Mysore region by Thomas Munroe in 1801. Most of these regions had become part of British Empire by that time. 

Under this system, both the farmer and the British East India company were directly linked. The tiller of the land was recognized as the owner of the land. The owner had to pay fifty percent of produce as land tax to the British East India company government. The land tax had thirty years tenure. The tax could be reviewed after this tenure. 

11. What were the effects of British Land taxes?

Answer: The Impact of British Land Tax system are,

1. A new class of Zamindars who exploited the farmers was created.

2. The farmers who were subjected to the exploitation of the Zamindars, became landless slowly.

3. Land became a commodity. Loans could be raised by mortgaging the lands. 

4. Many Zamindars also had to mortgage their lands in order to pay the land taxes.

5. The Agriculture sector became commercialized and had to grow raw materials needed by industries back in England.

6. The money lenders became strong.

12. Make a list of the effects of British Education in India.

Answer: The effects of British Education in India are,

1. Indians could develop modernity, secularism, democratic attitudes and rationality along with Nationalistic ideals. 

2. Impetus was received for the local literature and languages. This facilitated unity in thinking process among the educated class.

3. Periodicals started emerging. These scrutinized the policies and working of the government which in turn enabled the Indians to have critical opinions on various issues.

4. New social and religious reformation movements emerged.

5. The thoughts of thinkers like J.S. Mill, Rousseau and Montesquieu brought fresh thinking in the mind of educated youth of India. 

6. The freedom struggles that were taking place across the globe influenced the Indians also.

7. Indians could understand and appreciate their rich tradition.

13. What were the restrictions imposed in Regulating Act?

Answer: Main restrictions imposed in Regulating Act are as follows.

1. Before the implementation of the act, there were three presidencies under British rule. They are: Bengal, Madras and Bombay. All these three were independent administrative units. Under Regulating Act, the Bengal Presidency gained control over the other two presidencies.

2.  The Governor of Bengal became the Governor General of all the three presidencies.

3.  The Governor General was authorized to direct, exercise control and to supervise over the other two presidencies.

4. The Bombay and Madras presidencies could not declare war on anyone or enter into peace agreements without prior approval of the Governor General of Bengal Presidency and the Board of Directors of the British East India Company. Only during acute emergencies, they were entitled to act independently.

5. According to this Act, Supreme Court was established in Calcutta. In this central court, one Chief Justice and three ordinary judges were officiating.

14. What were the important features of the Indian government act of 1858?

Answer: the important features of the Indian government act of 1858 are as follows.

1. The license of The British East India Company was cancelled and India was brought under the direct administration of the Queen.

2. The post of Governor General was changed into ‘Viceroy’. Lord Canning became the first Viceroy of India.

3. A new post called ‘Secretary of State for India’ was created in the British government. The secretary was part of British cabinet and was responsible for the administration of India. 

4. A Council of India was created in order to assist the secretary in the administration. The council had fifteen members.

15. How does the India Government Act of 1935 become the base of Indian Constitution?

Answer: Most the provisions in the Indian Constitution are based on this act. This act allowed the formation of fully responsible government by Indians. This act was applicable both to the Indian principalities and also to the British India regions. The following were the important features of this act:

1. A federal system of Indian Principalities, British governed regions and dominion states was formed.

2. Reserve Bank of India were established.

3. Dyarchy was established at the centre.

4. Dyarchy was abolished at the provincial level and autonomy was granted.

5. The Federal Court was established.

16. What were the important features of 1919 Act? 

Answer:  The following were the important features of 1919 act.

1. Act formulated Bi-Cameral legislative body. Lower House and Upper House were formed.

2. Dyarchy was allowed at provincial governments.

3. A high commissioner was appointed for India.

4. Promised to improve local self government.

5. Provincial budget was separated from central budget.

6. ‘Separate Electoral College’ was extended for Muslims, Sikhs, Anglo-Indians and Europeans.

Additional Questions and Answers

  1. British implemented ‘Divide and Rule’ policy among the Indian rulers and slowly dominated all the rulers and subjugated them.
  2. At that time, India was devoid of One Nation Concept and was scattered into various kingdoms.
  3. Lord Cornwallis introduced the administration of civil services.
  4. In 1800, Lord Cornwallis opened Fort William College in Calcutta to provide education for the benefit of people aspiring to join Civil Services.
  5. Dual-Administration came into effect in Bengal region is also called as ‘Dual-Governance’.
  6. Two types of courts were needed to be established in each district: ‘A Diwani Adalat’ as a civil court and ‘Nijamat Adalat’ as a criminal court.

7. What is Permanent Zamindari System?

Answer: Lord Cornwallis implemented a new land tax policy in Bengal during 1793 in order to generate steady revenue annually. This was called Permanent Zamindari System. Under this system, Zamindar became the land owner.

8. The expansion of the British Education India received special support after the appointment of Lord William Bentinck in 1828 C.E as the Governor General of India.

9. The Governor General Lord Dalhousie established Universities in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras as per the suggestions of Charles Wood’s Commission (1854).

10. What are the main aspects of Charter Act 1833?

Answer: the main aspects of Charter Act 1833 are as follows.

1. The Governor General of Bengal was named as the Governor General of India.

2. The Governor General was vested with powers to direct, control and supervising all trades in India.

3. The Central Government of Bengal had the final right to decide on issues like war, peace and diplomatic relationship with the princely states of India.

4. The Governor General was mandated to put his difference of opinion with Executive Committee members in writing whenever he differed with the majority opinion.

5. The Act barred any discrimination based on religion, birth and skin colour.

6. The Governor General was mandated to appoint a law professional as member to his executive committee.

7. All British Companies were allowed to have trade relationship in India.

11. What are the important features of Indian Government Act 1858?

Answer: The important features of Indian Government Act 1858 are as follows.

  1. The license of East India Company was cancelled and India was brought under the direct administration of the Queen.
  2. The post of Governor General was changed into ‘Viceroy’. Lord Canning became the first Viceroy of India.
  3. A new post called ‘Secretary of State for India’ was created in the British government. The secretary was part of British cabinet and was responsible for the administration of India.
  4. A Council of India was created in order to assist the secretary in the administration. The council had fifteen members.

12 . What are the important features of Indian Councils Act of 1909?

Answer: The following were the important features of this Act:

  1. The total number of central legislature members were increased to 60 from 16.
  2. The number of council members were also increased in the provinces.
  3. The members for the legislature was allowed through election for the first time.
  4. In order to provide separate representation for Muslims, ‘Separate Electorate College’ was created.

13. What are the important features of Indian Councils Act of 1935?

Answer: the important features of Indian Councils Act of 1935 were as follows.

  1. A federal system of Indian Principalities, British governed regions and dominion states was formed.
  2. Reserve Bank of India were established.
  3. Dyarchy was established at the centre.
  4. Dyarchy was abolished at the provincial level and autonomy was granted.
  5. The Federal Court was established.

III. Activities:

1. The British created a friendly environment for themselves by implementing administrative reforms in India. Organize a debate competition on this topic. 

2. Collect information on various other laws implemented by the British apart from those discussed in lesson with the help of your teacher.

9th Standard, Social, History CHAPTER – 3, RELIGIOUS REFORMERS OF INDIA

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9th Standard, Social, History CHAPTER – 3

RELIGIOUS REFORMERS OF INDIA

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. Shankaracharya was born at Kaladi in Kerala.

2. “The world is an illusion, Brahma alone is the Truth”. This was propounded by Shankaracharya. 

3. Ramanujacharya’s disciples are called Shrivaishnavites.

4. Proponent of Dwaita philosophy is Madhwacharya.

 II. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group:

5. Who is the proponent of Advaita philosophy?

Answer: Madhwacharya is the proponent of Advaita philosophy.

6. Which is the philosophy advocated by Ramanujacharya?  What is their sect called? 

Answer: The philosophy advocated by Ramanujacharya is ‘Vishishtadvaita’. Their sect is called ‘Shrivaishnavism’.

7. Name the books written by Ramanujacharya. 

Answer: Ramanujacharya wrote Vedanta Sangraha, Vedantasara, Vedanta Deepika, Shribhasya and in his famous work ‘Geethabhashya’, he emphasized the importance of devotion.

8. Which are the tenets advocated by Madhwacharya?

Answer: According to Madhwacharya, the world is not maya or illusion. It is as true as Paramatma or the Divine Soul. Between these, the Divine soul is independent and the rest of the world is illusionary. The Divine soul and the human soul have a Lord and Servant relation. Lord Vishnu or Narayana alone is supreme. Worship of Lord Vishnu can elevate the human soul and thus enable it to attain moksha.

9. Name the books written by Shankaracharya. 

Answer: The books written by Shankaracharya are Shankarabhasya, Anandalahari, Soundaryalahari, Shivanandalahari, Vivekachoodamani, Prabuddasudhakara and Dakshinamurthy stotra. His hymn Bhajagovindam is very famous.

10. What were the welfare measures of Basavanna?

Answer: Basavanna condemned the rituals, superstition and blind beliefs which was in practice then. He was instrumental in bringing economic, social and religious reforms in the society. He established ‘Anubhava Mantapa’ known as the world’s first parliament at Basava Kalyana of present Bidar district. Basavanna worked for the reformation of the soul along with the reformation of the society. Basavanna propounded the idea of one God in the form of Istalinga with the concept of ‘body as temple’, and ‘Awareness as Guru’. He believed that compassion (daya) is the base of Dharma and stressed non-violence. He brought out new concepts like work (Kayaka), charity (Dasoha) and Istalinga. Through these concepts, Basavanna established equal and secular society devoid of discrimination of gender and caste in Kalyana. Vachanas were written in the backdrop of spiritual growth and welfare of the world. 

11. Which followers were with Basavanna during the Vachana movement?

Answer: Vachana movement united the followers of Basavanna irrespective of their caste, class, colour and gender. Prominent Vachanakaras are Satyakka, Aydakki Lakkamma, Siddarama, Channa Basavanna, Molige Maraiah, Ambigara Chowdaiah, Madiwala Machaiah, Madara Chennaiah, Samagara Haralaiah, Kinnari Bommaiah and others.

12. What is the meaning of ‘Kayave Kailasa’ propagated by Basavanna?

Answer: ‘The eternal shall perish, the transient will stay on’, ‘‘Body is abode of Lord Shiva’’ (Kayave Kailasa), thus said Basavanna, stressing on ‘Kaya’ and upheld the principle of work culture. He also declared there is no superiority or inferiority in work.

Additional Questions and Answers:

  1. Who were the Acharyathrayas?

Answer: Shankaracharya, Madhwacharya and Ramanujacharya are called Acharyathrayas.

  • The human soul has no separate existence and he expressed this fact in the phrase ‘Aham Brahmasmi’.
  • Shankaracharya travelled from Kanyakumari to Kashmir on foot and propagated his Advaitha philosophy.
  • Ramanujacharya travelled to Srirangam and became the Peethadheesha of that mutt.
  • What are the teachings of Ramanujacharya?

Answer: Ramanujacharya taught that life and nature were controlled by Brahma. Atma and Paramatma cannot exist at the same time. Devotion and surrender (prapatti) were essential for attaining moksha. Ramanujacharya condemned casteism and taught the path of devotion to people of all castes. He advised that we should give up our desires and surrender to God. He advocated attainment of nirvana through the path of devotion.

  • Madhwacharya independently gained great knowledge about the religious scriptures and defeated his guru in debate.
  • Name the books written by Madhwacharya. 

Answer: The books written by Madhwacharya are Geetabhashya, Geetatatparya nirnaya, Mahabharata tatparya nirnaya, Vishnutatva nirnaya, Bhagawata tatparya nirnaya, Sutrabhashya, Mayavadakhandana etc.

  • Government of Karnataka, while unveiling the portrait of Vishwaguru Basavanna declared him as the ‘Cultural Leader of Karnataka’.

III. Activities:

1. Collect all Vachanas of the important vachanakras, present them before a group and comment on them.

2. Collect the portraits of the contemporary Vachanakaras of Basavanna.

Answer: The contemporary Vachanakaras of Basavanna are, Akkamahadevi, Allama  prabhu, Urilinga Peddigala Punya Stri Kalavve, Madivala Machideva, Madaar Channayya, Dohar Kakkayya, Hadapad Rechanna, Ambigar Choudayya etc. 

3. Conduct Vachana Singing competition.

IV. Projects:

  1. With the help of your teacher, write an essay on Dwaita and Adwaita philosophy.

Answer:

Dwaita: Madhwacharya advocated Dwaitha philosophy. According to this philosophy, the human soul and the Divine soul are separate. According to Madhwacharya, the world is not maya or illusion. It is as true as Paramatma or the Divine Soul. Between these, the Divine soul is independent and the rest of the world is illusionary. The Divine soul and the human soul have a Lord and Servant relation. Lord Vishnu or Narayana alone is supreme. Worship of Lord Vishnu can elevate the human soul and thus enable it to attain moksha. Prominent among the disciples of Madhwacharya who propagated the Dwaitha philosophy are Padmanabhateertha, Narahariteertha, Vijayendrateertha and Vadirajateertha.

Adwaita: Shankaracharya was born in the village Kaladi in Kerala in a Namboodari Brahmin family. Shankaracharya studied the Upanishads and Brahmasutras in depth and propagated the Advaitha philosophy. According to this, Brahma is the absolute truth, the rest of the world is false. The soul is one with Brahma, and life is not separate from Brahma. The world is maya, an illusion; Brahma is the absolute truth. People are ignorant; they are not aware of the illusionary nature of the world. They are also not aware that Brahma is the only Truth. Hence we should go on the path of knowledge, and realize the nature of the world. Ultimately, we should merge our ‘atma’ (soul) with the absolute truth, Brahma. Only then we can attain moksha (liberation). In this manner, Shankaracharya taught the path of knowledge. Shankaracharya travelled from Kanyakumari to Kashmir on foot and propagated his Advaitha philosophy. In order to spread the message of his philosophy, he established peethas (institutions) in all the four directions.

2. Invite the local vachana singers and have them sing various vachanas.

8th Standard, English First Language, SUPPLEMENTARY READING SECTION 17, KING SINDBAD AND HIS FALCON

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8th Standard, English First Language SUPPLEMENTARY READING – SECTION 17

KING SINDBAD AND HIS FALCON

Extract from Arabian Nights.

Pre-reading task:

Read the following questions and answer:

  1. Do you like pets?

Answer: Yes, I like pets.

  • Name the pets that you have in your home.

Answer: Pinki and Chunki

  • What are the facilities provided to these pets?

Answer: Milk, Food and play

  • How do you take care of the pets?

Answer: bathing, medicine when they sick.

  • How do masters often punish pets that disobey them?

Answer: Don’t punish, teach them.

Glossary :

subordinate : lower in rank or position

valley : a low area between hills

prey : an animal hunted and killed by another for food

maze : a complicated network of paths

thwart : prevent from succeeding

murmur : something that is said quietly

accomplish : achieve or complete successfully

talons : the claws of a bird of prey

wander : walk or move in a casual way

gauntlet : a strong glove with long loose wrists

annoy : make slightly angry

slake : satisfy

viper : a poisonous snake

repent : feel regret or sorry 

gasp : a sudden catching of breath

saddle : a seat with a raised ridge at the front and back, fastened on to the back of a horse for riding

I. Comprehension:

A. Answer in two – three sentences each:

1. Who was Sindbad? What was he fond of?

Answer: Sindbad was a king. The king was very fond of racing and hunting.

2. What had the king brought up? What did he tie around its neck? Why?

Answer: The king had brought up a falcon as his pet. The king had a golden cup tied around her neck to provide her drink during hunting.

3. What did the falcon suggest to the king one day?

Answer: One day when the king was sitting in his palace in a leisurely mood, the falcon suggest that, ‘the time is suitable for hunting now’.

4. How did the king threaten the hunting troop?

Answer: The king threatened the hunting troop “Beware! Whoever allows the gazelle to escape from here, will be punished to death”. 

5. Why does the falcon upset the cup with the “dripping liquid”?

Answer: The falcon upset the cup with the “dripping liquid” because that liquid was the poison of Viper.

6. When did the falcon succumb to death? 

Answer: As soon as the king reached the camp and sat comfortably, the falcon, which was bearing the pain till then, suddenly gasped and succumbed to death.

7. What was the king’s reaction?

Answer: The repentant king cried aloud to lose his faithful companion who had saved his life.

B. Answer in three – four sentences each:

1. How did the king look after the falcon?

Answer: The king look after the falcon like his own family member. Wherever the king went, the bird went with him. Even at night, the falcon stayed with him on his fist. The king had a golden cup tied around her neck to provide her drink during hunting.

2. How did the gazelle escape?

Answer: The net was lifted by the king’s hunting troop from all the sides. Gradually, they began narrowing the net circle to trap the gazelle. She too moved towards the king and stood on her hind legs. She then lifted her forelegs up to her breast, suddenly jumped above the head of the king, and escaped out of the maze, thus thwarting the whole effort.

3. How did the falcon help the king to kill the gazelle?

Answer: The falcon, the king’s hunting mate, flew high up and traced the fleeing gazelle. She at once swooped down and blinded the gazelle with her talons. The king immediately struck his mace at the blinded gazelle and ended the matter forever. 

4. Why did the king take out the cup?

Answer: The King took out the cup for filing the water in the cup for falcon. It was mid-day, the king and his horse were thirsty. As his falcon was very thirsty, the king took out the cup from her neck and filled it with the dripping liquid. He then placed the cup in front of the falcon.

5. What activity of the falcon made the king become furious?

Answer: The King placed the cup in front of the falcon. But surprisingly enough, the falcon overturned the cup instead of drinking it. The king picked up the cup, filled it again and placed in front of the falcon. But the falcon upset it again with her talons. Next time, he filled the cup with the dripping liquid and placed it in front of his horse. However, annoyingly enough, the falcon hastily upset it again. This activity of the falcon made king became furious.

6. Why did the king cut off the wings of the falcon?

Answer: The King placed the cup in front of the falcon. But surprisingly enough, the falcon overturned the cup instead of drinking it. The falcon did this again and again. The king filled the cup with the dripping liquid and placed it in front of his horse. The falcon upset it again. This action of the falcon made king furious and he cut off the wings of the falcon.

7. What did the falcon indicate to the king?

Answer: The falcon indicated the king to look up by raising her head. The king’s eye’s followed the falcon. He saw a poisonous viper lying up above the tree. The liquid, which he mistook as water, was drops of the snake’s poison.

8. How did the king’s men trap the gazelle?

Answer: His men formed a circular shroud of a net intended for the victim. Soon, a gazelle was trapped within the net. The net was lifted by the king’s hunting troop from all the sides. Gradually, they began narrowing the net circle to trap the gazelle. That is how the king’s men trap the gazelle.

9. Why did the falcon upset the cup again and again?

Answer: The falcon saw the Viper which is laying down the branch of a tree.   The water was seen dripping through the leaves of that tree. The king collected the dripping water and offered falcon to drink.  The liquid king offered her is poison of a snake. That is why the falcon upset the cup again and again.

10. Why did the king repent?

Answer: The king has repented because he lost his faithful friend falcon from his own mistake and foolishness. The repentant king cried aloud to lose his faithful companion who had saved his life. The falcon saved king from the poison of Snake. But the king misunderstood falcon and killed the faithful bird. This was the reason for repent of king.

11. Why did the king call his pet unlucky and foolish thing?

Answer: The falcon not willing to slake his thirst, nor was he allowing the horse to drink it. That is why king called his pet falcon as unlucky and foolish thing. The king called his pet unlucky because he decided punish the arrogance of falcon.

12. How did the falcon save the king’s life?

The falcon save the king’s life by sacrificing himself. It was mid-day, after successful hunting the king and his horse were thirsty. The king went further in search of water. In a place, where water was seen dripping through the leaves of a tree. As his falcon was very thirsty, the king took out the cup from her neck and filled it with the dripping liquid and placed the cup in front of the falcon. The falcon overturned the cup instead of drinking it. The falcon know that the water dripping from leaves is poison of a snake. Therefore the falcon didn’t allowed horse to drink the liquid. The falcon upset the liquid cup again and not allowed anybody to drink the poison. The king became furious and chopped off the wings of the falcon. Finally king realised the truth, but it was late. That is how the faithful bird falcon saved king’s life and dead.

C. Answer the following questions in six – eight sentences each:

1. How did the king look after the pet falcon?

Answer: The king look after the pet falcon like his family member. The king had brought up a falcon as his pet. Wherever the king went, the bird went with him. Even at night, the falcon stayed with him on his fist. The king had a golden cup tied around her neck to provide her drink during hunting. Sometimes the pet may be a good counsellor to the king. However, one day when the king was sitting in his palace in a leisurely mood the falcon suggests to the king that it was the good time for hunting. The king liked her suggestion. He ordered his subordinates to make the necessary arrangements for the hunt. The king set out hunting with the falcon on his fist.

2. How did the king hunt the gazelle?

Answer: Gazelle lifted her forelegs up to her breast, suddenly jumped above the head of the king, and escaped out of the maze. The king galloped on his horse, on the route that the gazelle had fled. The falcon, the king’s hunting mate, flew high up and traced the fleeing gazelle. She at once swooped down and blinded the gazelle with her talons. The king immediately struck his mace at the blinded gazelle and ended the matter forever. He then cut the gazelle’s throat, removed its skin from the body, and hung the spoils on the saddle.

3. What made the king cry aloud?

Answer: The king was annoyed at the falcon’s strange behaviour. Next time, he filled the cup with the dripping liquid and placed it in front of his horse, the falcon hastily upset it again. The furious king took out his sword and chopped off the wings of the falcon. She then indicated the king to look up by raising her head. The king’s eye’s followed the falcon. He saw a poisonous viper lying up above the tree. The liquid, which he mistook as water, was drops of the snake’s poison. The king was very remorseful for cutting off the wings of his loyal and beloved falcon. As soon as the king reached the camp and sat comfortably, the falcon, which was bearing the pain till then, suddenly gasped and succumbed to death. The repentant king cried aloud to lose his faithful companion who had saved his life. The death of his faithful falcon made the king cry aloud.

4. How did the falcon prove himself a faithful companion of the king?

Answer: The pet falcon will accompanies the king wherever he goes. Wherever the king went, the bird went with him. Even at night, the falcon stayed with him on his fist. One day the king set out hunting with the falcon on his fist. As his falcon was very thirsty, the king collected the dripping water and offered falcon to drink.  The liquid king offered her is poison of a snake. The falcon overturned the cup instead of drinking it. The falcon know that the water dripping from leaves is poison of a snake. Therefore the falcon didn’t allowed horse to drink the liquid. The falcon upset the liquid cup again and not allowed anybody to drink the poison. The king became furious and chopped off the wings of the falcon. Finally king realised the truth, but it was late. That is how bird falcon prove himself a faithful companion of the king in his death.

II. Activities:

  1. Imagine you are King Sindbad who is in the forest and your pet falcon has upset the cup filled with dripping liquid…………….

Conclude the story with a different ending.

Answer: Pet falcon has upset the cup filled with dripping liquid. The king became furious. Again the king filled the cup with the water that was falling drop by drop and placed it in front of the horse. Even then the falcon upset it. The king became angry. He ordered the soldiers to leave the falcon in a distant forest. The king finished hunting and returned to the palace, bored. He entered the palace with a heavy heart after the falcon’s departure. There, a surprise awaited him. The pet falcon was sitting next to his throne!

 

III. Your teacher will read an interesting story for you. Listen to it carefully and answer the following questions:

   One day a young mother left her sleeping toddler on the floor and went out to fetch water in a pot, leaving her pet mongoose in charge of the baby. When she returned a little later, she found the mongoose with its mouth full of blood lying near the doorstep. Presuming that the mongoose had killed the sleeping baby, in her anguish, she took the iron rod lying nearby, and killed the animal with it. Later, when she entered the room where she had left her babe asleep, she saw a venomous viper lying dead, next to the baby’s bed, its body in pieces strewn around. She gasped in horror as she took in the scene, realizing that her baby had been unharmed as the mongoose had fought with the snake and had killed it.

All her remorse and lament could not bring her pet mongoose back to life.

Questions:

  1. Who took care of the baby when the woman went to fetch water?

Answer: Her pet mongoose took care of the baby when the woman went to fetch water.

  • Why was the mongoose’s mouth covered with blood?

Answer: The mongoose’s mouth covered with blood because the mongoose had fought with the snake and had killed it.

  • What made the woman kill the mongoose? 

Answer: Presuming that the mongoose had killed the sleeping baby, in her anguish, the woman kill the mongoose.

  • Why did the woman shed tears?

Answer: The women repented for killing the mongoose and the death of mongoose made women shed tears.

  • What do you learn from this story?
Answer: Haste caused the accident.

V. Given below are five proverbs. Match them with their meanings:

1. Haste makes waste.  – If you rush when you are doing something, you will make a mistake.

2. A Jack of all trades and master of none. – One should excel in one’s trade rather than  

                                                                                    dabbling in too many.

3. A poor workman blames his tools. – An incapable person blames others for his failures.

4. A penny saved is a penny earned. – One must understand the importance of saving

                                                                        money.

5. A person is known by the company he keeps.- One is judged according to the friends he                                                                                              has.

7th Standard, English First Language, Supplementary Reading 1 – Suvarnasiddhi and Chakradhara

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7th Standard, English First Language,

Supplementary Reading 1.

Suvarnasiddhi and Chakradhara

Glossary:

strange: out of the ordinary.

wander: move about aimlessly or without any destination.

mumbled: talk in an unclear manner; usually in a low voice.

delicious: very tasty.

beloved: someone who is loved dearly.

revenge: action taken in return for an injury or offence.

companion: a friend who is frequently in the company of another.

determined: strongly motivated to succeed.

backyard: the gardens at the back of a house.

camphor: a resin obtained from the camphor tree.

hollow: a cavity or space in something.

emerge: come out into view from hiding.

fragrance: a pleasant odour.

heed: pay attention to or listen to.

Comprehension

i. Answer in one or two sentences each.

1. Who narrated Berunda’s story to whom?

            Answer: Suvarnasiddhi narrated Berunda’s story to his friend Chakradhara.

2. Where did the big strange bird live?

            Answer: The big strange bird, Berunda, lived on the banks of a lake called Sangama.

3. What did the bird find one day?

Answer: The bird found a fruit one day, which was delicious as ambrosia.

4. How did the first head describe the fruit?

Answer: “Oh! What a fruit, I am sure the heavens have sent it for me. I am so lucky.” That is how the first head described the fruit.

5. What did the first head decide to do with the fruit?

Answer: The first head decided to give the fruit to his beloved wife Tatillatha.

6. How did the second react to the first head’s decision?

Answer: The second head was disappointed to the first head’s decision. He was waiting for a chance to take revenge.

7. Who narrated Brahmadatta’s story?

Answer: Chakradhara narrated Brahmadatta’s story.

8. Who was Brahmadatta and where did he live?

Answer: Brahmadatta is a small boy. He lived in a city called Varanavarta with his old mother.

9. What were Brahmadatta’s travel plans?

Answer:  Brahmadatta was planning to travel to another village.

10. Who was Brahmadatta’s travel companion?

Answer: The Crab was Brahmadatta’s travel companion. The boy then put the crab into a camphor box, took the box in a vessel, and set out on his journey.

ii. Answer in three or four sentences each.

  1. Describe Berunda.

Answer: Berunda was a big strange bird, lived with his wife Tatillatha on the banks of a lake called Sangama. He had two heads and single body. The Gandaberunda (also known as the Berunda) is a two-headed mythological bird of Hindu mythology thought to possess magical strength. It is used as the official emblem by the Karnataka government and it is seen as an intricately sculptured motif in Hindu temples.

  • Describe the first head’s decision.

Answer: One day Berunda was found a fruit, which was delicious as ambrosia. His first head praised the fruit and said he was lucky because it was send for him from the heaven. The second head said that let him also taste the fruit. But the first head decided to give the fruit to his beloved wife Tatillatha because both the two heads have a same stomach.

  • Why was the second head disappointed at the first head’s decision?

Answer: The second head wants to eat the fruit which was as delicious as ambrosia. The first head praised the fruit that it was send from the heaven. Hearing the first head’s praise the second head wants to taste the fruit. But the first head decided to give the fruit to his beloved wife Tatillatha because both the two heads have a same stomach. That is why the second head disappointed at the first head’s decision.

  • How did the second head have its revenge?

Answer: The second head was waiting for a chance to take revenge. One day, the second head found a poisonous fruit and told the first head, that he will eat the poisonous fruit and take revenge first head’s insult. The first head warned that if he eat that fruit, then both of them will die because both have same stomach. Ignoring the first head’s warning, the second head ate the poisonous fruit and both of them died.

  • What advice did Chakradhara give Suvarnasiddhi?

Answer: Chakradhara gave advice to Suvarnasiddhi that do not go home and anywhere alone. It is better to take a companion with him in travelling.

  • Who was Brahmadatta? What was his mother’s advice to him?

Answer: Brahmadatta is a small boy. He lived in a city called Varanavarta with his old mother. One day, when Brahmadatta was planning to travel to another village. His mother advices him not to travel alone, but take someone along with him.

  • How did the mother help Brahmadatta in his travel?

Answer: Knowing that Brahmadatta was determined to go, the mother went to the well in the backyard and took out a crab and asked her son to keep the crab with him during the travel.

  • How did the crab save Brahmadatta’s life?

Answer: The day was very hot and middle of his traveling, the boy halted and took rest under a big tree. From the hollow of the tree, a snake emerged, and attracted by the fragrance of camphor, swallowed the box containing the crab. The crab came out of the box and killed the snake. The boy woke up to find the dead snake and the open camphor box. When he saw the crab alive beside the open camphor box, he at once realized that the crab saved his life.

iii. Answer in five or six sentences.

  1. Describe how Berunda met his demise.

Answer: One day Berunda was found a fruit, which was delicious as ambrosia. His first head praised the fruit and said he was lucky because it was send for him from the heaven. The second head said that let him also taste the fruit. But the first head decided to give the fruit to his beloved wife Tatillatha because both the two heads have a same stomach. The second head was waiting for a chance to take revenge. One day, the second head found a poisonous fruit and told the first head, that he will eat the poisonous fruit and take revenge first head’s insult. The first head warned that if he eat that fruit, then both of them will die because both have same stomach. Ignoring the first head’s warning, the second head ate the poisonous fruit and both of them died.

  • Describe how heeding his mother’s advice saves Brahmadatta.

Answer: One day, when Brahmadatta was planning to travel to another village. His mother advices him not to travel alone, but take someone along with him. Knowing that Brahmadatta was determined to go, the mother went to the well in the backyard and took out a crab and asked her son to keep the crab with him during the travel. The boy then put the crab into a camphor box, took the box in a vessel. The day was very hot and middle of his traveling, the boy halted and took rest under a big tree. From the hollow of the tree, a snake emerged, and attracted by the fragrance of camphor, swallowed the box containing the crab. The crab came out of the box and killed the snake. The boy woke up to find the dead snake and the open camphor box. When he saw the crab alive beside the open camphor box, he at once realized that the crab saved his life.

Additional Questions and Answers:

  1. Who was the two friends in the story?

Answer: The two friends of the story was Suvarnasiddhi and Chakradhara.

  • He found a fruit, which was delicious as ambrosia.
  • Berunda, lived on the banks of a lake called Sangama.
  • Berunda thus gave the fruit to his wife Tatillatha.
  • How is the Berunda bird different from other birds?

Answer: Berunda had two heads and single body. That make him different from other birds.

  • Brahmadatta lived in a city called Varanavarta with his old mother.
  • The crab came out of the box and killed the snake.
  • Chakradhara concluded his story telling Suvarnasiddhi how important it is always to have a companion.

Notes:

  • Panchatantra – The Panchatantra is an ancient collection of animal fables in verse and prose. The original Sanskrit work, which some scholars believe was composed in the 3rd century B.C. is attributed to Vishnu Sharma.
  •  
  • Vishnu Sharma was an Indian scholar and author who is believed to have written the Panchatantra fables.
  • Berunda – The Gandaberunda (also known as the Berunda) is a two-headed mythological bird of Hindu mythology thought to possess magical strength. It is used as the official emblem by the Karnataka government and it is seen as an intricately sculptured motif in Hindu temples.

8th Standard, English First Language, SUPPLEMENTARY READING – SECTION 17 – KING SINDBAD AND HIS FALCON

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8th Standard, English First Language SUPPLEMENTARY READING – SECTION 17
KING SINDBAD AND HIS FALCON
Extract from Arabian Nights.
Pre-reading task:
Read the following questions and answer:

  1. Do you like pets?
    Answer: Yes, I like pets.
  2. Name the pets that you have in your home.
    Answer: Pinki and Chunki
  3. What are the facilities provided to these pets?
    Answer: Milk, Food and play
  4. How do you take care of the pets?
    Answer: bathing, medicine when they sick.
  5. How do masters often punish pets that disobey them?
    Answer: Don’t punish, teach them.

Glossary :
subordinate : lower in rank or position
valley : a low area between hills
prey : an animal hunted and killed by another for food
maze : a complicated network of paths
thwart : prevent from succeeding
murmur : something that is said quietly
accomplish : achieve or complete successfully
talons : the claws of a bird of prey
wander : walk or move in a casual way
gauntlet : a strong glove with long loose wrists
annoy : make slightly angry
slake : satisfy
viper : a poisonous snake
repent : feel regret or sorry
gasp : a sudden catching of breath
saddle : a seat with a raised ridge at the front and back, fastened on to the back of a horse for riding
I. Comprehension:
A. Answer in two – three sentences each:

  1. Who was Sindbad? What was he fond of?
    Answer: Sindbad was a king. The king was very fond of racing and hunting.
  2. What had the king brought up? What did he tie around its neck? Why?
    Answer: The king had brought up a falcon as his pet. The king had a golden cup tied around her neck to provide her drink during hunting.
  3. What did the falcon suggest to the king one day?
    Answer: One day when the king was sitting in his palace in a leisurely mood, the falcon suggest that, ‘the time is suitable for hunting now’.
  4. How did the king threaten the hunting troop?
    Answer: The king threatened the hunting troop “Beware! Whoever allows the gazelle to escape from here, will be punished to death”.
  5. Why does the falcon upset the cup with the “dripping liquid”?
    Answer: The falcon upset the cup with the “dripping liquid” because that liquid was the poison of Viper.
  6. When did the falcon succumb to death?
    Answer: As soon as the king reached the camp and sat comfortably, the falcon, which was bearing the pain till then, suddenly gasped and succumbed to death.
  7. What was the king’s reaction?
    Answer: The repentant king cried aloud to lose his faithful companion who had saved his life.
    B. Answer in three – four sentences each:
  8. How did the king look after the falcon?
    Answer: The king look after the falcon like his own family member. Wherever the king went, the bird went with him. Even at night, the falcon stayed with him on his fist. The king had a golden cup tied around her neck to provide her drink during hunting.
  9. How did the gazelle escape?
    Answer: The net was lifted by the king’s hunting troop from all the sides. Gradually, they began narrowing the net circle to trap the gazelle. She too moved towards the king and stood on her hind legs. She then lifted her forelegs up to her breast, suddenly jumped above the head of the king, and escaped out of the maze, thus thwarting the whole effort.
  10. How did the falcon help the king to kill the gazelle?
    Answer: The falcon, the king’s hunting mate, flew high up and traced the fleeing gazelle. She at once swooped down and blinded the gazelle with her talons. The king immediately struck his mace at the blinded gazelle and ended the matter forever.
  11. Why did the king take out the cup?
    Answer: The King took out the cup for filing the water in the cup for falcon. It was mid-day, the king and his horse were thirsty. As his falcon was very thirsty, the king took out the cup from her neck and filled it with the dripping liquid. He then placed the cup in front of the falcon.
  12. What activity of the falcon made the king become furious?
    Answer: The King placed the cup in front of the falcon. But surprisingly enough, the falcon overturned the cup instead of drinking it. The king picked up the cup, filled it again and placed in front of the falcon. But the falcon upset it again with her talons. Next time, he filled the cup with the dripping liquid and placed it in front of his horse. However, annoyingly enough, the falcon hastily upset it again. This activity of the falcon made king became furious.
  13. Why did the king cut off the wings of the falcon?
    Answer: The King placed the cup in front of the falcon. But surprisingly enough, the falcon overturned the cup instead of drinking it. The falcon did this again and again. The king filled the cup with the dripping liquid and placed it in front of his horse. The falcon upset it again. This action of the falcon made king furious and he cut off the wings of the falcon.
  14. What did the falcon indicate to the king?
    Answer: The falcon indicated the king to look up by raising her head. The king’s eye’s followed the falcon. He saw a poisonous viper lying up above the tree. The liquid, which he mistook as water, was drops of the snake’s poison.
  15. How did the king’s men trap the gazelle?
    Answer: His men formed a circular shroud of a net intended for the victim. Soon, a gazelle was trapped within the net. The net was lifted by the king’s hunting troop from all the sides. Gradually, they began narrowing the net circle to trap the gazelle. That is how the king’s men trap the gazelle.
  16. Why did the falcon upset the cup again and again?
    Answer: The falcon saw the Viper which is laying down the branch of a tree. The water was seen dripping through the leaves of that tree. The king collected the dripping water and offered falcon to drink. The liquid king offered her is poison of a snake. That is why the falcon upset the cup again and again.
  17. Why did the king repent?
    Answer: The king has repented because he lost his faithful friend falcon from his own mistake and foolishness. The repentant king cried aloud to lose his faithful companion who had saved his life. The falcon saved king from the poison of Snake. But the king misunderstood falcon and killed the faithful bird. This was the reason for repent of king.
  18. Why did the king call his pet unlucky and foolish thing?
    Answer: The falcon not willing to slake his thirst, nor was he allowing the horse to drink it. That is why king called his pet falcon as unlucky and foolish thing. The king called his pet unlucky because he decided punish the arrogance of falcon.
  19. How did the falcon save the king’s life?
    The falcon save the king’s life by sacrificing himself. It was mid-day, after successful hunting the king and his horse were thirsty. The king went further in search of water. In a place, where water was seen dripping through the leaves of a tree. As his falcon was very thirsty, the king took out the cup from her neck and filled it with the dripping liquid and placed the cup in front of the falcon. The falcon overturned the cup instead of drinking it. The falcon know that the water dripping from leaves is poison of a snake. Therefore the falcon didn’t allowed horse to drink the liquid. The falcon upset the liquid cup again and not allowed anybody to drink the poison. The king became furious and chopped off the wings of the falcon. Finally king realised the truth, but it was late. That is how the faithful bird falcon saved king’s life and dead.
    C. Answer the following questions in six – eight sentences each:
  20. How did the king look after the pet falcon?
    Answer: The king look after the pet falcon like his family member. The king had brought up a falcon as his pet. Wherever the king went, the bird went with him. Even at night, the falcon stayed with him on his fist. The king had a golden cup tied around her neck to provide her drink during hunting. Sometimes the pet may be a good counsellor to the king. However, one day when the king was sitting in his palace in a leisurely mood the falcon suggests to the king that it was the good time for hunting. The king liked her suggestion. He ordered his subordinates to make the necessary arrangements for the hunt. The king set out hunting with the falcon on his fist.
  21. How did the king hunt the gazelle?
    Answer: Gazelle lifted her forelegs up to her breast, suddenly jumped above the head of the king, and escaped out of the maze. The king galloped on his horse, on the route that the gazelle had fled. The falcon, the king’s hunting mate, flew high up and traced the fleeing gazelle. She at once swooped down and blinded the gazelle with her talons. The king immediately struck his mace at the blinded gazelle and ended the matter forever. He then cut the gazelle’s throat, removed its skin from the body, and hung the spoils on the saddle.
  22. What made the king cry aloud?
    Answer: The king was annoyed at the falcon’s strange behaviour. Next time, he filled the cup with the dripping liquid and placed it in front of his horse, the falcon hastily upset it again. The furious king took out his sword and chopped off the wings of the falcon. She then indicated the king to look up by raising her head. The king’s eye’s followed the falcon. He saw a poisonous viper lying up above the tree. The liquid, which he mistook as water, was drops of the snake’s poison. The king was very remorseful for cutting off the wings of his loyal and beloved falcon. As soon as the king reached the camp and sat comfortably, the falcon, which was bearing the pain till then, suddenly gasped and succumbed to death. The repentant king cried aloud to lose his faithful companion who had saved his life. The death of his faithful falcon made the king cry aloud.
  23. How did the falcon prove himself a faithful companion of the king?
    Answer: The pet falcon will accompanies the king wherever he goes. Wherever the king went, the bird went with him. Even at night, the falcon stayed with him on his fist. One day the king set out hunting with the falcon on his fist. As his falcon was very thirsty, the king collected the dripping water and offered falcon to drink. The liquid king offered her is poison of a snake. The falcon overturned the cup instead of drinking it. The falcon know that the water dripping from leaves is poison of a snake. Therefore the falcon didn’t allowed horse to drink the liquid. The falcon upset the liquid cup again and not allowed anybody to drink the poison. The king became furious and chopped off the wings of the falcon. Finally king realised the truth, but it was late. That is how bird falcon prove himself a faithful companion of the king in his death.

II. Activities:

  1. Imagine you are King Sindbad who is in the forest and your pet falcon has upset the cup filled with dripping liquid…………….
    Conclude the story with a different ending.
    Answer: Pet falcon has upset the cup filled with dripping liquid. The king became furious. Again the king filled the cup with the water that was falling drop by drop and placed it in front of the horse. Even then the falcon upset it. The king became angry. He ordered the soldiers to leave the falcon in a distant forest. The king finished hunting and returned to the palace, bored. He entered the palace with a heavy heart after the falcon’s departure. There, a surprise awaited him. The pet falcon was sitting next to his throne!

III. Your teacher will read an interesting story for you. Listen to it carefully and answer the following questions:
One day a young mother left her sleeping toddler on the floor and went out to fetch water in a pot, leaving her pet mongoose in charge of the baby. When she returned a little later, she found the mongoose with its mouth full of blood lying near the doorstep. Presuming that the mongoose had killed the sleeping baby, in her anguish, she took the iron rod lying nearby, and killed the animal with it. Later, when she entered the room where she had left her babe asleep, she saw a venomous viper lying dead, next to the baby’s bed, its body in pieces strewn around. She gasped in horror as she took in the scene, realizing that her baby had been unharmed as the mongoose had fought with the snake and had killed it.
All her remorse and lament could not bring her pet mongoose back to life.
Questions:
A. Who took care of the baby when the woman went to fetch water?
Answer: Her pet mongoose took care of the baby when the woman went to fetch water.
B. Why was the mongoose’s mouth covered with blood?
Answer: The mongoose’s mouth covered with blood because the mongoose had fought with the snake and had killed it.
C. What made the woman kill the mongoose?
Answer: Presuming that the mongoose had killed the sleeping baby, in her anguish, the woman kill the mongoose.
D. Why did the woman shed tears?
Answer: The women repented for killing the mongoose and the death of mongoose made women shed tears.
E. What do you learn from this story?
Answer: Haste caused the accident.

V. Given below are five proverbs. Match them with their meanings:

  1. Haste makes waste. – If you rush when you are doing something, you will make a mistake.
  2. A Jack of all trades and master of none. – One should excel in one’s trade rather than
    dabbling in too many.
  3. A poor workman blames his tools. – An incapable person blames others for his failures.
  4. A penny saved is a penny earned. – One must understand the importance of saving
    money.
  5. A person is known by the company he keeps.- One is judged according to the friends he has.

10th Standard, Social, History Chapter 3 – The Impact of the British Rule in India

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10th Standard, Social History, Chapter – 3
The Impact of the British Rule in India
Exercises
I. Fill in the following blanks with suitable answers:

  1. Diwani Adalat in civil court was introduced by Warren Hastings
  2. The post of Superintendent of Police was created by Lord Cornwallis
  3. The Permanent Zamindari system was introduced in Bengal and
    Bihar provinces in 1793.
  4. The Land tax system introduced by Alexander Reed is Ryotwari System
  5. The report given by Macaulay became the base of modern education system.
  6. The Regulating Act was implemented in the year 1773.

II. Discuss and answer the following questions:

  1. Illustrate the judicial system formulated through The British East India Company.
    Answer: A new Judicial System started finding roots when the British rule began taking over from the Mughal rule. After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam handed over the ‘Diwani Rights’, the authority to collect land taxes to the British. With this, Dual-Administration came into effect in Bengal region. This is also called as ‘Dual-Governance’. Later on the British thought of bringing more centralized judicial system in India. With the implementation of this system, the British overtook the authority of the Mughal and established their supremacy in India. This was attained by implementing new Judicial System in India. According the administrative plan devised by Warren Hastings who took over the administration as Governor in 1772, two types of courts were needed to be established in each district: ‘A Diwani Adalat’ as a civil court and ‘Nijamat Adalat’ as a criminal court. In these civil courts Hindus were dispensed justice as per the Hindu scriptures and the Muslims as per the Shariyat. Slowly, the British legal procedures were introduced in the criminal courts. Civil courts came under the administration of European officers. Though the criminal courts were under the control of ‘Qajis’, they were functioning under the supervision of European officers.
  2. What were the measures undertaken at the time of the British in Police system?
    Answer: The Police were in charge of maintaining the internal law and order situation. Lord Cornwallis implemented the efficient Police System in India for the first time. He created the new post of Superintendent of Police (SP). He divided a district into many ‘Stations’ in 1793 and put every station under a ‘Kotwal’. Similarly he put every village under the care of ‘Chowkidhar’. ‘Kotwal’ was made accountable for thefts, crimes and other law violations at village level. The severe drought of 1770 led to a weak law and order situation. Hence, the entire police system was brought under the control of the British Officers. The system of appointing British Magistrates started in 1781. The Police Officers were under the power of the Magistrates. The Police system underwent continuous changes. In 1861, the Indian Police Act was implemented. This law became the base of good law and order as well as administration. But, Indians were not appointed for the post of officers. In 1902, the Police Commission allowed the appointment of suitable Indians qualified for the post of the police officers. In spite of all these measures, the discrimination against the Indians did not end.
  3. British land tax system made the Indian farmers to “born in debt, lived in debt and died in debt”. How?
    Answer: Though the small farmers were given land ownership, they were subjected to more suffering due to heavy land taxes. The officials took punitive actions to collect land taxes. The farmers had to borrow from the money lenders whenever the crops failed. They had to sell their lands whenever they failed to repay the loans. Though the British East India company government claimed that the new system benefit the farmers, the irony was that more farmers had to lose their lands due to its implementation. According to Charles Metcalf, “the Indian farmers were born in debt, lived in debt and died in debt due to the land tax policies of the British”.
  4. What were the main aspects of Ryotwari system?
    Answer: The Ryotwari System was first implemented in Baramahal region by Alexander Reed in 1792. This system was later implemented in Madras and Mysore region by Thomas Munroe in 1801. Most of these regions had become part of British Empire by that time.
    Under this system, both the farmer and the British East India company were directly linked. The tiller of the land was recognized as the owner of the land. The owner had to pay fifty percent of produce as land tax to the British East India company government. The land tax had thirty years tenure. The tax could be reviewed after this tenure.
  5. What were the effects of British Land taxes?
    Answer: The Impact of British Land Tax system are,
  6. A new class of Zamindars who exploited the farmers was created.
  7. The farmers who were subjected to the exploitation of the Zamindars, became landless slowly.
  8. Land became a commodity. Loans could be raised by mortgaging the lands.
  9. Many Zamindars also had to mortgage their lands in order to pay the land taxes.
  10. The Agriculture sector became commercialized and had to grow raw materials needed by industries back in England.
  11. The money lenders became strong.
  12. Make a list of the effects of British Education in India.
    Answer: The effects of British Education in India are,
  13. Indians could develop modernity, secularism, democratic attitudes and rationality along with Nationalistic ideals.
  14. Impetus was received for the local literature and languages. This facilitated unity in thinking process among the educated class.
  15. Periodicals started emerging. These scrutinized the policies and working of the government which in turn enabled the Indians to have critical opinions on various issues.
  16. New social and religious reformation movements emerged.
  17. The thoughts of thinkers like J.S. Mill, Rousseau and Montesquieu brought fresh thinking in the mind of educated youth of India.
  18. The freedom struggles that were taking place across the globe influenced the Indians also.
  19. Indians could understand and appreciate their rich tradition.
  20. What were the restrictions imposed in Regulating Act?
    Answer: Main restrictions imposed in Regulating Act are as follows.
  21. Before the implementation of the act, there were three presidencies under British rule. They are: Bengal, Madras and Bombay. All these three were independent administrative units. Under Regulating Act, the Bengal Presidency gained control over the other two presidencies.
  22. The Governor of Bengal became the Governor General of all the three presidencies.
  23. The Governor General was authorized to direct, exercise control and to supervise over the other two presidencies.
  24. The Bombay and Madras presidencies could not declare war on anyone or enter into peace agreements without prior approval of the Governor General of Bengal Presidency and the Board of Directors of the British East India Company. Only during acute emergencies, they were entitled to act independently.
  25. According to this Act, Supreme Court was established in Calcutta. In this central court, one Chief Justice and three ordinary judges were officiating.
  26. What were the important features of the Indian government act of 1858?
    Answer: the important features of the Indian government act of 1858 are as follows.
  27. The license of The British East India Company was cancelled and India was brought under the direct administration of the Queen.
  28. The post of Governor General was changed into ‘Viceroy’. Lord Canning became the first Viceroy of India.
  29. A new post called ‘Secretary of State for India’ was created in the British government. The secretary was part of British cabinet and was responsible for the administration of India.
  30. A Council of India was created in order to assist the secretary in the administration. The council had fifteen members.
  31. How does the India Government Act of 1935 become the base of Indian Constitution?
    Answer: Most the provisions in the Indian Constitution are based on this act. This act allowed the formation of fully responsible government by Indians. This act was applicable both to the Indian principalities and also to the British India regions. The following were the important features of this act:
  32. A federal system of Indian Principalities, British governed regions and dominion states was formed.
  33. Reserve Bank of India were established.
  34. Dyarchy was established at the centre.
  35. Dyarchy was abolished at the provincial level and autonomy was granted.
  36. The Federal Court was established.
  37. What were the important features of 1919 Act?
    Answer: The following were the important features of 1919 act.
  38. Act formulated Bi-Cameral legislative body. Lower House and Upper House were formed.
  39. Dyarchy was allowed at provincial governments.
  40. A high commissioner was appointed for India.
  41. Promised to improve local self government.
  42. Provincial budget was separated from central budget.
  43. ‘Separate Electoral College’ was extended for Muslims, Sikhs, Anglo-Indians and Europeans.

Additional Questions and Answers

  1. British implemented ‘Divide and Rule’ policy among the Indian rulers and slowly dominated all the rulers and subjugated them.
  2. At that time, India was devoid of One Nation Concept and was scattered into various kingdoms.
  3. Lord Cornwallis introduced the administration of civil services.
  4. In 1800, Lord Cornwallis opened Fort William College in Calcutta to provide education for the benefit of people aspiring to join Civil Services.
  5. Dual-Administration came into effect in Bengal region is also called as ‘Dual-Governance’.
  6. Two types of courts were needed to be established in each district: ‘A Diwani Adalat’ as a civil court and ‘Nijamat Adalat’ as a criminal court.
  7. What is Permanent Zamindari System?
    Answer: Lord Cornwallis implemented a new land tax policy in Bengal during 1793 in order to generate steady revenue annually. This was called Permanent Zamindari System. Under this system, Zamindar became the land owner.
  8. The expansion of the British Education India received special support after the appointment of Lord William Bentinck in 1828 C.E as the Governor General of India.
  9. The Governor General Lord Dalhousie established Universities in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras as per the suggestions of Charles Wood’s Commission (1854).
  10. What are the main aspects of Charter Act 1833?
    Answer: the main aspects of Charter Act 1833 are as follows.
  11. The Governor General of Bengal was named as the Governor General of India.
  12. The Governor General was vested with powers to direct, control and supervising all trades in India.
  13. The Central Government of Bengal had the final right to decide on issues like war, peace and diplomatic relationship with the princely states of India.
  14. The Governor General was mandated to put his difference of opinion with Executive Committee members in writing whenever he differed with the majority opinion.
  15. The Act barred any discrimination based on religion, birth and skin colour.
  16. The Governor General was mandated to appoint a law professional as member to his executive committee.
  17. All British Companies were allowed to have trade relationship in India.
  18. What are the important features of Indian Government Act 1858?
    Answer: The important features of Indian Government Act 1858 are as follows.
  19. The license of East India Company was cancelled and India was brought under the direct administration of the Queen.
  20. The post of Governor General was changed into ‘Viceroy’. Lord Canning became the first Viceroy of India.
  21. A new post called ‘Secretary of State for India’ was created in the British government. The secretary was part of British cabinet and was responsible for the administration of India.
  22. A Council of India was created in order to assist the secretary in the administration. The council had fifteen members.
    12 . What are the important features of Indian Councils Act of 1909?
    Answer: The following were the important features of this Act:
  23. The total number of central legislature members were increased to 60 from 16.
  24. The number of council members were also increased in the provinces.
  25. The members for the legislature was allowed through election for the first time.
  26. In order to provide separate representation for Muslims, ‘Separate Electorate College’ was created.
  27. What are the important features of Indian Councils Act of 1935?
    Answer: the important features of Indian Councils Act of 1935 were as follows.
  28. A federal system of Indian Principalities, British governed regions and dominion states was formed.
  29. Reserve Bank of India were established.
  30. Dyarchy was established at the centre.
  31. Dyarchy was abolished at the provincial level and autonomy was granted.
  32. The Federal Court was established.

III. Activities:

  1. The British created a friendly environment for themselves by implementing administrative reforms in India. Organize a debate competition on this topic.
  2. Collect information on various other laws implemented by the British apart from those discussed in lesson with the help of your teacher.

10th Standard, Social, Geography Chapter 11 — ‘INDIA – SEASONS’

yakshadeepa
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10th Standard, Social, Geography Chapter 11
INDIA – SEASONS
EXERCISES
I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

  1. Highest temperature region in the country is Ganganagar of Rajastan
  2. Due to local temperature winds convectional rainfall occurs.
  3. The area receiving very less rainfall in our country is Ruyli of Jaisalmer district in Rajasthan.
  4. The area receiving the highest rainfall in our country is Mawsynram region of Meghalaya.
    II. Answer the following questions in brief.
  5. Which type of climate is experienced by India?
    Answer: India has tropical monsoon type of climatic condition. In this type of climate, winds blow in opposite directions in different seasons.
  6. What causes cyclonic winds to occur in India during the withdrawal of monsoons?
    Answer: During Receding Monsoon Period, India receives about 13% of the annual rainfall, due to the differences in temperature and pressure of land and sea. Tropical Cyclones frequently occur in the Bay of Bengal during this season. They cause widespread damage along their path, particularly along the coast.
  7. Which factors influence the climate of India?
    Answer: Latitude, height from the sea level, distance from the sea, direction of the winds, mountain ranges, ocean currents etc., are influence on the climatic condition of the country.
  8. ‘Indian agriculture gambling with the monsoon winds.’ Discuss.
    Answer: The South-West monsoons control the agriculture of India which is the main occupation of Indians. Failure of rainfall leads to drought. When the monsoons are heavy there are floods they also cause to destruction to life and property. Hence it is said that Indian agriculture is a “gamble with the monsoons”.

III. Match the following.
A B
i. Kalabaisaki a. Uttar Pradesh
ii. Andies b. Karnataka
iii. Coffee blossom c. Kerala
iv. Mango showers d. Rajasthan
e. West Bengal

Answer:
i. Kalabaisaki West Bengal
ii. Andies Uttar Pradesh
iii. Coffee blossom Karnataka
iv. Mango showers Kerala

Additional Questions:

  1. What are the four seasons of Indian climate?
    Answer: The four seasons of Indian climate are summer season, South-west Monsoon season, Retreating monsoon season, winter season.
  2. The summer season begins from March and ends in May month in India.
  3. The South-west Monsoon season begins from June and ends in September month in India.
  4. The Retreating monsoon season begins from October and ends in November month in India.
  5. The winter season begins from December and ends in February month in India.
  6. South India is surrounded by water on three sides.
  7. What are the other names of convectional rainfall in different state of India?
    Answer: The other names of convectional rainfall in different state of India are, ‘Kala Baisakhi’ in West Bengal, ‘Andhis’ in Uttar Pradesh ‘coffee blossoms in karnataka’ and ‘mango showers’ in Kerala.
  8. What is South-West Monsoon?
    Answer: In India, the South-West Monsoons comprise the rainy season. These are called the South-West Monsoon winds.
  9. Which are the states witnesses’ low temperature in winter season in India?
    Answer: During winter season Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and the North Indian plains witness very low temperature.
  10. What are the three divisions based on rainfall in India?
    Answer: The three divisions based on rainfall in India are Low rainfall region, Moderate rainfall region and Heavy rainfall region.
    IV Activity:
  11. Draw a map of India and mark the distribution of rainfall.
    V Project:
  12. Learn from your teachers about the seasonal characteristics in your area.

7th Standard, Science, Chapter 1, Nutrition in Plants

yakshadeepa
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7th Standard, Science, Chapter 1
Nutrition in Plants
Exercise

  1. Why do organisms take food?
    Answer: Organisms take food to build their bodies, to grow, to repair damaged parts of their bodies and provide the energy to carry out life processes.
  2. Distinguish between a parasite and a saprotroph.
    Answer:
    Parasite: The living organisms which take food from other living organisms. The plant on which it climbs is called the host. Since it deprives the host of valuable nutrients, Eg: Cuscuta Saprotrophs: Organisms are getting food from dead or decaying substances. Nutrition in which organisms take in nutrients from dead and decaying matter is called saprotrophic nutrition. Such organisms with saprotrophic mode of nutrition are called saprotrophs. Eg: Mushroom, Fungus
  3. How would you test the presence of starch in leaves?
    Answer: Take two potted plants of the same kind. Keep one in the dark (or in a black box) for 72 hours and the other in sunlight. Perform iodine test with the leaves of both the plants. Now leave the pot which was earlier kept in the dark, in the sunlight for 3 – 4 days and perform the iodine test again on its leaves. The leaf kept in the sunlight will turn blue-black due to the presence of starch. The leaf kept in the dark will not turn blue-black because of the absence of starch.
  4. Give a brief description of the process of synthesis of food in green plants.
    Answer: (i) Leaves are food factories of the plant.
    (ii) Water and minerals present in the soil are absorbed by roots and transferred to other part.
    (iii) Carbon dioxide present in the air is taken through tiny pores present on surface of leaves. It is called as Stomata.
    (iv) Sunlight is absorbed by green pigment present in the leaf called as chlorophyll.
    (v) Solar energy: it helps to prepare food from Co2 and water.
    (vi) The process of synthesis of food in green plant is called photosynthesis.
  5. Show with the help of a sketch that plants are the ultimate source of food.
    Answer: (i) Grass — Grasshooper —- frog— snake—- eagle— decompose
    ( i) Plant—- deer— Tiger—- Decompose
  6. Fill in the blanks:
    (a) Green plants are called autotrophs since they synthesise their own food.
    (b) The food synthesised by plants is stored as carbohydrate.
    (c) In photosynthesis solar energy is absorbed by the pigment called
    Chlorophyll.
    (d) During photosynthesis plants take in carbondioxide and release oxygen gas.
  7. Name the following:
    (i) A parasitic plant with yellow, slender and branched stem.
    Answer: Cuscuta
    (ii) A plant that is partially autotrophic.
    Answer: Pitcher plant
    (iii) The pores through which leaves exchange gases.
    Answer: Stomata
  8. Tick the correct answer:
    (a) Cuscuta is an example of:
    (i) autotroph (ii) parasite (iii) saprotroph (iv) host
    Answer: Parasite
    (b) The plant which traps and feeds on insects is:
    (i) Cuscuta (ii) china rose (iv) pitcher plant (iv) rose
    Answer: pitcher plant
  9. Match the items given in Column I with those in Column II:
    Column I Column II
    Chlorophyll Rhizobium
    Nitrogen Heterotrophs
    Cuscuta Pitcher plant
    Animals Leaf
    Insects Parasite

Answer:
Column I Column II
Chlorophyll Leaf
Nitrogen Rhizobium
Cuscuta Parasite
Animals Heterotrophs
Insects Pitcher plan

  1. Mark ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if it is false:
    (i) Carbon dioxide is released during photosynthesis. (T/F)
    Answer: False
    (ii) Plants which synthesise their food are called saprotrophs. (T/F)
    Answer: False
    (iii) The product of photosynthesis is not a protein. (T/F)
    Answer: True
    (iv) Solar energy is converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis. (T/F)
    Answer: True
  2. Choose the correct option from the following:
    Which part of the plant takes in carbon dioxide from the air for photosynthesis?
    ( i) Root hair (ii) Stomata (iii) Leaf veins (iv) Petals
    Answer: Stomata
  3. Choose the correct option from the following:
    Plants take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere mainly through their:
    ( i) roots (ii) stem (iii) flowers (iv) leaves
    Answer: leaves
  4. Why do farmers grow many fruits and vegetable crops inside large green houses? What are the advantages to the farmers?
    Answer: Farmers grow many fruits and vegetables inside large green house because to protect their crops from heavy rain, heavy wind, temperature, birds, insects and animals. The advantage for farmer that they get more yield.

8th Standard, English, Second Language Supplementary Reader – 1, THE STORY OF DHARMAVYADHA

yakshadeepa
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8th Standard, English SL Supplementary Reader – 1
THE STORY OF DHARMAVYADHA
Glossary :
proficient : learned
surpass : beat
stunned : shocked
depressed : very sad
grief : sorrow
cultivate : learn
bestowed : given
virtue : good quality
hereditary : inherited by birth
glared : looked at with anger
confounded : get confused, get mixed up
enlightened souls : learned people
forsaking : leaving
perched : sat
dwelt : thought
wrath : anger
ascetic : divine
alms : food or gifts given to the poor, ©üPÉë
startled : surprised
mysteries : secrets
chaste : pure, religious
conceit : false pride
Sir : Teacher / a word of respect
inherent duty : primary duty
shield : defence
elated : overjoyed
Exercise :
I. Answer each of the following in a sentence or two:

  1. Why was Kaushika very angry with the bird?
    Answer: Kaushika was disturbed by the loud twittering of a crane, perched on a branch when he was sitting under a tree studying the Vedas. So he was very angry with the bird which had disturbed him.
  2. Why did the housewife delay in giving alms to Kaushika?
    Answer: The Housewife of the house was attending to her husband who had just come home. That is why the housewife delay in giving alms to Kaushika.
  3. Who did she advise Kaushika to meet?
    Answer: She advised Kaushika to meet Dharmavyadha in the city of Mithila.
  4. Why did Kaushika feel stunned at the words of Dharmavyadha?
    Answer: Hitherto Kaushika was full of conceit, imagining that he was the only learned man. But now he realized that it was not so. That is why Kaushika feel stunned at the words of Dharmavyadha.
  5. What did Kaushika do after his visit to Dharmavyadha?
    Answer: After his visit to Dharmavyadha Kaushika returned home. Thereafter, he spent his days in the service of his parents and in teaching others the Vedic lore he had mastered.
  6. What did Sage Markandeya tell Yudhishtira in the end?
    Answer: Sage Markandeya tell Yudhishtira “Yudhishtira, in every division of people, there are enlightened souls who can guide even scholars and masters of Vedic teachings” in the end.
    II. Answer each of the following in a paragraph:
  7. Narrate how Kaushika felt on listening to the lady.
    Answer: After listening to the lady Kaushika felt that the woman understood that he was confounded. He was surprised that the housewife knew about his earlier incident with the crane, which he believed was a secret. He couldn’t believe his ears and began to wonder how she could possibly know about it. The lady’s calm and knowing reply, especially her statement about not being a crane, left Kaushika confused how she could have known.
  8. What are the essentials of Dharma, according to Dharmavyadha?
    Answer: According to Dharmavyadha, “to engage oneself in one’s inherent duty, to be truthful, to be patient and merciful, not to be elated in happiness or depressed in difficulties, to be engaged in prayer and tapas, to appreciate the good qualities in others, not to boast, to have bath in sacred rivers, to visit holy places and to serve our parents and the guru who has bestowed knowledge on us” are the essentials of Dharma.
  9. What can we learn from the story of Dharmavyadha?
    Answer: “In every division of people, there are enlightened souls who can guide even scholars and masters of Vedic teachings”. That we learn from the story of Dharmavyadha. The story of Dharmavyadha, teaches that true wisdom and spiritual enlightenment can be found in unexpected places and that one’s profession does not determine their moral or spiritual worth. It emphasizes the importance of fulfilling one’s duty with honesty and sincerity, regardless of social status or occupation. The story also highlights the virtues of truthfulness, patience, mercy, and the importance of serving one’s parents.

7th Standard, Science Chapter 3, HEAT

yakshadeepa
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7th Standard, Science Chapter 3
HEAT
Exercises

  1. State similarities and differences between the laboratory thermometer and the clinical thermometer.
    Answer: The similarities and differences between the laboratory thermometer and the clinical thermometer are as follows.
    Similarities: (i) Both thermometer used for measure temperature.
    (ii ) Both thermometer contain mercury.
    (iii ) Both are made up of glass.
    (iv) Both have bulb at one end.
    Differences:
    a) Clinical thermometer is used to measure the temperature of human body and laboratory thermometer is used to measure temperature of different objects in factories and other purpose.
    b) The temperature range of Clinical thermometer is from 35°C to 42°C and the temperature range of laboratory thermometer is from 10°C to 110°C
  2. Give two examples each of conductors and insulators of heat.
    Answer: The two examples each of conductors and insulators of heat is as follows.
    The Conductors: copper, aluminium and iron.
    The Insulators: wood and plastic.
  3. Fill in the blanks:
    (a) The hotness of an object is determined by its Temperature.
    (b) Temperature of boiling water cannot be measured by a clinical thermometer.
    (c) Temperature is measured in degree Celsius.
    (d) No medium is required for transfer of heat by the process of Radiation.
    (e) A cold steel spoon is dipped in a cup of hot milk. Heat is transferred to its other end by the process of conduction.
    (f ) Clothes of dark colours absorb more heat better than clothes of light colours.
  4. Match the following:
    (i) Land breeze blows during (a) summer
    (ii) Sea breeze blows during (b) winter
    (iii) Dark coloured clothes are preferred during (c) day
    (iv) Light coloured clothes are preferred during (d) night
    Answer:
    (i) Land breeze blows during Night
    (ii) Sea breeze blows during Day
    (iii) Dark coloured clothes are preferred during winter
    (iv) Light coloured clothes are preferred during summer
  5. Discuss why wearing more layers of clothing during winter keeps us warmer than wearing just one thick piece of clothing.
    Answer: When we wear multiple layers, the air trapped between the layers is warmed by your body heat. This warm air acts as a barrier, slowing down the transfer of heat from your body to the colder surroundings. Each layer of clothing creates a new pocket of air, adding to the insulation. A single thick layer doesn’t create as many air pockets and therefore doesn’t provide the same level of insulation. Layering allows you to adjust your clothing based on your activity level and the temperature. You can remove a layer if you get too warm or add one if you get cold. Air is a poor conductor of heat, so multiple layers create multiple air pockets that slow down heat transfer to the cold environment.
  6. Diagram and mark where the heat is being transferred by conduction, by convection and by radiation.
    Answer:
  7. In places of hot climate it is advised that the outer walls of houses be painted white. Explain.
    Answer: In places of hot climate it is advised that the outer walls of houses be painted white, because in hot climates, white paint on exterior walls helps to keep buildings cooler by reflecting a large portion of the sun’s radiant heat. This reduces the amount of heat absorbed by the building, leading to lower interior temperatures and potentially reduced reliance on air conditioning.
  8. One litre of water at 30°C is mixed with one litre of water at 50°C. The temperature of the mixture will be
    (a) 80°C (b) more than 50°C but less than 80°C
    (c) 20°C (d) between 30°C and 50°C
    Answer: (d) between 30°C and 50°C
  9. An iron ball at 40°C is dropped in a mug containing water at 40°C.
    The heat will
    (a) flow from iron ball to water.
    (b) not flow from iron ball to water or from water to iron ball.
    (c) flow from water to iron ball.
    (d) increase the temperature of both.
    Answer: (b) not flow from iron ball to water or from water to iron ball.
  10. A wooden spoon is dipped in a cup of ice cream. Its other end
    (a) becomes cold by the process of conduction.
    (b) becomes cold by the process of convection.
    (c) becomes cold by the process of radiation.
    (d) does not become cold.
    Answer: (d) does not become cold.
  11. Stainless steel pans are usually provided with copper bottoms. The reason for this could be that
    (a) copper bottom makes the pan more durable.
    (b) such pans appear colourful.
    (c) copper is a better conductor of heat than the stainless steel.
    (d) copper is easier to clean than the stainless steel.
    Answer: (c) copper is a better conductor of heat than the stainless steel.
    Additional Questions and Answers.
  12. What is clinical thermometer?
    Answer: The thermometer that measures our body temperature is called a clinical thermometer.
  13. What are the precautions to be observed while using a clinical thermometer?
    Answer: Precautions to be observed while using a clinical thermometer are as follows.
    ( i) Thermometer should be washed before and after use, preferably with an antiseptic solution.
    (ii ) Ensure that before use the mercury level is below 35°C.
    (iii ) Read the thermometer keeping the level of mercury along the line of sight.
    (iv ) Handle the thermometer with care. If it hits against some hard object, it can break.
    (v ) Don’t hold the thermometer by the bulb while reading it.
  14. Is the body temperature of every person 37°C?
    Answer: The temperature of every person may not be 37°C. It could be slightly higher or slightly lower.
  15. What is the laboratory thermometer?
    Answer: A laboratory thermometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the temperature of various substances in a laboratory setting and other things, typically ranging from -10°C to 110°C.
  16. How does heat flow through metal rod? Explain with diagram.
    Answer: Take a rod or flat strip of a metal, say of aluminium or iron. Fix a few small wax pieces on the rod. These pieces should be at nearly equal distances (See the picture). Clamp the rod to a stand. If you do not find a stand, you can put one end of the rod in between bricks. Now, heat the other end of the rod and observe. Heat is transferred from the end nearest to the flame to the other end.
  17. What is conduction?
    Answer: The process by which heat is transferred from the hotter end to the colder end of an object is known as conduction.
  18. What are Insulators?
    Answer: The materials which do not allow heat to pass through them easily are poor conductors of heat such as plastic and wood. Poor conductors are known as insulators.
  19. What is convection?
    Answer: When water is heated, the water near the flame gets hot. Hot water rises up. The cold water from the sides moves down towards the source of heat. This water also gets hot and rises and water from the sides moves down. This process continues till the whole water gets heated. This mode of heat transfer is known as convection.
  20. Define Radiation.
    Answer: The transfer of heat without any media is called Radiation. From the sun the heat comes to us by another process known as radiation. When we sit in front of a room heater, we get heat by this process.
  21. What are conductors? Give example.
    Answer: The materials which allow heat to pass through them easily are conductors of heat. For examples, aluminium, iron and copper.
  22. What is Sea breeze?
    Answer: During the day, the land gets heated faster than the water. The air over the land becomes hotter and rises up. The cooler air from the sea rushes in towards the land and warm air from the land moves towards the sea. The air from the sea is called the sea breeze.
  23. What is land breeze?
    Answer: The water cools down more slowly than the land. So, the cool air from the land moves towards the sea. This is called the land breeze.
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